贮前外源水杨酸处理对桃果冷贮性的影响

选择商品成熟期的桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Beijing 24),采摘后分别用0、0.35、0.7、1.0 mmol/L 水杨酸 （Salicylic acid,SA）溶液浸泡5 min,在0℃的低温下贮藏28d,然后转到20℃下3d（模拟货架期）。货架期结束时,观察果实冷害和腐烂发生状况并计算果实冷害指数和腐烂指数,测定果实的硬度和丙二醛含量。结果表明,与对照相比,1 mmol/L SA处理对维持果实硬度具有显著的效果,同时显著降低了冷害指数、腐烂指数和丙二醛含量,其他两种浓度的SA处理与对照之间不存在显著差异。说明1 mmol/L SA能够减轻桃果的冷害。进一步研究发现,在冷藏中期（14d）、冷藏结束时（28d）和货架期结束时,1 mmol/L SA预处理的桃果肉的还原性抗坏血酸与氧化性抗坏血酸含量之比(AsA/DHAsA)分别比对照高39%,61%和55%。在冷藏中期（14d）,还原性谷胱甘肽与氧化性谷胱甘肽含量之比(GSH/GSSG) 比对照高68%。在贮藏和货架期结束时,抗坏血酸氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性显著高于对照。上述结果说明,水杨酸能减轻桃果由于冷贮发生的冷害与诱导提高抗氧化系统抗抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环的活性有关,适宜浓度的水杨酸处理可能是提高桃果实冷藏性的有效措施。     

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Antioxidant System in Weedy and Cultivated Rice with Different Chilling Sensitivity under Chilling Stress

Two chilling‐tolerant genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐45 and cultivated rice Lijiangxintuanheigu and two chilling‐sensitive genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐26 and cultivated rice Xiuzinuo were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on protection against chilling damage as well as on changes in physiological features. The results showed that under chilling stress the increased levels of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu were lower than those in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) were enhanced in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu, whereas they were decreased significantly in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the chilling damage in the four genotypes. The pre‐treatment with ABA decreased the levels of , H₂O₂ and MDA caused by chilling stress in the four genotypes through increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GR and the contents of AsA and GSH in the four genotypes under chilling stress. Moreover, pre‐treatment with Fluridone, the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, prohibited the effects of ABA through enhancing the oxidative damages and suppressing the antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. The results indicate the mechanism for rice with chilling tolerance is to enhance the capacity of antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. Furthermore, ABA plays important roles in the tolerance of rice against chilling stress for it could induce the capacity of whole antioxidant defence systems including enzymatic and non‐enzymatic constitutions under chilling stress.     

Cd2+胁迫对番茄幼苗抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环代谢的影响

通过温室水培试验,研究0．05mmol／L Cd^2 胁迫及解除Cd^2 胁迫对番茄幼苗根系和叶片中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA—GSH)循环代谢的动态影响。结果表明,胁迫条件下,番茄根系和叶片中脂质过氧化产物-丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,细胞膜受损伤;抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性在胁迫1,3d上升,随后下降,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性在胁迫1d时下降,随后上升;抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量上升,且根系上升幅度大于叶片;解除胁迫后,叶片中MDA含量随时间延长逐渐减少,接近对照,而根系中MDA含量持续上升。APX、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量都能够渐渐恢复,但仍高于对照,根系中GSH含量持续维持较高水平,叶片和根系各参数的恢复程度有差异．     

GSH/GSSG对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗谷胱甘肽化修饰和抗氧化系统的影响

以营养液栽培‘中蔬四号’番茄(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)为研究材料,研究不同时期的盐胁迫下叶面喷施5 mmol/L还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)和1 mmol/Lγ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶抑制剂(inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase,BSO)对番茄幼苗叶片GSH和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,As A)水平、抗氧化酶活性及谷胱甘肽化抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫、盐胁迫+BSO两种处理下喷施外源GSH显著升高了番茄幼苗叶片中GSH和As A含量、GSH/GSSG和As A/DHA比率以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidase dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(dehydroascorbate reductase,DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(monodehydroascorbate reductase,MDHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)的活性(NaCl+GSH处理除15 d的MDHAR活性;NaCl+BSO+GSH处理除15 d的DHAR活性);添加GSSG诱导的谷胱甘肽化修饰使盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的SOD、MDHAR(15 d)、DHAR(5和15 d)、GR(5和10 d)、GPX(5和15 d)活性显著增加,同时GSH处理能够诱导上述酶发生去谷胱甘肽化修饰,从而维持细胞内的氧化还原平衡。由此表明外源GSH能够通过蛋白质谷胱甘肽化修饰对植物进行氧化还原(Redox)调控,以维持番茄体内Redox平衡,从而缓解盐害对番茄幼苗叶片造成的氧化胁迫,减少NaCl对植株造成的伤害。本研究为明确GSH/GSSG与番茄耐盐性的关系及其潜在生理机制,有效缓解番茄盐害提供了一定的理论支持。     

Abscisic Acid May Alter the Salicylic Acid‐Related Abiotic Stress Response in Maize

The effect of 0, 0.05 or 0.1 mm abscisic acid treatment on chilling tolerance and salicylic acid‐related responses was investigated in young maize seedlings (Zea mays L., hybrid Norma). Although the pre‐treatment of maize seedlings with abscisic acid slightly decreased the chlorophyll content, it also reduced the level of chilling injury caused by 6 days of cold treatment at 5 °C. Under normal growth conditions, increased levels of bound salicylic acid and of bound ortho‐hydroxycinnamic acid were observed in the leaves during abscisic acid treatment. In the roots, abscisic acid did not affect the free and bound salicylic acid levels, but increased the amount of free and bound ortho‐hydroxycinnamic acid. The activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase increased on the 3rd day of abscisic acid treatment, whereas it did not change when followed by cold stress, compared with the control leaves. In the roots, the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione‐S‐transferase and ascorbate peroxidase increased during the abscisic acid treatment, and those of glutathione‐S‐transferase and ascorbate peroxidase were also stimulated when abscisic acid pre‐treatment was followed by cold stress, compared with the control roots. Our results suggest that an overlap may exist between the abscisic acid‐induced cold acclimation and the salicylic acid‐related stress response.     

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Wheat Genotypes: Possible Mechanism of Water Stress Tolerance

The role of plant antioxidant systems in water stress tolerance was studied in three contrasting wheat genotypes. Water stress imposed at different stages after anthesis resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in membrane stability and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and non-specific peroxidase also increased significantly under water stress. Genotype PBW 175, which had highest ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity, had the lowest lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) and highest membrane stability and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids under water stress, while the susceptible genotype WH 542 exhibited the lowest antioxidant enzyme activity, membrane stability and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids and the highest lipid peroxidation. Genotype HD 2402 showed intermediate behaviour. It seems that drought tolerance of PBW 175, as represented by higher membrane stability and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and lower lipid peroxidation, is related to its higher antioxidant enzyme activity.     

谷胱甘肽处理对采后鸭梨果实黑心病和抗氧化代谢的影响

谷胱甘肽(GSH)是一种重要的抗氧化剂。鸭梨果实经过负压渗透GSH后,并经缓慢降温最终贮存于0℃和80%￣90%的相对湿度(RH)条件下。结果表明,GSH能有效抑制鸭梨果实在低温贮藏6个月后黑心病的发生,处理果的黑心率及黑心指数分别比对照果降低了26.9%和37.1%。GSH处理的果实在贮藏过程中较对照具有较低的丙二醛含量,处理后果实中抗坏血酸、GSH含量以及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性也明显高于对照果,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶较对照提前出现活性高峰,而谷胱甘肽还原酶的变化不明显。GSH处理对鸭梨果实黑心病的抑制作用可能与其增强了果实的抗氧化能力有关。     

采后核黄素处理对苹果青霉病及活性氧和苯丙烷代谢的影响

以“金冠”苹果果实为材料,采后用不同浓度核黄素溶液浸泡处理,研究其对损伤接种青霉(Penicillium expansum)果实的控制效果及果实苯丙烷代谢途径、活性氧代谢关键酶活性和产物含量的影响。结果表明,低浓度的核黄素处理可显著降低损伤接种P.expansum果实的病斑直径,其中以1.0 mmol/L核黄素处理效果最佳。同时,1.0 mmol/L核黄素处理显著提高了果实过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶及过氧化物酶活性,促进了过氧化氢、总酚、类黄酮和木质素的积累。由此表明,采后核黄素处理通过激活苯丙烷途径和活性氧代谢诱导苹果对青霉病的抗性。     

The role of active oxygen metabolism in hydrogen peroxide-induced pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit

Effects of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as exogenous reactive oxygen, on browning and active oxygen metabolism in pericarp of harvested ‘Fuyan’ longan fruit were investigated. The results showed that as compared with the control fruit, there was a higher browning index in pericarp of H₂O₂-treated fruit. The fruit treated with H₂O₂ resulted in increased rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) production, reduced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), decreased amounts of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and carotenoid, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These results indicated that H₂O₂-induced browning in pericarp of harvested longan fruit might be due to a reducing capacity of active oxygen scavenging and an increase of accumulation of O₂⁻, which might stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation, disrupt cellular membrane structure, and cause the loss of cellular compartmentalization, in turn, resulting in the contact of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) with phenolic substrates and subsequently oxidation phenolics to form brown polymers.     

外源一氧化氮对棉花种子吸胀期间耐冷性和发芽能力的影响

 选用对温度敏感性不同的棉花品种为试验材料,研究外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠（SNP）对棉花种子吸胀期间的耐冷性及发芽力的影响。结果表明,一氧化氮引发处理棉花种子,能提高低温胁迫期间胚内过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）活性,以及可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸（Pro）含量,降低了相对电导率及丙二醛（MDA）含量,同时显著提高发芽率,并显著缩短发芽时间。低温吸胀48 h后,与对照相比,SNP处理后种子的发芽率平均提高29.85%,发芽时间平均缩短3 d。因此,一氧化氮处理能提高棉花种子吸胀期间的耐冷性,提高低温胁迫下种子发芽能力。     

Glycinebetaine Improves Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

Plant growth and development is hampered by various environmental stresses including chilling. We investigated the possibility of improving chilling tolerance in hybrid maize by glycinebetaine (GB) seed treatments. Maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l^?1 (p.p.m.) aerated solution of GB for 24 h and were dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Germination and seedling growth was significantly hindered under chilling stress. Moreover, chilling stress significantly reduced the starch metabolism and relative water contents (RWC), and increased the membrane electrolyte leakage. However, activities of antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) were increased under stress conditions. Seed treatments with GB improved the germination rate, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weights, leaf and root scores, RWC, soluble sugars, α‐amylase activity and antioxidants significantly compared with untreated seeds under optimal and stress conditions. Induction of chilling tolerance was attributed to maintenance of high tissue water contents, reduced membrane electrolyte leakage, and higher antioxidant activities and carbohydrate metabolism. Seed treatment with 100 mg l^?1 GB was the best treatment for improving the performance of hybrid maize under normal and stress conditions compared with control and other levels used.     

不同生育期水稻耐冷性的鉴定及耐冷性差异的生理机制

以粳稻9516、H45、武育粳、转PEPC基因水稻、Kitaake、苏沪香粳，籼稻扬稻6号、香籼、IR64，培矮64S以及杂交稻粤优938、汕优63、X07S/紫徽100、两优培九等14个水稻品种为材料，分别鉴定了芽期（胚根1 cm, 胚芽0.5 cm）、苗期（三叶）和孕穗期的耐冷性，同时选取南京对水稻播种敏感的自然低温条件，进行低温鉴定。结果表明，芽期存活率、苗期的枯死率和孕穗期结实率均为可靠的水稻耐冷性鉴定指标。进一步从叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、脂肪酸组分、活性氧指标(丙二醛,过氧化氢和超氧阴离子和抗氧化物质(抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽)的变化等方面，研究耐冷性不同的水稻的耐冷生理机制。表明耐冷的水稻品种武育粳含较多的不饱和脂肪酸，在低温逆境下，膜的流动性愈大，低温对其伤害愈小；对杂交稻汕优63而言，其叶内抵御逆境的保护系统抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的循环被较大地激活，特别是谷胱甘肽再生的高速运转，与不耐冷的品种香籼相比，汕优63叶内的过氧化物质累积较少，其耐冷性表现中等。看来水稻叶片维持高的脂肪酸不饱和指数和谷胱甘肽的周转循环能力是水稻耐冷的重要特征。     

Activation of Antioxidant System by KCl Improves the Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

As maize is a chilling-sensitive crop, low temperatures during the early stages of development can be injurious to crop growth and development. Prime mechanism behind chilling-induced damage is oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to improve the chilling tolerance in hybrid maize by seed priming with KCl. For priming, seeds of the maize hybrid Hycorn 8288 were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ aerated solution of KCl for 24 h and then re-dried close to original weight. Primed and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Seed priming improved the performance of maize under both normal and stress conditions. It was found that the chilling tolerance in maize is well associated with the enhanced capacity of the anti-oxidative system. Priming with KCl significantly improved the chilling tolerance mainly by the activation of antioxidants including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. KCl treatments also improved the germination rate and time, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weights of seedlings compared with control. Soluble sugars and α-amylase activity determined as general metabolic indicators of stress were also improved by seed priming with KCl. Other possible bases of chilling tolerance in maize included maintenance of high tissue water contents, reduced electrolyte leakage and carbohydrate metabolism. Seed treatment with 100 mg l⁻¹ KCl was the best treatment to improve the performance of hybrid maize both under normal and chilling stress conditions.     

硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片膜脂过氧化和活性氧清除系统的影响

研究了水培条件下硅对盐胁迫时黄瓜幼苗膜脂过氧化和活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明,加硅使盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片保护酶(SOD,AsA-POD,G-POD)的活性显著升高,抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量明显增加,黄瓜叶片的丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著下降。加硅可显著提高盐胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片相对含水量,降低叶片电解质渗漏率。因此,加硅可减轻盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害,硅参与了植物的代谢或生理活动。     

腐植酸对干旱胁迫下谷子幼苗叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为探讨腐植酸（HA）对干旱胁迫下谷子抗氧化系统的调节机制,以晋谷21号和张杂10号为材料,采用浸种法研究了不同浓度腐植酸（0、50、100、200、300mg/L）对干旱胁迫下谷子幼苗叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环的影响。结果显示,100和200mg/L腐植酸处理显著提高了干旱胁迫下谷子幼苗叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）的活性,促进了抗氧化物质AsA和GSH的再生,使AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSH值增加,有效缓解了活性氧的积累。研究表明,腐植酸可通过提高AsA-GSH循环相关酶活性及抗氧化物质含量,缓解干旱胁迫对谷子幼苗造成的氧化损伤,从而提高谷子的抗旱性。