1950~2011年渤海地区海表风场的季节特征与多尺度变化分析

基于1950~2011年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对渤海10 m风场的风速与风向变化进行多尺度分析。利用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法对渤海海域的海表风速、风向的变化趋势以及周期进行研究。分析发现：渤海地区海表风的风向与风速除了存在显著的季节性变化特征外,在年际、年代际的变化尺度上也有明显的周期性。风向存在1 a、8.7 a、15.8 a的显著周期,风速存在1 a、6.3 a、15 a的显著周期。风向与风速在时间尺度分别为20 a、5.71 a、2.67 a时存在显著共振周期;共振周期受东亚季风、西太平副热带高压的年际、年代际变化的影响呈现出多尺度变化周期。     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of w...     

1954-2011年间珠江入海水沙通量变化的多尺度分析

基于高要（西江）、石角（北江）和博罗（东江）水文站1954-2011 年的连续径流量和输沙率资料,采用Mann-Kendall 非参数秩次检验和小波分析的方法,分析珠江流域的入海水沙通量变化特征。结果显示：（1）1954-2011 年珠江的入海径流量没有明显变化趋势,但输沙率呈明显下降趋势,其间不同阶段的变化趋势不同：1954-1983 年珠江水沙均处于增长阶段,该阶段气候变化和人类活动对输沙的贡献率分别是70%和30%;1984-1993 年珠江水沙通量呈先降后升（1989 年是转折点）波动阶段,主要与气候变化有关;1994-2011 年珠江的水沙通量均呈下降趋势;气候变化和人类活动对输沙率下降的贡献率分别是20%和80%。（2）龙滩水库蓄水后的2007-2011 年与2006 年以前相比,珠江年均入海径流量减少了14%,而年均入海输沙率是减幅达到70%。这一时期水库蓄水和水土保持对输沙率减少的贡献率达到90%以上;（3）珠江的水沙通量变化具有明显年代际周期和年际周期变化特征,且不同子流域的周期有所不同。例如西江的径流量主要存在24 年和13 年的年代际周期以及4~7 年的年际周期,而输沙率主要存在16 年左右和10 年左右的年代际周期和4~7 年的年际周期;北江径流量主要存在12 年左右年代际周期和2 年左右以及8 年左右的年际周期和和输沙率年代际周期主要13-16 年,而年际周期是4~7 年和2~3 年;东江的径流和输沙率主要存在12 年左右年代际周期和2 年左右以及6 年左右的年际周期。这些年代际和年际变化周期与珠江流域降雨量的变化周期有较好关联性。     

近60 年黄河入海水沙多尺度变化及其对河口的影响

基于1950-2008 年利津站月均径流量和输沙量的时间序列资料,采用小波分析的方法研究了黄河入海水沙多尺度变化,并结合不同年份的黄河口岸线和口门地形资料分析了水沙变化对河口演变的影响。结果表明：黄河入海水沙具有3 个不同时间尺度的显著周期变化,其与厄尔尼诺事件有关,不同尺度下的入海水沙丰枯变化不同;受流域降水和人类活动的影响,入海水沙长期呈减少趋势,并具有阶段变化的特征;入海水沙变化深刻影响着河口演变,不同时期行水河口的岸线延伸速率与河口来沙量有关,亿t 泥沙岸线延伸量与来沙系数显著相关,自1976 年清水沟流路入海以来,河口水下三角洲表现为淤积,淤积程度与入海水沙量密切相关。     

近60年黄河水沙变化及其对三角洲沉积的影响

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

Response of delta sedimentary system to variation of water and sediment in the Yellow River over past six decades

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River

This paper presents a study on the response of bankfull discharge to incoming discharge and sediment load based on long-term hydrological and bankfull discharge data measured on the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The analysis indicated that the bankfull discharge was a function of the preceding 5 to 6 years' flow regimes, revealing that bankfull channel dimensions were a result of the accumulative effect of several consecutive years' flow discharge and sediment load conditions. In other words, the mean relaxation time was about 5 to 6 years for channel adjustment. Theoretical methods for the prediction of bankfull discharge were developed, in which the response time or the relaxation time was fully considered. Testing of the methods using data observed at five hydrologic stations in the lower reaches of the Yellow River from 1960 to 2003 showed that the proposed methods can predict the variation of bankfull discharge in response to changes in the incoming discharge and sediment load. The proposed methods hold promise for predicting the magnitude and trend of channel response to other rivers undergoing aggradation or degradation from changes in hydrologic or sediment regime.     

黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验(英文)

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant-Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河下游主槽断面形态对水沙变化响应过程的模拟

准确把握环境变化下前期水沙条件对当前河床形态调整的影响,建立非平衡态河床形态调整的模拟方法,对深化河床非平衡调整过程的认识至关重要。基于黄河下游花园口—利津河段1965—2015年的水沙和沿程82个大断面数据,首先统计分析了不同河段主槽断面形态参数（面积、河宽、水深和河相系数）的调整过程及其对水沙变化的响应规律;进而以水沙因子作为主槽断面形态调整的主控因素,采用滞后响应模型的多步递推模式,建立了其对前期水沙条件变化的滞后响应模型。结果表明,各河段面积、河宽和水深经历了减小—增加—减小—增加的变化过程,并且其与4 a滑动平均流量和含沙量之间分别呈正相关和负相关;而河相系数孙口以上段整体减小,孙口以下段呈增加—减小—增加—减小的变化过程,除花高段1965—1999年外,其与流量呈负相关,与含沙量呈正相关。滞后响应模型在黄河下游主槽断面形态对前期水沙条件响应过程的应用表明,各参数模型计算值与实测值符合程度均较高,模型能够很好地模拟主槽断面形态对水沙变化的响应调整过程,模型计算结果显示主槽断面形态调整受当年在内的前8 a水沙条件的累积影响,当年和前7 a水沙条件对当前断面形态的影响权重分别约为30%和70%。本文模型有助于深化前期水沙条件对当前河床形态调整影响机理的认识,并为未来不同水沙情形下主槽断面形态的预测提供了有效计算方法。     

Diagnostic experiments for transport mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant–Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河中游支流悬移质粒度与含沙量、流量间的复杂关系

本文以黄河中游若干支流为例,研究了宽变幅水沙两相流河流悬移质泥沙的粒度特征。结果表明,宽变幅水沙两相流河流的悬移质泥沙粒度特征与含沙量、流量之间具有复杂的关系。就同一站点而言,随着含沙量和流量的增大,大于0.05mm的粗颗粒泥沙的百分比迅速减小,并达到最小值;当含沙量和流量进一步增大时,其百分比又迅速增大,表现出明显的双值关系。对于小于0.01mm细泥沙而言,情形正好相反。黄河中游不同的支流之间,悬移质泥沙粒度特征与年均含沙量的关系也是复杂的。这些变化图形可以用非高含沙水流与高含沙水流不同的物理力学行为来解释     

20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育对长江入海泥沙的响应

以20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼6个钻孔潮坪层段为研究对象,根据柱样粒度特征、碳/氮元素含量、有机碳稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）和C/N比,结合长江入海泥沙通量的变化,研究20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育与长江入海泥沙的响应关系。结果表明：长江入海泥沙通量及组成是20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼物质粗细变化的主控因素;崇明岛东部盐沼沉积物δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度、有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性在不同时期均存在差异;20世纪60年代,长江入海泥沙量达到顶峰,流域不同侵蚀区域的泥沙相互混合,有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性及δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度均很差;20世纪90年代以来,崇明岛东部地区进行了高强度的围垦活动,δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度下降。这表明20世纪50-80年代崇明岛东部盐沼发育受长江入海泥沙控制,20世纪90年代以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育除受长江入海泥沙控制外,还受围垦等人类活动的显著影响。     

60年来黄河流域径流量时空变化(英文)

Water discharge data of the Yellow River over the past 60 years was analyzed using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Mann-Kendall (MK) test methods to identify spatial and temporal variation patterns. Potential connections between water discharge in the Yellow River Basin and El Ni o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were also examined by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence methods. CWT results show that the periodic oscillations in water discharges had occurred at the temporal scales of 1-, 2to 4-, 6to 8and 10to 22-year. It was also found that at the annual timescale (1-year) the phase relations between water discharge and ENSO were indistinct probably due to the strong influence by human disturbances. However, over the longer time scales, the phase relation becomes much clearer with an anti-phase relation being found mainly at inter-annual scale (2to 8-year) and in-phase relation at decadal scale (16to 22-year). According to the MK test results water discharge at most stations except Tangnaihai have decreased significantly and the abrupt change occurred in the mid-1980s or the early 1990s. The changes in water discharge were found to be influenced by both climate changes and human activities. Before 1970 the change in water discharge was positively related to precipitation variations in the river basin, but after 1970 the decrease in water discharge has been largely caused by various human activities including constructions of reservoirs, water abstraction and water-soil conservation with water abstraction being the main cause.     

Simulating cross-sectional geometry of the main channel in response to changes in water and sediment in Lower Yellow River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - To understand the non-equilibrium morphological adjustment of a river in response to environmental changes, it is essential to (i) accurately identify how past...     

环渤海地区水污染物排放的时空格局及其驱动因素

本文基于地级行政单元的水污染物排放和社会经济截面数据,分析环渤海地区水污染物排放的流域特征与时空分异,定量解析环渤海地区及高强度排放聚集区内水污染物排放的驱动因素。研究结果表明：①海河流域是环渤海地区纳污量最大、增量最突出的流域,其化学需氧量和氨氮排放分别占区域排放总量的38.94%、39.23%。②2005年以来,环渤海地区水污染物高排放区从零星分布向连片分布转变,京津冀、山东半岛、辽中南已成为水污染物高排放区的叠加区域。③环渤海地区水污染物排放具有显著空间溢出效应,且空间关联程度呈增大趋势,水污染排放热度呈沿海向内陆递减态势,海河流域热度显著高于其他流域,沿海合作区显著高于内陆协作区;京津冀长期处于热点区和次热区,热区覆盖范围由海河向淮河流域拓展。④不同水污染物排放的驱动因素差异显著,对化学需氧量排放而言,经济增长速度、固定资产投资因素呈较强的正向带动,而城镇化水平和工业化程度表现出显著负向影响;对氨氮排放来说,人口规模呈正向带动,固定资产投资和外商直接投资亦有一定正向影响,经济发展水平则呈现显著的抑制作用。     

渤海与环渤海地区年降水量的统计分析

本文以渤海海域及环渤海地区分水岭内为研究区域,利用环渤海地区分水岭内92个气象站点自1971年至2000年30年的降水量资料,基于ARC/INFO地理信息系统支持下的泰森多边形法,对研究区域内的平均年降水量进行了统计分析。结论如下:环渤海地区分水岭以内区域的平均年降水量占整个环渤海地区2000年降水量的63.88%;渤海海域海水直接利用量占该海域平均年降水量的8.82%,其中辽东湾的海水利用量占该湾平均年降水量的3.09%,渤海湾为15.86%,莱州湾为17.38%;辽东湾2002年的海冰资源量占该湾平均年降水量的6.08%。在渤海海域水量平衡的关系研究中,本研究是初步的,基础的。划出分水岭内的研究区域进行平均年降水量的统计较对整个环渤海地区进行统计更具精确性。     

Calculation method for sediment load in flood and non-flood seasons in the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River

Based on an empirical sediment transport equation that reflects the characteristics of “more input, more output” for sediment-laden flow in rivers, a general sediment transport expression was developed, which can take into account the effects of upstream sediment input, previous cumulative sediment deposition, critical runoff for sediment initiation, and the differences in sediment particle sizes between the mainstream and tributaries. Then, sediment load equations for non-flood and flood seasons for the sub-reaches from Bayangaole to Sanhuhekou and from Sanhuhekou to Toudaoguai, as well as the whole Inner Mongolia reach from Bayangaole to Toudaoguai, were formulated based on data collected between 1952 and 2010. The corresponding sediment deposition and the cumulative values at each river reach were calculated using the proposed sediment transport equations for the period 1952 to 2010 according to the principle of sediment conservation. Comparisons between the calculated and measured values using the proposed sediment load equations for the sub-reaches and the entire reach showed that the calculated sediment load and sediment deposition and the corresponding cumulative values in the flood and non-flood seasons were in good agreement with the measured values. These results indicated that the proposed methods can be applied to calculate the sediment load and the associated sediment deposition in the flood and non-flood seasons for long-term trend analysis of sediment deposition in the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River.     

黄河入海泥沙输运及沉积过程的数值模拟

以利津站代表的黄河入海径流和泥沙数据驱动ECOMSED模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移输运过程的逐月时空变化、输送通量以及海底沉积效应进行了数值模拟实验。分析结果表明,在忽略再悬浮作用条件下,黄河入海泥沙的输运扩散过程具有明显的季节变化规律,且这种变化具有年际相似性。黄河泥沙入渤海后总体朝向辽东湾西侧海岸扩散,而主要沉降区域是黄河口附近,且随着距离的增大,沉积通量迅速降低。模拟沉积速率一般在0.5~0.1 mm/年左右,与实际调查结果非常接近。海底地形等高线向渤海海盆西部、渤海湾南部,以及渤海海峡方向突出,也反映了泥沙通量的输送方向。从黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散过程的季节变化特征及其海底沉积效应来看,渤海海域泥沙悬移输运过程受潮汐动力、余流和和底层流场等因子的制约。除了黄河河口地区以外,各月悬浮泥沙高浓度区基本一致,集中分布在潮流能量最强的海域,潮流水平动能的大小与悬沙浓度大小分布基本一致。泥沙悬移输运方向与模拟获得的渤海三维风驱-潮致Lagrange余流的方向具有明显的相关关系,泥沙扩散的方向和强度明显受余流方向和强度的控制。