提高换热器性能,为工业炉窑节能服务

用换热器回收工业炉窑的烟气余热,既可节约燃耗,又可提高炉窑产量。综合传热系数和系统内气体流动阻力损失是评价换热器性能的重要指标。文中较详细地讨论了提高换热器综合传热系数的各种措施,还讨论了完善现有换热器和开发新型换热器等问题。     

Sustainability assessment of the energy projects implementation in regional scale

The concept of sustainable energy development cannot be separated from the understanding of additional positive socio-economic effect of sustainable energy projects (energy efficiency measures, use of renewable energy sources). Implementation of sustainable energy projects has positive impact on security of energy supply, provides financial economies and improved comfort and has multiplier effect for new jobs, involving small and medium size enterprises. Therefore integration of sustainable energy projects into regional development process may create external positive effect concerning increased energy security and other regional development goals (reduction of unemployment, reduction of environmental impact, etc.). The examples of EU-15 countries implementing their sustainable energy development and climate change mitigation policies on local level can be successfully applied in Lithuania. The aim of the article is to discuss methodological problems related with integration of sustainable energy projects into regional development procedures and provide guidelines, ensuring that energy elements may compile integral uniformity in terms of regional goals.     

Divide and rule. The economic and legal implications of the proposed ownership unbundling of distribution and supply companies in the Dutch electricity sector

In Machiavelli's theory of power, the concept of ‘divide and rule’ forms the main theme: the ruler has absolute power and to maintain and increase such power all means are justified. When viewed against the background of this theory, the current debate in the Netherlands on the unbundling of energy (electricity, gas) companies can be observed as an example of ‘divide and rule’, in which the Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs plays a central role. Yet, contrary to Machiavelli in his time, the Dutch government does, in fact, aim principally at the greater welfare of the Dutch people. It is therefore noteworthy that, while important steps in the decision to unbundled have been taken, there is no evidence that the Dutch people will indeed benefit from the envisaged unbundling.     

Encouraging the implementation of small renewable electricity CDM projects: An economic analysis of different options

Apart from contributing to the mitigation of GHG emissions, the deployment of renewable electricity Clean Development Mechanism projects (RE-CDM) may provide substantial local economic, social and environmental sustainability benefits to host countries. However, in spite of these advantages, a wide array of barriers prevents the realisation of these projects. They compete with other CDM options which lead to cheaper GHG emissions reductions but which do not provide as much opportunities for sustainable development in developing countries. Taking into account that, in contrast to GHG benefits, sustainability benefits are not valued in the market place and that article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol envisages two objectives for the CDM (cost-effective emissions reductions and contribution to sustainability), this market mechanism might be leading to a “market failure” in RE-CDM projects. This paper explores the different barriers affecting the implementation of RE-CDM projects and proposes and analyses several policies and measures that could be implemented to encourage their deployment by tackling those obstacles.     

工业锅炉及窑炉节能减排技术途径与关键问题分析

当前我国的燃煤工业锅炉、窑炉普遍存在技术落后、效率低下、污染严重、监管难度大等问题,节能潜力超过1亿t煤,是煤炭节能减排技术的重点。实现工业炉窑燃煤节能是一个系统工程,关键是依靠燃煤技术和运行控制技术的进步,法规政策的促进和保障作用,社会化服务有助于推动新技术发展,先进的节能技术必会带来可观的经济和社会效益。     

热水维温加热计算及节能分析

本文就利用热水进行油罐维温加热工艺计算进行了探讨,说明可以充分利用热水资源,节省蒸汽,降低油品粘度,从而达到节能的目的。     

Divorce comes at a price: An ex ante welfare analysis of ownership unbundling of the distribution and commercial companies in the Dutch energy sector

Vertical unbundling in the electricity sector is a hot political topic in the European Union. The European Commission has decided that the ownership unbundling of transmission networks from other stages in the value chain is the most effective way to ensure fair network access and infrastructure investment. While this European unbundling debate has not ended yet and most countries still do not have an independent transmission system operator (TSO), the Dutch government has already taken one step further. In 2008, it decided that distribution companies should be completely separated from commercial activities that are part of the same holding (generation, trade and supply). This governmental decision has been fiercely debated. Although the goal is to improve competition as well as security of supply, these benefits are uncertain. Nevertheless, it is certain that ownership unbundling comes at a cost. In this paper we present an ex ante cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch unbundling act. We conclude that it is unlikely that this act is welfare enhancing: divorce comes at a price.     

Explaining the rapid diffusion of Dutch cogeneration by innovation system functioning

In this paper, we apply the functions of innovation systems theory to explain the successful diffusion of cogeneration technology in The Netherlands. We show that the technological innovation system for cogeneration functioned very well and that this explains for a major part the successful diffusion. We also show that the innovation system was positively influenced by actions of the Dutch government. Government actions were aligned to the needs of the other parties in the innovation system. Finally, we show that part of the successful diffusion can be attributed to changes in the institutional environment that were not intended to stimulate cogeneration.     

Energy recovery from industrial waste of a confectionery plant by means of BIGFC plant

The search of environment friendly solutions for waste management, along with increasing costs and recent regulations on waste disposal, leads toward the recovery of energy and requires research activities related to plant definition and thermo-economic comparison. On the other hand, energy recovery from waste has never been an easy task. The high pollutant level in waste combustion gases requires low maximum temperatures in thermodynamic cycles thus affecting the efficiency of the “heat to electricity” conversion process. The recent progress of high temperature fuel cells seems to bring a significant change in this scenario, thanks to the feasible combination with advanced gasification systems. A thermo-economic comparison of different solutions for energy recovery from industrial waste is reported, considering an advanced dual bed gasification-MCFC integrated plant. The solution has been applied to a confectionery plant. Even if this system seems to promise high thermodynamic efficiency, a lot of effort in research is necessary for technical analysis of the advanced plant open issues and for the thermo-economic evaluation of potential advantage over consolidated systems. The thermodynamic analysis has been conducted interfacing Aspen⁺ flowsheets developed with the integration of a proprietary numerical code. The definition of a complex plan of costs would have been presumptuous at this stage of the development; therefore, a reverse economic approach has been used and is suggested by the authors; a specific solver has been implemented for this purpose. An extensive survey of the confectionary plant has been conducted considering the present energy system, the current supplies, and the trends of the required energy needs. The results show that the proposed advanced energy system can represent a valid solution for both industrial waste management and for integration in energy supply.     

Emission of trace elements from coal-fired industrial boilers. A survey of relevant literature

Present evidence is not sufficient for an evaluation of the hazard, if any, that might be caused by trace elements as a result of the increasing industrial market for coal. Measurements are reported for large pulverized fuel plant and small experimental, fluidized bed combustion rigs but there are hardly any data relating to industrial boilers. Present data are too inconsistent to permit generalized conclusions. Methods of sampling, sample preparation and analysis are assessed and those most suitable for a comparison of emissions from fluidized bed and stoker fired boilers are indicated.     

State-of-the-art in the industrial implementation of protective relay functions,communication mechanism and synchronized phasor capabilities for electric power systems protection

Protective systems in electricity delivery networks have a major role to play in the increasing of renewable energy systems, and a broad understanding of their current a future application can aid into better taking them into account for achieving future energy networks that adapt for the incorporation of renewable energy generation sources. This paper provides a survey in the state of the art of protective relaying technology and its associated communications technology used in today's power transmission systems. The paper also provides the fundamental knowledge concerned with power system relaying communications. The unifying theme of this paper is to highlight that the future potential of these devices lies in realizing the possibility of going beyond their traditional application as stand-alone equipments with the single role of acting “the last line of defense” so that they can be handled with the increment of renewable energy power delivery systems in near future.     

Drivers and barriers for the large-scale adoption of hydrogen fuel cells by Nordic shipping companies

The shipping industry needs to transition towards new fuels and technologies to reduce its environmental impact. A promising option is using hydrogen fuel cells. However, the technology is relatively new and not commercially available at a large scale. This study focuses on the Nordic shipping industry where the first commercial vessels are expected to be launched. Interviews were conducted with high-level managers to identify the factors that influence the adoption of hydrogen fuel cells. Sixteen factors are identified as motivating the decision and are categorized as internal, connecting, and external drivers. The most relevant are environmental commitments, customer expectations, and policies and regulations. Eleven factors are identified as limiting the decision and are categorized as behavioral, economic, organizational, and technological barriers. The most significant are high costs, lack of infrastructure, and operational challenges. The drivers and barriers are categorized as company-specific, industry-specific, and technology-specific.     

Hydrogen gas production from electrohydrolysis of industrial wastewater organics by using photovoltaic cells (PVC)

Electrical current generated by a photovoltaic cell (PVC) was supplied to wastewater in a mechanically mixed and sealed reactor using stainless steel electrodes. Hydrogen gas was generated by reaction of protons released from decomposition of organic compounds and electrons provided by electrical current. Gas phase was composed of 75–99% H₂ gas.     

Insights from the operation of Solar One and their implications for future central receiver plants

The Solar One Pilot Plant successfully demonstrated the feasibility of generating electricity with a solar central receiver power plant. During the six years the plant was operated, a great deal of data was collected relating to the efficiency and availability of the plant's various systems. This paper summarizes these statistics and compares them to goals developed by the Department of Energy. Based on this comparison, and recent research, we identify key improvements in the design and operation for future central receiver power plants. These improvements are expected to solve many of the performance problems encountered at Solar One. Projections of the cost of energy for these future plants are also presented.     

Sustainable energy development in Austria until 2020: Insights from applying the integrated model "e3.at"

This paper reports on the Austrian research project "Renewable energy in Austria: Modeling possible development trends until 2020". The project investigated possible economic and ecological effects of a substantially increased use of renewable energy sources in Austria. Together with stakeholders and experts, three different scenarios were defined, specifying possible development trends for renewable energy in Austria. The scenarios were simulated for the period 2006-2020, using the integrated environment-energy-economy model "e3.at". The modeling results indicate that increasing the share of renewable energy sources in total energy use is an important but insufficient step towards achieving a sustainable energy system in Austria. A substantial increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of residential energy consumption also form important cornerstones of a sustainable energy policy.     

利用陶瓷烧结法制备工业废渣微晶玻璃板的研究

以粉煤灰、矿渣和废玻璃等工业废渣为主要原料，添加诸如助熔剂、粘结剂及可诱发玻璃体结晶和微分相的晶核剂等添加剂，通过陶瓷烧结法制备建筑微晶复合板。文中采用DTA和XRD等方法研究了配合料的成分、添加剂及烧成制度对微晶复合板制备工艺和材料性能的影响。     

The rise and fall of French Ecological Tax Reform: social acceptability versus political feasibility in the energy tax implementation process

The French government has a 10-year history of negotiations with industry, resulting in voluntary agreements on energy consumption. When implemented, these voluntary agreements produced very few results in terms of global reduction of greenhouse emissions (Politiques et Management Public 11(4) (1993) 47), hence the idea of an energy tax became increasingly attractive for many French decision-makers. Ecological/Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) should have been one of the major political decisions and successes of the past leftwing coalition government. Instead it became one of its major failures as the Constitutional Court decided to terminate the energy tax project in December 2000. Through insights gleaned from focus groups and interviews with business-people and decision-makers, an attempt is made to understand the failure of the energy tax project. Firstly, decision-makers lacked crucial information about public and business opinions and secondly, there were conflicts between the relevant administrations. The fuel revolts of 2000 ended any hope of resolving the conflicts and implementing ETR, which was ultimately found unconstitutional. This paper examines the political controversies raised by the ETR project and the reasons for its eventual collapse, in the hope of contributing new understanding to the body of knowledge on the political difficulties of introducing environmental policy instruments.