用测量晶界内耗的方法研究蠕变断裂过程

本文研究了工业纯铝在不同断裂类型的蠕变过程中晶界内耗峰的变化。由晶界内耗曲线所包围的面积求出晶界弛豫度,而晶界弛豫度的下降意味着晶界强度增高。根据实验结果可以推知:在沿晶型断裂过程中,晶界不发生强化;在混合型断裂过程中,晶界发生了强化;在穿晶型断裂过程中,晶界则发生了显著的强化。这说明:发生不同类型的蠕变断裂,不仅决定于晶界和晶粒在蠕变试验前的相对强度,而且与蠕变过程中晶界强化的程度有关。     

单晶和多晶纯铝蠕变过程中的内耗

研究了单晶和多晶纯铝蠕变过程中的低频内耗。在单晶纯铝中观察到:内耗在蠕变初期单调下降,在蠕变第一阶段后期出现了一个显著的时间内耗峰,在蠕变第二阶段内耗趋于稳定值。多晶纯铝在类似实验条件下则不出现时间内耗峰。文中分析了出现时间内耗峰的条件和原因,认为它是由于蠕变第一阶段中运动位错的阻尼系数逐渐增大所引起的。文中还从蠕变过程中位错运动的微观机制出发,推导出了蠕变过程中内耗的表达式,满意地解释了实验结果。 关键词：     

单晶和多晶纯铝蠕变过程中的内耗

研究了单晶和多晶纯铝蠕变过程中的低频内耗. 在单晶纯铝中观察到: 内耗在蠕变初期单调下降, 在蠕变第一阶段后期出现了一个显著的时间内耗峰, 在蠕变第二阶段内耗趋于稳定值. 多晶纯铝在类似实验条件下则不出现时间内耗峰. 文中分析了出现时间内耗峰的条件和原因, 认为它是由于蠕变第一阶段中运动位错的阻尼系数逐渐增大所引起的. 文中还从蠕变过程中位错运动的微观机制出发, 推导出了蠕变过程中内耗的表达式, 满意地解释了实验结果. 关键词：     

金属粉末压坯烧结过程的内耗研究

烧结在粉末冶金过程中对最终产品质量起着关键性作用,理解和探索烧结过程中粉末压坯结构和缺陷的演变,明确烧结的起始温度、结晶温度等,可为烧结工艺的确定提供确切的信息.本文采用内耗技术系统研究了单元系纯Al, Mg, Cu, Fe粉末压坯烧结过程的内耗行为.在第一个循环的升降温过程中各发现了一个内耗峰、升温峰和降温峰.降温峰是一个稳定的弛豫型内耗峰,激活能和峰温表明,该峰起源于晶界的黏滞性滑移.升温峰的出现伴随着相对动力学模量和电阻的下降,材料性能发生显著变化,相应峰温可考虑作为单元系粉末烧结的起始温度.升温峰具有明显的压坯颗粒粒径和成型压力依赖性,随颗粒粒径或压制压力的减小而升高,这与颗粒间弱结合界面数量和微滑移可动性的增大有关.在升温测量时,主要通过弱结合界面微滑移耗能,内耗增加直至峰温所在位置,弱结合界面转化为颗粒间晶界,内耗迅速下降,形成了非稳定升温峰.升温峰的出现表明了粉末压坯烧结过程中颗粒间晶界的形成,相应峰温亦可作为粉末压坯的结晶温度.     

晶界内耗研究的进展

固体在机械振动过程中由于材料内部原因引起的能量损耗称为内耗。晶界内耗峰是我国科 学家葛庭燧于1947 年用他发明的“葛氏扭摆” 在多晶纯铝中发现的。晶界内耗峰和相关的滞弹 性效应可以用滞弹性理论和粘滞性滑动模型给予合理的解释。这个内耗峰已被广泛地用来研究晶 界的动力学行为,杂质在晶界的偏聚,以及材料科学中相关的问题。 以往晶界内耗的研究大多数是用多晶试样进行的,其中包含了不同类型晶界的贡献。由于不 同类型晶界的结构和性质不同,因而多晶试样中的晶界内耗只能反映不同晶界的“平均效应”, 它的具体机制也难以解释清楚。 二十一世纪以来,人们对双晶试样（其中只包含单一晶界）中的晶界内耗进行了比较细致的 研究。实验结果表明,晶界内耗可以反映不同类型晶界的“个性”,因而可以应用于“晶界的设 计和控制”（或称“晶界工程”）。此外,新近还发现了晶界内耗中的“耦合效应” 和“补偿效 应”。这些发现加深了对晶界内耗机制的认识。 本文首先对以往多晶试样中的晶界内耗研究做一个简要的概述,然后介绍近年来双晶试样中 晶界内耗研究的新进展,并对晶界内耗的微观机制和应用前景进行分析和展望。     

快冷Fe-Al合金中的原子缺陷弛豫

在多功能内耗仪上用自由衰减和强迫振动方法研究了不同Al含量淬火Fe-Al合金中的两个弛豫型内耗峰.结果显示：P1(180℃)和P2(340℃)两个内耗峰只出现在淬火样品的加热过程中，而在随后的冷却过程中不出现.P1峰是由在α和β(或γ)点阵上的空位组成的最近邻双空位偶极子在应力诱导下的重新取向产生的，其弛豫强度随Al含量非单调地变化，在大约25% Al(原子百分比，以下同)处出现最大值.Al含量较低的Fe-Al合金无     

蠕变-疲劳交互作用的电子显微学研究

用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了一种镍基合金(Nimonic 75型)蠕变-疲劳交互作用的机制。在温度873K,应力幅392MPa下进行的实验表明,蠕变、疲劳和“蠕变叠加疲劳”数据近似满足线性积累损伤规律。扫描电子显微镜断口观察表明,所有试样均发生晶间型断裂。但用透射电子显微镜进行的位错观察指出,在蠕变、疲劳和“蠕变叠加疲劳”试样中,位错组态有明显的差别。这些不同的位错组态,对晶间断裂过程产生了各自不同的影响,因而蠕变损伤与疲劳损伤相互独立,在宏观上表现出线性交互作用的规律。本工作表明,透射电子显微 关键词：     

1993年第4期《物理》内容预告

中国物理学会固体耗与超声衰减专业委员会祝贺学部委员葛诞燧诞辰80周年专稿动态局域畸变引起的内耗(王业宁);晶界力学弛豫研究的新成就(张立德、朱爱武);位错晶界与点缺陷交互作用引起的非线性、非稳定和非德拜型弛豫的理论方向(孙宗琦);高温超导体中氧行为的内耗研究(陈廷国);镍钛台金的内耗(朱劲松);Cu-Zn-Al-Ma合金的预贝氏体相变研究(沈惠敏等);内耗方法在研究蠕变和蠕变断裂中的应用(孔庆平);钢铁中稀土合金化的内耗研究( 景文);固体内耗新模型和分形、混沌(王养璞等);聚合物力学弛豫谱及应用(张立德、李健);月龄对鸡肌腱内耗的影响…     

晶界驰豫研究50年

文章综述了我国科学工作者５６０年来关于晶界驰豫研究的早期开拓和近期发展,前者包括扭摆内耗仪的民昌界内耗峰的发现和无序原子群晶界模型的提出,后者包括澄清了关于介内耗峰来源的争论,揭示限晶界弛豫具有一个临界温度,从而提出了一个适合于各种温度的综合的晶界模型,一个最重要的进展是关于竹节晶界内耗峰的发现与其机理的阐明,从而揭示了介附近的位错亚结构能够影响晶一身性质和结构,这对于研究多晶金属的力学性质提供了     

快冷Fe-Al合金中的原子缺陷弛豫

在多功能内耗仪上用自由衰减和强迫振动方法研究了不同Al含量淬火Fe-Al合金中的两个弛豫型内耗峰.结果显示：P1(180℃)和P2(340℃)两个内耗峰只出现在淬火样品的加热过程中,而在随后的冷却过程中不出现.P1峰是由在α和β(或γ)点阵上的空位组成的最近邻双空位偶极子在应力诱导下的重新取向产生的,其弛豫强度随Al含量非单调地变化,在大约25% Al(原子百分比,以下同)处出现最大值.Al含量较低的Fe-Al合金无 关键词： 空位 弛豫 Al含量     

多晶纯铁的高温蠕变及加碳的影响

用99.95％的多晶纯铁作了从350°-525℃的扭转微蠕变及应力弛豫试验,所得结果的概貌与以前用多晶纯铝所得的基本上相同。从蠕变曲线上可以看出这蠕变是由两部分组成的:第一部分是在较低温度或较短时间内发生的,第二部分是在较高温度或较长时间内发生的。第一部分的蠕变是有限的,是由于晶粒间界的粘滞性滑移所引起。根据微蠕变及应力弛豫测量的结果,这一部分蠕变所包含的激活能是78,000±4,000卡/克分子。这个激活能(晶粒间界滑移激活能)的数值与纯铁自扩散的激活能很相近,表示晶粒间界与晶粒内部对于原子迁移的基本过程而言并没有显著的差异。加碳于纯铁中对于这两部分的蠕变都有显著的影响。最值得注意的结果是含碳量少到0.0004％时已经使晶粒间界的粘滞性滑移受到显著的阻碍。这些发现在控制金属高温蠕变的问题上指出一个一般性的原则,对于以前所提出来的晶粒间界空穴模型也提供了一些新的实验证据。根据加碳的实验结果,对于第二部分高温蠕变的机构也提出了一个初步的看法,这蠕变所包括的基本过程可能是晶粒内部的空穴中的原子重新排列。     

Alloying Effect on the Creep Mechanism and Creep Resistance of Polycrystals in the Concepts of Physical Mesomechanics

The effect of different slightly soluble alloy additions on the creep and individual creep-component behavior of lead at T = 0.5 T _cr under controlled conditions (high-purity polycrystals, the same grain size) is investigated on the basis of the concepts of physical mesomechanics. The additions used are shown to reduce the creep rate under these conditions. The effect of the slightly soluble alloy additions to the polycrystal on the steady-state creep rate is produced through grain-boundary sliding and localized-deformation banding near grain boundaries.     

Effect of rare earth on the microstructures and properties of a low expansion superalloy

A new Fe-Ni-Co-Nb-Ti-Si superalloy containing trace additions of selective rare earths and having good combination of very low thermal expansion coefficient, high-resistance to stress accelerated grain boundary oxygen embrittlement and fairly good notch-bar rupture strength has been successfully developed. The resistance to oxidation for long time exposure at high-temperatures and the stress rupture life has been improved significantly with trace yttrium addition. The microstructures of the alloys have been studied by means of analytical electron microscopy, chemical and X-ray analysis techniques. The results reveal that the trace yttrium segregates in the strengthening phase with platelet morphology, and helps in transforming A(3)B type epsilon phase into A(5)B type H. The morphology and crystal structures of the grain boundary phases also change with selective additions of rare earth elements. Compared with those in the conventional alloy, the platelet precipitates in the yttrium-containing alloy densely segregate within the grains and along the grain boundaries with smaller size. The segregation of the platelet precipitates within the grains is helpful in improving the strength of the alloy. In addition, its precipitation along the grain boundaries can improve the resistance to stress accelerated grain boundary oxidation and stress rupture property of the alloy and thereby contribute to its temperature stability.     

Grain size effects on microstructural stability and creep behaviour of nanotwinned Ni free-standing foils at room temperature

Creep tests were performed on the high stacking fault energy (SFE) nanotwinned (NT) Ni free-standing foils with nearly the same twin thickness at room temperature (RT) to investigate the effects of grain size and loading rate on their microstructural stability and creep behaviour. The grain growth mediated by the twinning/detwinning mechanism at low applied stresses (<800 MPa) and grain refinement via the detwinning mechanism at high applied stresses (>800 MPa) were uncovered in the present NT-Ni foils during RT creep, both of which are attributed to the interactions between dislocations and boundaries. It appears that a higher initial dislocation density leads to a faster primary creep strain rate and a slower steady-state creep strain rate. Unlike the non-twinned metals in which grain growth often enhances the creep strain rate, the twinning/detwinning-mediated grain growth process unexpectedly lowers the steady-state creep strain rate, whereas the detwinning-mediated grain refinement process accelerates the creep strain rate in the studied NT-Ni foils. A modified phase-mixture model combined with Arrhenius laws is put forward to predict the scaling behaviour between the creep strain rate and the applied stress, which also predicts the transition from grain growth-reduced to grain refinement-enhanced steady-state creep strain rate at a critical applied stress. Our findings not only provide deeper insights into the grain size effect on the mechanical behaviour of nanostructured metals with high SFE, but also benefit the microstructure sensitive design of NT metallic materials.     

Finite temperature effect on mechanical properties of graphene sheets with various grain boundaries

The mechanical properties of graphene sheets with various grain boundaries are studied by molecular dynamics method at finite temperatures.The finite temperature reduces the ultimate strengths of the graphenes with different types of grain boundaries.More interestingly,at high temperatures,the ultimate strengths of the graphene with the zigzagorientation grain boundaries at low tilt angles exhibit different behaviors from those at lower temperatures,which is determined by inner initial stress in grain boundaries.The results indicate that the finite temperature,especially the high one,has a significant effect on the ultimate strength of graphene with grain boundaries,which gives a more in-depth understanding of their mechanical properties and could be useful for potential graphene applications.     

Microstructural aspects of long-term creep ductility of AISI 316 LN steel

Microstructural aspects of the creep plasticity and impact strength of non-stabilized austenitic CrNiMo steels with two different nitrogen contents have been evaluated. During creep exposure an intergranular precipitation of the sigma phase, M₂₃C₆ or/and Cr₂N particles produce favourable conditions for transition from typically intergranular fracture to ductile shear fractures or to intergranular ductile fractures with characteristic dimple morphology. A given type of fractures is accompanied with high values of the relative creep rupture elongation (up to 100%) dependent on temperature and time to rupture.     

钼的晶界内耗峰及少量间隙杂质影响晶界脆性的机制

用扭摆法测出钼的晶界内耗峯,频率约为1周/秒,峯温在1020℃附近,渗氧或渗碳可使晶界峯消失,但在较低温度出现合金晶界峯:氧峯在890℃附近;碳峯在925℃附近。由于钼单晶的内耗曲线上没有出现这些峯,故可认为都是晶界弛豫引起,如果试样中同时有氧和碳,又在960℃和985℃附近出现两个合金晶界峯,用改变频率方法求得各峯激活能,其相对大小与各峯的峯温次序相同,即氧晶界峯的激活能最小(80千卡/克分子);碳晶界峯次之(98千卡/克分子);纯钼晶界峯最大(119千卡/克分子);其他两个峯激活能略小于纯钼晶界峯。配合了断口金相试验,观察到当有氧峯出现时断口晶界面上有黑色氧化物沉淀粒子;当有碳峯出现时,晶界面上有羽毛状碳化物;当试样中同时有氧和碳存在时,也即当内耗曲线上出现960℃和985℃交互作用峯时,晶界面上有大量的有黑圈的白色沉淀物。从以上结果我们对少量间隙杂质在钼的晶界脆性中所起作用,特别是氧和碳同时存在时能起改善脆性的作用提出了一种看法。     

Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium

The grain-size dependence of certain mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium under deformation at room temperature is examined. A decrease in the grain size is found to provide a continuous improvement in strength, lower work hardening, and nonmonotonic dependence of the length of the uniform deformation stage. Furthermore, localized deformation in the neck and total plasticity before fracture exhibit a low sensitivity to the grain size. A yield tooth and plateau occur in the flow curve as the structure is reduced down to a certain grain size. The grain-size dependence of the mechanical behavior of the material and its relation to the dislocation redistribution are discussed.     

Solute-diffusion-controlled dislocation creep in pure aluminium containing 0.026 at.% Fe

Pure aluminium containing about 200?at.ppm Fe in solution is shown to creep about 10⁶ times slower at 200°C than the same aluminium containing a negligible amount of iron in solution. The high creep resistance of the Al–200?at.ppm?Fe alloy is attributed to the presence of subgrain boundaries containing iron solute atoms. It is proposed that the opposing stress fields from subgrain boundaries and from the piled-up dislocations during creep are cyclically relaxed, by iron solute diffusion, to allow climb of the lead dislocation in the pile-up. The mechanism is a form of mechanical ratcheting. The model is applied to Al–Fe alloys and correctly predicts that the creep rate is controlled by the rate of iron solute diffusion and by a temperature dependence equal to the activation energy for iron diffusion, namely Q _c?=?221?kJ?mol^?1. Basic creep studies on solid-solution alloying with solute atoms that diffuse slowly in the lattice of aluminium (e.g. manganese, chromium, titanium and vanadium) appear worthy of study as a way of enhancing creep strength and of understanding creep mechanisms involving solute-atom-containing subgrain boundaries.