纤维聚苯乙烯泡沫颗粒轻质土的制备及力学性能

为促进轻质土在岩土工程中的广泛应用,添加改性聚丙烯纤维改善其力学性能,通过无侧限抗压强度试验分析探讨了纤维聚苯乙烯泡沫（EPS）颗粒轻质土强度-变形特性、受压破坏模式和无侧限抗压强度的影响因素,并运用SEM从微观层次上分析了其力学机制。结果表明:不同EPS颗粒、纤维及水泥掺量时,纤维EPS颗粒轻质土的应力-应变曲线不同;EPS和水泥掺量是强度的主要影响因素,其次为纤维掺量;强度随EPS掺量的增大而显著降低,随水泥掺量增大而显著提高;未加纤维的EPS颗粒轻质土松散且易破碎,强度骤然丧失;添加纤维能提高轻质土的峰值强度、残余强度、整体性和韧性,改善其脆性破坏模式;但EPS掺量较高（大于干土质量的3%）时,纤维与水泥土粘结有限,EPS颗粒轻质土力学性能改善效果较弱;EPS颗粒为空心蜂巢结构,纤维表面布满针状的水泥水化物并形成空间网状结构。所得结论表明纤维改善了轻质土力学性能。      

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料再生利用新途径

研究了以废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)为原料,在470℃下进行催化降解.降解产物经净化、蒸馏后,以无水AlCl3为催化剂,低温聚合.终止反应后,水洗脱除催化剂,并减压蒸馏除去未聚合组分,得到琥珀色的PS石油树脂.对聚合得到的PS石油树脂的性能进行了测试,测试结果与以C9为原料的商品石油树脂对比具有相似的物化性质及IR谱图.     

A new recycling system for expanded polystyrene using a natural solvent. Part 2. Development of a prototype production system

A prototype production system for recycling expanded polystyrene (EPS), which uses an orange oil, d-limonene, as the EPS shrinking agent, has been developed. This system consists of an apparatus to dissolve EPS and a recycling plant to separate the limonene solution. The recycling plant can mass reproduce polystyrene with the same mechanical properties as new polystyrene. The recycled polystyrene can be used for packaging a 28 inch TV set. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal fiber distribution for tensile properties of injection molded composite

The survival rate of a composite is the residual fiber length divided by the initial fiber length, and it decreases with the initial fiber length and fiber volume content (V_f) during injection molding processes. The degree of damage is higher for carbon fiber than for glass fiber, and the survival rate increases with a hyperbolic tangent relationship as the nozzle diameter increases. Higher survival rate corresponds to a stronger material. Five different lengths of fiber with 29 different size fibers were selected based on the distribution and shape of residual fiber in experimental works. These were examined to study the effects of fiber distribution on the tensile properties of a short-fiber reinforced composite (SFRC). Compared with the experimental results, the modulus predicted using the Halpin-Tsai relation shows reasonable agreement with the prediction obtained using the residual fiber length instead of the initial fiber length. It was found that the tensile modulus and strength generally differ by a factor of up to 3.2, depending on the fiber distribution patterns with V_f = 30%, and the trend is more significant as the fiber aspect ratio increases. The interactions between the fiber and matrix and the staggered-type distribution are the most important factors in the reinforcement of the SFRC. With the same combination of short fiber length, an optimized fiber distribution pattern is suggested.     

膨胀石墨-碳纤维/尼龙三元导热复合材料制备

以尼龙6（PA6）为基体,膨胀石墨（EG）和碳纤维（CF）作为导热填料,采用熔融共混法制备了EG/PA6、CF/PA6和CF-EG/PA6导热复合材料。重点研究当固定导热填料（CF和EG）填充量为40wt%时,CF与EG不同的填充比例对CF与EG的接触方式及CF-EG/PA6复合材料的导热性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,相比单一CF填充,EG的加入有利于CF-EG/PA6复合材料热导率的增加;CF:EG质量比是25:15时的EG-CF/PA6三元复合材料,热导率可以达到2.554 W/（m·K）,是PA6的8倍,拉伸强度提高了125.34%,弯曲强度提高了119.8%,同时具有优异的耐热性。SEM结果表明,纤维状CF与蠕虫状EG片层在适当的填充比例下可以形成"面接触"的三维网络结构,这种三维网络结构不仅显著增大EG-CF/PA6复合材料的热导率,而且明显提高了其力学性能和耐热性能。为研制填充型导热高分子材料提供了一条新思路。      

EG/SSF/ABS复合材料的导电性能与力学性能

采用硅烷偶联剂（KH550）改性膨胀石墨（EG）和不锈钢纤维（SSF）,将表面处理前后的EG和SSF与丙烯晴-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）树脂通过混炼挤出制备了复合材料,分析了EG、SSF含量及改性处理EG、SSF对复合材料导电性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着EG含量增加,复合材料的体积电阻率逐渐下降,且变化规律符合＂渗滤效应＂;EG改性后,复合材料的体积电阻率减小,拉伸强度增大,冲击强度减小。改性EG含量保持20%不变,加入SSF后,复合材料的导电性能有较大提高;SSF改性后,复合材料的体积电阻率变大,拉伸强度和抗冲击强度均提高,当改性后SSF含量为16%时,体积电阻率为5190Ω.cm,拉伸强度和抗冲击强度分别为50.11MPa和2.1kJ/m2。     

纸浆模塑结构单元的斜度与缓冲性能的仿真研究

利用有限元分析软件,针对纸浆模塑典型结构单元,应用双线性运动增强型材料模型,进行系统力学分析,以力学分析得到的纸浆模塑缓冲结构单元的静态压缩曲线为基础,得出了缓冲包装结构拔模斜度对缓冲性能存在较大的影响,斜度在4°～8°时缓冲性能最佳的结论.研究结果能为缓冲包系统的设计提供一定参考.     

EPO泡沫的静态压缩性能及其与EPS和EPE泡沫的比较

对EPO(发泡聚烯烃)、EPS和EPE泡沫进行截面泡孔结构、静态压缩试验以及使用性能比较。应力-应变曲线分析表明,EPO泡沫变形分为弹性段、塑性屈服平台段及致密段;由3者截面泡孔结构、应力-应变关系和缓冲系数-静应力关系的比较表明,EPO静态缓冲性能介于EPS与EPE之间,但与EPS更为接近;使用性能比较表明,EPO泡沫衬垫避免了EPS和EPE的缺点,集合了EPE柔软性、反复冲击性能好和EPS可模制成型的优点。     

污水污泥页岩陶粒的烧成工艺与性能

为制定合理的污水污泥页岩陶粒烧成工艺及揭示污水污泥对陶粒性能的影响,研究了污水污泥掺量对陶粒烧胀性能的影响以及预热、焙烧的温度和时间等因素对陶粒性能的影响,采用扫描电镜观察了污水污泥和烧成工艺对陶粒结构的影响.结果显示,含水率80%左右的污水污泥掺量30%时,可获得表观密度700 kg/m3左右的轻质陶粒;适当降低预热温度、缩短预热时间、提高焙烧温度和延长焙烧时间有利于获得轻质污泥页岩陶粒.掺加污水污泥有利于页岩陶粒烧胀性能提高,但需要控制合适的烧成工艺.     

Novel preparation of expanded nano-graphene-based electrodes for EDLC and their improved electrochemical performance

The electrode raw materials in this work were composed of expanded nano-graphene (ENG)-based active carbon (YP50F) named YEG as an active material; Super-P carbon black (SPB) as an electric conductor; and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and polytetrafluoroethylene ((C₂F₄)n, PTFE) as mixed binder materials. We characterized the prepared electrodes by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Finally, we examined the electrochemical performances of carbon materials in an electrolyte solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate ((C₂H₅)₄NBF₄, TEABF4) in propylene carbonate (C₄H₆O₃, PC). The specific capacitance remains the same for smaller values of YEG in the composite electrodes. These results also provide evidence of the optimum loading of ENG in future graphene-based EDLCs.     

膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料的制备及性能

以膨胀蛭石为阻燃剂,采用中温发泡方法与酚醛树脂复合制备膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料。阻燃保温复合材料通过极限氧指数、锥形量热、导热系数和表观密度分析了发泡温度、固化剂含量、发泡剂含量、表面活性剂含量、固化时间以及蛭石含量对膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料阻燃及保温性能的影响。结果表明:以膨胀蛭石为阻燃剂制备的膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料的阻燃保温性能优越、表观密度低。单因素实验结果表明,膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料的最优条件为发泡温度80℃、固化剂含量10wt%、发泡剂含量10wt%、表面活性剂含量5wt%、固化时间2 h以及蛭石含量60wt%。最优条件下的膨胀蛭石/酚醛阻燃保温复合材料表观密度为190.08 kg/m3、压缩强度为0.32 MPa、导热系数为0.054 9 W/（m·K）、极限氧指数为71.1%、平均热释放速率为15 kW/m2。      

介孔SiO_2/膨胀石墨复合材料的直接合成及其对染料的吸附性能

采用简单的一步水热合成法,在含有模板剂、铝盐、膨胀石墨和硅源的水溶液中,利用铝盐水解后所产生的弱酸性环境,直接制备出介孔SiO_2/膨胀石墨复合材料,考察了铝盐的添加量对所得复合材料结构和性能的影响。采用XRD、N_2吸附和SEM对介孔SiO_2/膨胀石墨复合材料的结构和形貌进行了表征。以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物分子,系统评价了复合材料的吸附性能。结果表明,合成时铝盐的添加量在很大范围内变化(r_(Al/Si)=0.25~2.0,体系pH值为3.1~2.3)均可获得具有较大比表面积和孔体积的介孔SiO_2/膨胀石墨复合材料,且介孔SiO_2以多层膜的形式生长在膨胀石墨碳层上;当r_(Al/Si)=0.25、0.5、1.0时,复合材料孔道有序规整;当rAl/Si=1.0、2.0时,复合材料中介孔孔道规整性下降。介孔SiO_2/膨胀石墨复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝的饱和吸附量在52~55mg·g~(-1)左右,吸附行为主要符合Langmuir方程和伪二级动力学模型。     

多孔性水泥-聚苯颗粒材料的吸声性能研究

水泥-聚苯颗粒材料被广泛用作外墙外保温材料,通过特殊制备工艺可形成多孔性结构,从而同时具备吸声功能,改善建筑环境.以水泥为胶凝材料,以聚苯颗粒为骨料,以聚丙烯纤维和可再分散乳胶粉为增韧材料,采用半干料压缩工艺成型制备吸声材料,分析了水泥用量和蒸汽养护对材料吸声性能的影响.结果表明:水泥掺量越高,在高频段的吸声系数越低,但水泥掺量过低对低频声的吸收不利;蒸汽养护使材料表面形成了空腔共振吸声结构,对提高一定频率下的吸声性有利,根据理论计算了空腔共振吸声结构提高吸声性的频率范围,结果与实测结果一致,分析认为通过调整聚苯颗粒粒径可实现在相对较宽频率范围的高效吸声;纤维提高了抗折强度,可在保障强度的前提下降低水泥用量以提高吸声性.     

Synthesis,characterization and properties of polyaniline/expanded vermiculite intercalated nanocomposite

Abstract

The synthesis characterization and conductivities of polyaniline/expanded vermiculite intercalated nanocomposite are presented in this paper. The conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline is inserted into the interlayer of expanded vermiculite to produce the nanocomposite with high conductivity. The structures and properties are characterized by transmission electron microscopy x-ray diffraction spectroscopy fourier transform infrared spectroscopy thermogravimetry analysis and by the measurements of conductivity and stability. The results show that an intercalated nanocomposite with high conductivity and stability is obtained. The synthesis conditions are optimized to obtain the highest conductivity which is 6.80 S cm^?1.     

一种微型光纤光谱仪的研制及其性能测试

报道了一种自行研制的微型光纤光谱仪及其性能测试结果.基于C-T(czerny-turner)成像系统,将通过光纤导入的待测光进行分光后成像于线阵CCD(charge-coupled device)探测器上.采用FPGA(field-pro-grammable gate array)作为主处理器实现CCD的驱动、数据采集与处理,通过USB 2.0接口将数据传送至上位机.根据USB的接口协议及数据格式,编写了一套光谱仪测试软件.利用汞灯作为测试光源,对自制的光纤光谱仪性能进行了仔细分析.结果表明,当采用缝宽为30μm的狭缝时,仪器的波长准确度小于0.3nm,光谱分辨率可达1.1nm.     

磁性膨胀石墨的制备及对油的吸附分离与再生

以硝酸钴和硝酸铁为主要原料,采用化学共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米磁性微粒,然后将其与膨胀石墨复合制得CoFe2O4载量不同的磁性膨胀石墨。用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、震动样品磁强计(VSM)、扫描电镜(SEM)对CoFe2O4纳米磁性微粒和磁性膨胀石墨进行了表征。并研究了CoFe2O4载量不同的磁性膨胀石墨对不同油类的饱和吸油量、对水和油的竞争吸附比、不同吸附时间和环境温度对饱和吸油量的影响、磁分离回收及离心法再生吸附后的磁性膨胀石墨。结果表明,合成的CoFe2O4结晶度高,晶粒度约为13nm。CoFe2O4载量越低、油品粘度越高,磁性膨胀石墨的饱和吸油量越大;油品粘度越大,油、水竞争吸附时水含量越低;磁性膨胀石墨10s即可达到饱和吸油量的80%,90s后达到饱和吸附;CoFe2O4载量为35%时,磁回收率为99.2%,且再生离心转速为3000r/min时再生吸油量达到较大值。     

聚酰亚胺纤维与碳纤维缠绕复合气瓶性能对比研究

本文主要研究高性能国产聚酰亚胺纤维在复合材料气瓶上的应用,并表征其与进口碳纤维的性能差距.采用国产聚酰亚胺纤维进行缠绕成型工艺优化与复合材料性能测试分析,在测试数据及工艺优化基础上针对其进行了复合材料气瓶的强度设计.分别采用聚酰亚胺纤维、进口T300、T700以及T800碳纤维缠绕成型复合材料气瓶,进行水压爆破压强的测试,并引进声发射检测技术对其在水压过程中的损伤信号进行监测分析.结果表明聚酰亚胺纤维缠绕工艺性良好,与树脂界面结合优异,适用于湿法缠绕成型工艺.复合材料拉伸强度达到1 708 MPa,纤维的强度发挥率高达80%,相比于碳纤维复合材料其呈现出较好的断裂韧性,有利于减少复合材料气瓶在水压下的应力损伤.缠绕成型的聚酰亚胺纤维复合材料气瓶容器特征系数(PV/W)高达32.2 km,其在航空航天、医用、汽车、核工业等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

VARI工艺成型纤维增强树脂复合材料层合板厚度和纤维体积分数的影响因素

分析了影响真空辅助成型技术（VARI）工艺成型复合材料的纤维体积分数和厚度均匀性的关键因素,即VARI成型工艺的树脂流动控制形式、纤维预制体状态、织物状态、树脂黏度,通过试验分析了各因素对VARI成型复合材料厚度和纤维体积分数的影响。试验结果表明,采用HFVI（high fiber-volume vacuum infusion）工艺、BA9914树脂及真空处理后的U3160单向机织物成型的纤维增强树脂复合材料层合板,其纤维体积分数和厚度均匀性能够接近预浸料/热压罐成型的复合材料制件的水平。     

Experimental and numerical modelling comparison of thermal performance of expanded polystyrene and corrugated plastic packaging for fresh fish

Experiments were carried out to compare the thermal performance of wholesale fresh fish boxes made of corrugated plastic (CP) and expanded polystyrene (EPS). Free standing boxes containing whole, fresh fillets were exposed to dynamic thermal loads. The chilling effect of frozen ice packs was studied by including them in some of the boxes. The frozen ice packs proved efficient for protecting fresh fish fillets against temperature abuse. Furthermore, the results show that the insulating performance of EPS is significantly better than the insulating capacity of CP. Maximum fish temperature of 16.1 °C (CP) and 11.0 °C (EPS) were recorded inside the thermally abused boxes without ice packs, initially at 1.9 to 2.1 °C and stored for 6.1 h at a mean ambient temperature of 19.4 °C. The fish temperature distributions during thermal abuse were studied with a numerical model for both packaging types, applying effective thermal properties of the sandwich-structured CP box. The purpose of the model was to cost effectively improve the packaging design. A satisfactory agreement between numerical results and experimental results was obtained.     

膨胀蛭石/聚(丙烯酸钾-丙烯酰胺)高吸水性复合材料的制备、性能及表征

以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,采用新型水溶液聚合法合成了膨胀蛭石/聚(丙烯酸钾-丙烯酰胺)高吸水性复合材料.考察了交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体浓度、中和度、反应温度、单体质量比及膨胀蛭石含量对吸水倍率的影响,试验结果表明,当蛭石含量为30%(相对单体质量,下同)时,交联剂用量为0.04%,引发剂为1.1%,中和度为75%(相对丙烯酸物质的量),单体浓度为50%,反应温度为75℃,吸水倍率最高可达1048g/g.最后,采用SEM、IR对其结构及组成进行了表征.