偶测血压与动态血压在肾性高血压诊治中的临床价值

目的 探讨偶测血压与动态血压评价肾性高血压的临床价值.方法 选择97例肾性高血压患者,服用盐酸贝拉普利联合缬沙坦治疗4个月,观察治疗前、后采用偶测血压和24 h动态血压监测,并检测24 h尿蛋白、血清肌酐及肝功能进行分析.结果 9r7例患者用偶测血压与24 h动态血压监测诊断肾性高血压的符合率为73.2%;因低血压(26例)与高血钾(3例)等不同原因提前退出试验34例.余63例患者经治疗后与治疗前偶测血压和24 h动态血压监测值比较均降低;治疗前、后24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压值与动态血压值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗后24 h动态血压的总有效率与偶测血压比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05);昼夜节律比与治疗前比较明显恢复(P<0.01).结论 24 h动态血压监测与偶测血压比较更能敏感的、客观的、全面的评价肾性高血压的诊疗价值与安全性.     

ACEI和ARB在肾性高血压的作用与地位

肾脏疾病与高血压有重要而密切的关系。肾性高血压包括肾实质性和肾血管性高血压,是最常见的继发性高血压,其高血压的成因与原发性高血压有很大不同,降压药物的使用有些区别。高血压后期常常又会加重肾脏损害,部分晚期肾脏病患者很难区分是肾性高血压和（或）高血压肾脏病,所以这两种情况有密切的联系,治疗虽有共性,但有区别,不能截然分开。所以,本文探讨的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（ARB）在肾性高血压的作用与地位也适用于高血压或糖尿病导致的肾脏病变合并高血压。     

β受体阻滞剂治疗肾性高血压

肾脏疾病引起的继发性高血压占据着继发性高血压各种病因中的第一位,高血压与肾脏关系极为密切,各种原发或继发性肾脏疾病在不同阶段均可能发生高血压。高血压与慢性肾脏病互为因果,既是慢性肾脏病的进展因素,亦是心血管并发症的高危因素。因此,有效控制高血压对于延长肾衰竭患者生存期,保护肾脏,减少死亡率至关重要。虽然目前一致认为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拈抗剂（ARB）类药物是治疗肾性高血压的首选药物,     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂在IgA肾病中的应用

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)的问世和在临床上广泛应用，是肾脏病治疗领域的一个重大进展。目前ACEI和ARB正在IgA肾病(IgAN)的治疗中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

动态血压监测在青少年高血压诊断中的价值

目的对经Korotkoff法测量血压诊断为高血压和非高血压的青少年进行24h动态血压监测（ABPM），比较二者的准确性与差异性。方法选择170例经Korotkoff法测量血压高于正常的青少年患者作为研究组，65例血压正常的青少年作为对照组，分别进行24hABPM，并对结果进行对比分析。结果研究组中采用Korotkoff法诊断为青少年高血压135例（79．4％），前期高血压35例（20．6％）；采用24hABPM诊断为青少年高血压115例（67．6％），前期高血压48例（28．2％）。对照组65例中有6例（9．2％）经24hABPM诊断为前期高血压。所有经24hABPM诊断为青少年高血压及前期高血压者，收缩压负荷（SPL）和舒张压负荷（DPL）均增加。结论24hABPM可作为诊断青少年高血压的有效手段，并可用于检出青少年前期高血压。     

血压和蛋白尿与慢性肾脏病进程

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)可以降低血压、减少尿蛋白的排泄、延缓慢性肾脏病的进程的观点已经被人们普遍接受。但是还不清楚在使用ACEI和不使用ACEI进行降压治疗时,血压和蛋白尿控制到何种程度才能最大限度延缓慢性肾脏病的进程。笔者对近年来的相关文献进行了分析兹简述如下。方法:我们在MEDLINE资料库中检索到11个比较使用ACEI和不使用ACEI的方案治疗非糖尿病性的肾脏病的随机对照研究报告。这些是在1977年～1999年间发表的英文的文献。我们把186 0个患者汇总在一起进行meta分析。其中慢性肾脏病进展的定义为:血清肌酐水平…     

慢性肾脏病患者高血压的控制及其相关因素

目的 研究并发高血压的住院慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的降压药使用和血压控制情况,以及其相关因素。 方法 对象为2009年3月至2010年4月期间于本院住院的并发高血压的CKD患者共726例,记录其基本资料、血压、降压药使用及其他相关资料,分析其用药方案及血压控制率。 结果 91.74%患者接受了降压治疗,分别有21.21%、22.59%、19.56%、28.37%患者使用1、2、3、≥4种降压药。CKD患者总体高血压控制率为42.4%,平均血压为（137.86±20.75）/（76.30±11.35） mm Hg。CKD1+2、3、4+5期（未透析）、透析组的高血压控制率分别为50.8%、46.7%、42.0%、33.5%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非透析组高血压控制率（<130/80 mm Hg）显著高于透析组（<140/90 mm Hg）（44.9%比33.5%,P < 0.05）。血透组与腹透组高血压控制率差异无统计学意义（32.3%比38.7%,P > 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性（优势比OR=1.787,95%CI 1.045~3.056）和应用ACEI类降压药（OR=4.378,95%CI 1.830~10.472）是高血压控制的有利因素;而脉压差增大（OR=0.847,95%CI 0.811~0.885）和并发糖尿病（OR=0.415,95%CI 0.188~0.919）是高血压控制的不利因素。 结论 住院CKD患者的高血压治疗率很高,但控制率仍较低。女性、ACEI类降压药是CKD患者血压控制的有利因素,而脉压差大、糖尿病是血压控制不良的独立危险因素。     

动态血压监测在评价抗高血压药物临床疗效中的意义

目的通过高血压患者的动态血压监测,研究高血压病治疗过程中24h血压波动曲线的变化,评价各种药物治疗高血压的疗效。方法将130例高血压患者随机分为3组,分别给予短效降压药、长效降压药和联合降压药治疗,3个月后比较它们的降压效果。结果治疗后3组比较,联合降压药降压效果显著,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对于高血压患者,最佳方案是联合用药,其次是应用长效降压药,短效降压药降压效果不理想。     

双倍剂量ACEI、ARB及联合用药治疗蛋白尿疗效比较

目的比较双倍剂量血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、血管紧张素I型受体拮抗剂（ARB）及二者联合用药对蛋白尿和延缓肾损害的疗效、安全性及差别。方法采用前瞻性、随机、对照研究。慢性肾脏病患者共60例,随机分为3组,每组20例。A组口服洛汀新20mg／d,初始剂量10mg／d;B组口服科素亚100mg／d,初始剂量50mg／d;C组口服洛汀新10mg／d加科素亚50mg／d,初始剂量分别为5mg／d、25mg／d。疗程均为6个月。观察治疗前后血压、24h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐（SCr）、血钾、肝功能及不良反应情况。结果3组患者治疗后血压均下降至130／80mmHg以下,治疗前后血压和伍用降压药平均种数组间比较无差异（P〉0．05）;3组减少尿蛋白的总有效率均〉95％,组间比较,总有效率无统计学差异;3组均无因副作用退出研究的病例。结论双倍剂量ACEI、ARB及二者联合用药对多种病因导致的轻、中度蛋白尿有显著疗效,能延缓肾损害进程;安全。     

肾素-血管紧张素系统阻断与肾脏病

通过介绍血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）的产生途径、受体亚型等有关进展,比较阻断肾素血管紧张素系统不同方法的异同,探讨ＡⅡ１型受体拮抗剂（ＡＴ１ＲＡ）在降低血压及延缓肾脏疾病进展中的作用     

Relationship between blood pressure during haemodialysis and ambulatory blood pressure in between dialyses

BACKGROUND.: Ambulatory blood pressure measurements in haemodialysis patientsare relevant in view of the high cardiovascular morbidity andmortality in chronic haemodialysis patients. METHODS.: Twelve normotensive patients were studied from the beginningof one dialysis until the end of the next (mean 64 h, SD 19h) using a Spacelabs oscillometric blood-pressure recorder. RESULTS.: A circadian blood pressure rhythm was present in six of the12 patients. In seven patients the lowest pressure recorded(including the dialysis sessions) occurred 5–6 h afterdialysis (late post-dialysis dip). Blood pressure did not increasesharply in the hours before dialysis although it increased slightlyin the interdialytic interval as a whole, at a mean rate of5.6 mmHg per 24 h (SD 4.1, P<0.001). We could not find ablood pressure measurement during dialysis (or combination ofmeasurements) which reliably reflects interdialytic blood pressure:the 95% confidence intervals were 25 mmHg or higher. CONCLUSION.: Ambulatory blood pressure measurements are needed for adequatemonitoring of the control of blood pressure in haemodialysispatients.     

Blood pressure assessment in haemodialysis patients: Comparison between pre-dialysis blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure measurement

Aim: Hypertension is common in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Determining the most appropriate method of blood pressure (BP) measurement, representative of target organ damage, is still an issue. BP variations between pre‐ and post‐HD treatment, or between on‐dialysis day and off‐dialysis day, are common. The aim of this study was to examine the possible differences between pre‐HD office BP (OBP) levels, inter‐HD (iHD) or HD day 24 h ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM) with 48 h ABPM, where the latter was considered the gold standard. Methods: 163 HD patients were studied. BP was monitored consecutively for 48 h with a Takeda TM2421 device, then sub‐analysed into two periods of 24 h: HD and iHD day. An average of 12 sessions pre‐HD OBP measurements was determined. Results: OBP significantly overestimates systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) when compared with 48 h ABPM. SBP and DBP are significantly higher on iHD day than on HD day: 141.2 ± 20.8 versus 137.9 ± 20.9, and 77.1 ± 11.1 versus 76.1 ± 10.9 (P < 0.01). No differences of SBP night/day ratio were reported between 48 h ABPM and iHD 24 h ABPM or HD 24 h ABPM. The highest correlations were reported between 48 h SBP/DBP with iHD or HD 24 h ABPM (r² = 0.95, P < 0.001), while the lowest between 48 h SBP/DBP and OBP (r² = 0.40, P < 0.01, r² = 0.12, P < 0.01). The narrowest limits of agreement using the Bland and Altman test were reported between 48 h SBP or DBP and 24 h iHD or HD day ABPM. Considering 48 h ABPM, 80.5% of patients had BP higher than the norm, compared with 61.7% of patients in the case of OBP (χ² = 13.28, P < 0.001). The sensibility for detecting hypertension for iHD day 24 h ABPM was 98.4%, with specificity of 90%. The sensibility of 24 h HD day ABPM was 90.3%, with specificity 96.6%. In the case of OBP, sensibility and specificity were considerably lower, that is, 72.6% and 83.3% respectively. Conclusion: Significant differences are shown between OBP and 48 h ABPM in the recognition of a hypertensive state. OBP measurement has a lower sensibility and specificity than 24 h ABPM, which remains a valid alternative approach to 48 h ABPM in HD patients. Errors of OBP estimation should be taken into account, with possible negative impact on treatment strategies and epidemiology studies.     

Direct comparison of repeated same-day self and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The relative roles of self and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (self BPM, ABPM, respectively) have yet to be clearly defined despite accumulating evidence of self BPM benefits, particularly in hypertension management. In particular, measurements comparable to ABPM have been documented with self-measurement, usually twice daily over one or more days. Nevertheless, ABPM offers a series of recordings performed throughout the day that can be invaluable during drug treatment. Consequently, this study evaluated 18 normotensive and 79 hypertensive patients, including 21 not taking hypotensive agents, and measured their blood pressure at least every 2 h while they were also undergoing ABPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Self-measurement was performed between five and 12 times during the day with 77% of subjects preferring self BPM rather than daytime ABPM. When compared with the closest ABP measurement, mean systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly different throughout the day in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. However, a comparison of a series of ABPM hourly averages (three readings performed closest to the respective self BPM reading) throughout the day in all hypertensive subjects found ABPM readings to be slightly but significantly lower (3.3 systolic, 2.2 mmHg diastolic; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that multiple self-measurements throughout the day provides comparable information to daytime ABPM, is preferred by most patients, and should be a cost-effective alternative in the diagnosis and management of hypertension.     

Repeated ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in adolescents with mild hypertension

The reproducibility of serial measurements of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has not been well explored in children. We performed 24-h ABPM in 59 subjects (38 boys) aged 8-19 years with repeatedly elevated casual blood pressure (BP). According to the results of ABPM, the individuals were divided into a hypertensive group (mean 24-h systolic or diastolic BP >95th percentile for height, n=28) and a normotensive group (n=31). No antihypertensive agents were given. Both groups were reexamined after 1 year. In the hypertensive group, systolic and diastolic BP dropped significantly by an average of 2.1-4.5 mmHg when measured either during the daytime or over 24 h, but not at nighttime. In the normotensive group, only small BP changes were observed except for a significant increase in systolic BP at night. At the repeat examination after 1 year, 54% of the originally hypertensive subjects were defined as normotensive and 23% of the originally normotensive subjects as hypertensive. The study indicates that a single ABPM measurement is not sufficient for definitive classification of young individuals into hypertensives or normotensives.     

Effect of ramipril on ambulatory blood pressure and albuminuria in renal hypertension

Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) exerts a renoprotective effect in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. We evaluated prospectively changes in blood pressure (BP), protein excretion and renal function after administration of the long-acting ACE inhibitor ramipril as monotherapy during 6 months in 14 moderately hypertensive children aged 5–18 years with various nephropathies. Four patients initially had a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR below 60 ml/min/1.73 m²). BP was evaluated by ambulatory 24-h monitoring. After 2 weeks of treatment by oral ramipril (1.5 mg/m² once daily), mean values of systolic and diastolic 24-h ambulatory BP fell by more than 5 mmHg in nine patients. In eight patients the dose was doubled. At the end of the study systolic BP was below the 95th percentile in 9 and diastolic BP in 13 patients. The initially reduced nocturnal dip increased significantly. Of 11 patients with an increased albumin excretion (median 1.3 g/g creatinine), 6 responded to ramipril by a median reduction of 78% (range 24–83%), whilst in 5 albuminuria increased (median +19%). GFR was well preserved and no other adverse effects from the drug were noted. The study demonstrates that ramipril is an efficacious antihypertensive agent in children with renal hypertension. It is well tolerated, even in mild renal insufficiency. In addition, the drug has a persistent antiproteinuric action in about half of the patients contributing to conserve renal function. Received: 4 August 1999 / Revised: 27 March 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2000     

Morning blood pressure at home predicts erythropoietin-induced hypertension in patients with chronic renal diseases

Background Correction of anemia by erythropoietin (EPO) is often associated with a rise in blood pressure (BP; EPO-induced hypertension). Most studies regarding EPO-induced hypertension have involved evaluation using office/clinic BP (OBP). However, recent investigations suggest that BP measured at home (HBP) may be of more importance for clinical practice in hypertension. In this context, the present study addressed whether or not HBP measured in the morning could be useful to predict EPO-induced hypertension. Methods The study involved patients with mild to moderate renal impairment who had renal anemia requiring EPO treatment. BP control was evaluated based on the relationship between OBP and HBP in the morning. The BP categories used were well-controlled BP, poorly controlled BP, hypertension with a white-coat effect (white-coat hypertension), and masked hypertension. Comparison was made of the BP categories before and after EPO treatment. Results Before EPO treatment, 38% of patients had well-controlled BP, 30% had poorly controlled BP, 20% had masked hypertension, and 12% had white-coat hypertension, revealing a predominance of morning hypertension (poorly controlled BP plus masked hypertension). Following EPO treatment, the prevalence of morning hypertension in patients with masked hypertension and poorly controlled BP increased significantly, by 5% (HBP in those with masked hypertension increased from 152 +/− 18 mmHg to 162 +/− 25 mmHg, and HBP in those with poorly controlled BP increased from 157 +/− 18 mmHg to 168 +/− 25 mmHg; P < 0.05 by paired t-test). And there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of the well-controlled category, by 8%, with an increased level of morning HBP (from 128 +/− 14 mmHg to 137 +/− 16 mmHg; P < 0.05 by paired t-test). In contrast, OBP remained unchanged in all groups. The development of EPO-induced hypertension was effectively predicted by HBP in the morning (from 62% to 72% before and after EPO treatment; P = 0.0031 by Wilcoxon's analysis), but not by OBP (from 42% to 47% before and after treatment; P = 0.1399). Conclusions The present study indicates that, despite receiving concurrent antihypertensive therapy, the majority of patients with renal disease had morning hypertension. Furthermore, HBP in the morning can be more useful than OBP to predict the development of EPO-induced hypertension in patients with renal anemia.     

Relationship of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data to echocardiographic findings in haemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The present study was performed to assess the value of ambulatoryblood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in determining the adequacyof blood pressure (BP) control, and its relationship to echocardiographicfindings in haemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: We studied 40 non-diabetic adult patients who had been on regularHD treatment for a median duration of 43 months. Twenty-four-hourABPM was performed using a non-invasive ABP monitor (Pressurescan,ERKA). Casual BP (cBP) was defined as the average of two measurementsobtained at two HD sessions, one preceding and one followingthe ABP recordings, and was calculated for both the predialysisand postdialysis phases. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographywere performed in each patient to determine interventricularseptal thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall thickness(LVPW), left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), and leftventricular mass index (LVMI) RESULTS: According to average 24-h BP levels, 50% of the patients hadsystolic hypertension (HT) (>139 mmHg), and 72.5% had diastolicHT (>87 mmHg), while only 25% had been diagnosed as HT bycBP measurements (P>0.01 and P>0.0001 respectively). Diurnalvariation in BP was not present in about 80% of the patients.Echocardiography was normal in only four patients (10%). LVMIand LV wall thickness were correlated to ABPM data better thanto cBP measurements. Using stepwise linear regression analysis,LVMI and FVS were positively correlated with systolic BP load(P> 0.0001 and P=0.0001 respectively), and LVPW was positivelycorrelated with night-time systolic BP level (P>0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ABPM is necessary to assess the adequacy of BP control, andis well correlated to end-organ damage of HT in HD patients.     

Long-term blood pressure control in a cohort of peritoneal dialysis patients and its association with residual renal function.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the prime contributor for cardiovascular mortality in the dialysis population. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been thought to improve blood pressure (BP) control in the short term, but the long-term benefits are not conclusively proven. We aimed to evaluate the degree of BP control in PD patients in the long term and analyse the factors associated with poor control. METHODS: Data of all patients who were initiated on PD at one centre between July 1994 and July 1998 and completed at least 1 year of PD were analysed retrospectively at initiation of PD, at 6 months, and annually thereafter until 5 years or until discontinuation of therapy. Hypertension was defined as per WHO/ISH criteria. A 'Blood Pressure Control Index' was empirically defined to account for the effect of antihypertensives on measured BP. Factors associated with poor BP control were analysed. RESULTS: Out of 207 patients (age 57.0+/-16.0 years, 103 male, 104 female) 91.3% were hypertensive at the start of PD. About 33.8% had diabetic nephropathy. Systolic and mean arterial pressure index improved in early phase reaching a nadir between 6 months and 1 year followed by steady progressive worsening through out the rest of follow up. On multiple linear regression analysis age (P<0.001), duration of hypertension prior to dialysis (P<0.001), and declining residual renal function, expressed as both average of urea and creatinine clearance (P=0.002) and residual urine output (P<0.001) were independently associated with poor BP control. Diabetes (P=0.836), peritoneal transport (D/P 4 of creatinine at start) (P=0.218), peripheral oedema (P=0.479) and dose of erythropoetin (P=0.488) were not associated. CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of PD results in early improvement of hypertension in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). BP control thereafter deteriorates steadily with time and this is associated with age, duration of hypertension, and declining residual renal function. This suggests that hypertension in ESRD patients is a progressive disease primarily related to falling glomerular filtration rate, the preservation of which might improve BP control and possibly modify cardiovascular risk.     

Nighttime hospital blood pressure – a predictor of death,ESRD, and decline in GFR

Nighttime systolic blood pressure (BP) from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is more predictive than clinic BP for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and death even after controlling for clinic BP. However, ABPM is expensive and burdensome to obtain regularly. BPs obtained in the hospital may provide a window into nighttime BP. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all hypertensive patients admitted to the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (LSCDVAMC) in 2002 and 2003 with one or more BP recorded between midnight and 6 am on the day of or the day before discharge. The mean age of the study population (n = 1085) was 62 years and 96% were male. Twenty-two percent had coronary artery disease (CAD) and 34% had diabetes. The mean nighttime systolic BP was 132 mmHg and baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 83 mL/min per 1.73 m². Over a median follow-up period of 4.3 years, 266 subjects died, 22 developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 99 had a 50% decline in GFR, and 136 developed myocardial infarction (MI). The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) associated with a 10 mmHg increase in nighttime systolic BP were 1.03 (95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.15) for death, 1.30 (0.94–1.80) for ESRD, 1.26 (1.08–1.47) for a 50% decline in GFR, 1.07 (0.92–1.23) for myocardial infarction, and 1.12 (1.03–1.23) for a composite of death, ESRD, or a 50% decline in GFR. In conclusion, nighttime systolic BP in hospitalized patients is an independent predictor of important clinical outcomes such as a composite of death, ESRD, or a 50% decline in GFR.