超高性能混凝土与超高性能自密实混凝土的研制与应用

重点介绍超高性能混凝土与超高性能自密实混凝土的研制过程及工程应用,从原材料选用、配合比设计、各项试验过程及工程应用中的解决方案方面进行详细介绍,为在高性混凝土的研制或应用提供参考及借鉴.     

Natural carbonation of self-compacting concretes

This experimental work involves a study of the carbonation depth in self-compacting concretes at different ages and also analyses their porous microstructure, since these aspects are directly related to each other. Eight different concretes were used, four self-compacting (SCC) and four normally-vibrated (NVC). The carbonation rate was found to be lower in SCC than NVC, due to the fact that limestone fines produce less porosity and a finer microstructure. The difference between both types of concrete tends to disappear as their fines content becomes similar. It was also observed that, under the test conditions (RH 60.8%), for pore sizes under 0.065 μm CO₂ diffusion in the interior of the concrete is not significant. An expression is proposed to estimate carbonation rate in concrete from the volume of pores over 0.065 μm and the threshold diameter.     

Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations

The effect of high temperatures, up to 250 °C, on mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes with and without silica fume was investigated, and image analysis was performed on split concrete surfaces to see the change in bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Specimens were heated up to elevated temperatures (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 °C) without loading and then the residual compressive and splitting tensile strength, as well as the static modulus of elasticity of the specimens were determined. For normal strength concrete residual mechanical properties started to decrease at 100 °C, while using silica fume reduced the losses at high temperatures. In terms of percent residual properties, high strength concrete specimens performed better than normal strength concrete specimens for all heating cycles. Image analysis studies on the split surfaces have been utilized to investigate the effect of high temperatures on the bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Image analysis results showed that reduced water–cement ratio and the use of silica fume improved the bond strength at room temperature, and created more stable bonding at elevated temperatures up to 250 °C.     

Association between substandard classroom ventilation rates and students' academic achievement

This study focuses on the relationship between classroom ventilation rates and academic achievement. One hundred elementary schools of two school districts in the southwest United States were included in the study. Ventilation rates were estimated from fifth-grade classrooms (one per school) using CO(2) concentrations measured during occupied school days. In addition, standardized test scores and background data related to students in the classrooms studied were obtained from the districts. Of 100 classrooms, 87 had ventilation rates below recommended guidelines based on ASHRAE Standard 62 as of 2004. There is a linear association between classroom ventilation rates and students' academic achievement within the range of 0.9-7.1 l/s per person. For every unit (1 l/s per person) increase in the ventilation rate within that range, the proportion of students passing standardized test (i.e., scoring satisfactory or above) is expected to increase by 2.9% (95%CI 0.9-4.8%) for math and 2.7% (0.5-4.9%) for reading. The linear relationship observed may level off or change direction with higher ventilation rates, but given the limited number of observations, we were unable to test this hypothesis. A larger sample size is needed for estimating the effect of classroom ventilation rates higher than 7.1 l/s per person on academic achievement. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study suggest that increasing the ventilation rates toward recommended guideline ventilation rates in classrooms should translate into improved academic achievement of students. More studies are needed to fully understand the relationships between ventilation rate, other indoor environmental quality parameters, and their effects on students' health and achievement. Achieving the recommended guidelines and pursuing better understanding of the underlying relationships would ultimately support both sustainable and productive school environments for students and personnel.     

水泥稳定碎石静态模量与动态模量比较

分析了静态模量和动态模量的定义及试验方法,并采用MTS(材料试验机)对3种水泥用量的水泥稳定碎石进行了不同荷载级位下的静态模量和动态模量试验.结果表明,动态模量试验方法更符合路面实际受力状况;水泥稳定碎石不是纯粹的弹性材料,其动态模量随水泥用量的增加而显著增加;静态模量和动态模量均随荷载的增加而增加;相同荷载级位下,水泥稳定碎石的动态模量比静态模量大,两者的比值约为1.2～1.6.     

等外品烧结路面砖使用途径探讨

每一种产品都有其检验标准.符合检验标准的产品可以投放市场,若不符合检验标准的产品,又该如何呢?     

绿色高性能混凝土的研究与探索

主要介绍绿色混凝土涵义及分类,重点研究了植被绿化型混凝土、透水型混凝土、水生物保护型混凝土的配制过程与应用,包括材料筛选、配合比选择、制作要点、施工过程,为减轻城市生态系统失调,实现可持续发展提供保障。     

Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes

The paper presented herein was carried out to investigate the permeability characteristics of self-compacting rubberized concretes with and without fly ash. At a water–cementitious material (w/cm) ratio of 0.35, the self-compacting concretes (SCCs) were produced by replacing the fine aggregate with four designated crump rubber contents of 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% by fine aggregate volume. Moreover, the SCCs with fly ash were produced by partial substitution of cement with fly ash at varying amounts of 20% to 60%. Totally, 16 concrete mixtures were cast and tested for permeability related properties such as chloride ion permeability, water sorptivity, and water absorption. The tests were conducted at 28 and 90 days after casting. Tests results revealed that using the crumb rubber aggravated all of the measured properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes (SCRCs) without fly ash. However, with the combined use of the crump rubber and fly ash, the concretes had better resistance to the chloride ion permeability, water sorptivity, and water absorption.     

Post-cracking behaviour of steel and macro-synthetic fibre-reinforced concretes

The present paper describes the results of an experimental investigation on the performances of concrete specimens reinforced with either steel or macro-synthetic fibres under three-point bending. Steel fibres are often used to improve the flexural toughness of concrete and are used in various structural applications while synthetic fibres are more often used to reduce crack opening due to shrinkage. Macro-synthetic fibres have been proposed more recently with the aim of creating an alternative to steel fibres in structural applications but their use is still limited.In the tests performed, specimens cast with the same concrete mix, but containing different dosages of either steel or macro-synthetic fibres, were used and compared. In general steel fibres were more efficient in increasing the toughness of concrete than macro-synthetic fibres, even though their results were significantly more scattered.Test results were used to calculate the parameters of stress-crack opening relations via inverse analysis using a cracked hinge model. This numerical model provided results, in terms of force-Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) curves, in very good agreement with the experimental data.     

无熟料水泥混凝土的物理力学特性

无熟料水泥混凝土(NSC)是用水淬高炉矿渣(GBFS)和激发剂的混合物作为胶凝材料而配制的新型混凝土,其性能取决于GBFS的碱度、化学成分、玻璃化率以及激发剂的种类和数量。为此,以磷石膏作为GBFS的激发剂来配制NSC后,采用与普通水泥混凝土(简称OPC)对比的方法、进行了和易性、强度及其与钢筋黏结强度的试验探讨。结果表明:NSC的和易性优于OPC;早期强度主要来源于钙矾石并接近OPC,长期强度则主要来源于C-S-H水化物且远远超过OPC。     

一种改进的混凝土渗透性试验方法

通过三水平三因素的正交试验,采用ASTM C1202方法测试了不同NaCl浓度(3%、5%、7%、9%)下混凝土的56 d龄期的电通量和扩散深度。研究结果表明:在浓度为3%、5%、7%时,混凝土的电通量随着NaCl溶液浓度的提高有所增加,当NaCl溶液浓度升高到9%时,混凝土的电通量略有下降。而随着NaCl溶液浓度的提高,混凝土扩散深度相应增加。通过正交理论分析,电通量的扩散深度能更好的反映混凝土的渗透性,以及胶凝材料种类对渗透性的影响。     

Optimization of the formulation of micro-polymer concretes

This research investigates the optimization of micro-polymer concretes (MPC) formulations in order to produce a construction material that has excellent physical and mechanical properties, such as minimum void content, high Young’s modulus and excellent strength properties. An epoxy resin reinforced with a graded mixture of coarse and fine sands is used as a binder to design the micro-polymer concretes. Effects of curing time and binder contents were evaluated through ultrasonic wave propagation method and flexural, compressive, direct and tensile tests, performed at room temperature. The porosity of different MPC formulations as well as the distribution of the voids size is investigated as a function of curing time using mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP). Results show that with increasing the binder content, the total pore volume and the maximum pore size are reduced significantly. The kinetics and the mechanisms of diffusion of water in MPC depend strongly on the mass fraction of resin. All the mechanical properties of MPC stabilize after 3 days curing at ambient temperatures. The micro-polymer concrete designed with a polymer content of 9% shows the highest physical and mechanical characteristics such as strengths, rigidity, the lower voids content and thus the best durability. The experimental results reveal that the mechanical behavior of MPC is time dependent. Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the microstructure and the porosity and to understand the failure mechanism of MPC.     

橡胶混凝土性能的初步研究

将不同比例的橡胶粉或橡胶颗粒分别代替水泥和砂，制作了C50橡胶混凝土，分析了加压成型对其抗压和抗折性能的影响，并对橡胶混凝土的抗冻和抗渗等性能做了初步研究。研究证明，橡胶混凝土力学性能较基准混凝土有所下降，但采用加压成型工艺可有效改善其下降幅度；橡胶粉(颗粒)掺量在10％以下时，可明显改善混凝土的抗冻和抗渗性能。     

Performance of thermally damaged fibre reinforced concretes

Mechanical characteristics of Fibre Reinforced High Performance Concrete (FR-HPC) subjected to high temperatures were experimentally investigated in this paper. Three different concretes were prepared: a normal strength concrete (NSC) and two High Performance Concretes (HPC1 and HPC2). Fibre reinforced concretes were produced by addition of steel or polypropylene fibres in the above mixtures at dosages of 40 kg/m³ and 5 kg/m³, respectively. A total of nine concrete mixtures were produced and fibres were added in six of them. At the age of 120 days specimens were heated to maximum temperatures of 100, 300, 500 and 700 °C. Specimens were then allowed to cool in the furnace and tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Reference tests were also performed at air temperature (20 °C). Residual strength of NSC and HPC1 was reduced almost linearly up to 700 °C and 500 °C, respectively whereas the residual strength of HPC2 was sharply reduced up to 300 °C. Explosive spalling was observed on both HPC. Addition of steel fibres increased the residual strength up to 300 °C, but spalling still occurred in HPC1 and HPC2. Such an explosive behavior was not observed when polypropylene fibres were added in the mixtures; however, in this case the residual mechanical characteristics of all concretes were significantly reduced.     

Chemical analysis of mineral aggregates for concretes

A review of standardized methods of chemical analysis of mineral aggregates for concretes is presented. Since sample preparation and testing in the standardized methods, based on gravimetric quantitative analysis, is very time consuming, a faster turbidimetric method of testing for water soluble sulphates is suggested.     

Bond behaviour of reinforcement in self-compacting concretes

This experimental work examines the bond strength between reinforcement steel and concrete, and the top-bar effect in self-compacting concretes. Eight different concretes were used, four self-compacting (SCC) and four normally-vibrated (NVC). Tests were conducted on 200 mm cube specimens and 1500 mm high columns. It was found that, at moderate load levels, SCC performed with more stiffness, which resulted in greater mean bond stresses. The ultimate bond stresses are also somewhat greater although, due probably to the negative effects of the bleeding having less impact on failure, the differences between SCC and NVC are reduced considerably, and even disappear completely for concretes of more than 50 MPa. On the other hand, the top-bar effect is much less marked in SCC, and therefore a change in the factor that takes into account this effect in the formulas used for calculating the anchorage length of the reinforcement is proposed for these concretes.     

结构轻骨料混凝土的应力-应变全曲线

测定了采用高强轻骨料配制的强度等级LC30～LC55的结构轻骨料混凝土(LWAC)的应力-应变全曲线。该强度范围的LWAC应力-应变全曲线的方程可采用与现行设计规范中普通混凝土相同的形式,但其中系数不同;实验与拟合结果吻合良好。LWAC应力-应变全曲线的峰值应力与峰值应变、收敛点应力和拐点应力都有良好的线性关系,峰值应变为(2 01～2 93)×103με。在同等峰值应力情况下,结构轻骨料混凝土的峰值应变比普通混凝土的约大600με。     

桥梁混凝土裂缝成因及预防与处理方法

1 引言 混凝土结构产生裂缝是较普遍的现象,其产生主要由细裂缝及塑性收缩、碱-骨料反应、钢筋生锈、结构沉降等引起.混凝土的微观裂缝是本身物理力学性质决定的,其它的有害程度可以控制,有害程度的标准根据使用条件决定.目前世界各国的规定不完全一致,但在结构耐久性、承载力及正常使用要求等方面大致相同,最严格的允许裂缝宽度为0.1mm.在大体积混凝土中,温度应力及温度控制对于控制裂缝的产生具有重要意义.对于桥梁混凝土结构裂缝的成因繁多而复杂,甚至多种因素相互影响,但每种裂缝均有一种或几种主要成因.我们遇到的主要是施工中的温度裂缝.     

利用沥青混合料复数模量确定松弛模量研究

利用沥青混合料(Superpave 20)在不同温度和频率下的复数模量试验结果,得到沥青混合料的存储模量.根据时间-温度等效原理,确定了沥青混合料存储模量主曲线.利用配置法和相关的黏弹性理论关系式,将沥青混合料的存储模量转化为沥青混合料的松弛模量,并确定了松弛模量Prony系列表达式的各个参数.结果表明:利用较为简单的复数模量试验可以确定沥青混合料在10-8～108 s内的松弛模量,且松弛模量Prony系列表达式具有幂指数组合形式并对应于Wiechert力学模型,这为沥青混合料黏弹性力学分析提供了有效途径.     

混凝土在弯曲应力作用下碳化进程的研究

研究了混凝土试件在弯曲应力作用下截面的碳化进程以及碳化深度与裂缝几何形态的相关关系.研究结果表明:在弯曲应力作用下,截面开裂部分的碳化深度明显高于未开裂和受压区的碳化深度,但裂缝内部的碳化深度与裂缝的表面张开宽度并无明显相关关系,试验数据统计结果显示裂缝对碳化深度的放大系数为2.08.同时比较了弯曲裂缝内部碳化深度测量...