植物茎秆性状形成与发育的分子基础

株型是作物品种改良的重要目标性状,其中茎秆是最重要的株型性状。植物发育分子生物学研究表明,茎秆性状的形成和发育受多个重要基因的严格调控。本文从茎秆的发生、形状和分枝的形成等方面对茎秆发育的分子机理进行概述,以期为植物株型的改良提供理论依据。     

植物茎秆性状形成与发育的分子基础

株型是作物品种改良的重要目标性状, 其中茎秆是最重要的株型性状。植物发育分子生物学研究表明, 茎秆性状的形成和发育受多个重要基因的严格调控。本文从茎秆的发生、形状和分枝的形成等方面对茎秆发育的分子机理进行概述, 以期为植物株型的改良提供理论依据。     

表观遗传调控植物分枝/分蘖研究进展

分蘖是禾本科植物特有的分枝类型, 是影响作物产量的关键因素之一。分枝/分蘖数由叶腋处侧生分生组织的数量和侧芽的活性共同决定。表观遗传修饰调控植物生长发育的各个方面, 但是如何调控植物的分枝/分蘖数还未见系统报道。该综述归纳了表观遗传调控侧生分生组织的形成和侧芽向外生长两个方面, 并展望了表观遗传在调控植物分枝/分蘖中的研究方向, 以期为通过表观遗传修饰改良作物品种的育种途径提供理论指导。     

水稻分蘖氮响应调控机理研究进展

氮肥是作物产量增加最主要的驱动因素,然而氮肥滥用会造成生态环境的严重破坏。因此,提高作物氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)对未来农业可持续发展至关重要。产量性状对氮素的敏感性是衡量作物氮素利用效率的重要指标。禾本科作物的分蘖数、穗粒数和粒重是产量的直接决定因子,虽然影响三者本身的分子机制已有大量研究,但氮素对这些性状的调控机理仍知之甚少。分蘖数是对氮素响应最为敏感的性状之一,也是氮肥促进作物增产的关键要素。因此,研究氮素如何调控水稻的分蘖发育对于提高作物产量尤为重要。本文总结了水稻氮素利用效率的影响因素和分蘖发育的调控机理,聚焦氮素如何调控水稻分蘖发育的机制,并对该领域未来研究工作进行了展望,以期为作物氮高效精准改良提供参考。     

植物分枝性状研究进展

分枝性状在植物的生长过程中发挥重要作用,分枝数量会影响作物的产量,对于观赏植物而言,分枝的多少会影响其观赏效果。介绍了影响植物分枝的因素以及与植物分枝性状相关的基因,总结了前人在研究植物分枝性状时所用的方法,以期为以后的植物分枝性状的研究提供广泛的选择空间及新的思路。     

甘蓝型油菜育种亲本单株产量与农艺性状相关性分析

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,提高油菜产量是油菜育种的首要目标之一。油菜育种中,考察和分析油菜种质的主要农艺性状是筛选育种亲本材料配制优良组合的前提基础,可以为高效开展重要性状的改良提供有效的科学依据。以213份长江流域油菜主产区育种单位提供的甘蓝型油菜育种亲本为材料,采用相关分析、通径分析、多元回归分析及主成分分析等方法,探讨在成都平原气候条件下,油菜单株产量与10个相关农艺性状之间的关系,明确甘蓝型油菜产量形成的主要决定因子。结果表明,不同地区油菜资源农艺性状存在较大差异;单株产量与株高、主序有效长度、一次有效分枝数、主序有效角果数、角果长度、每角果粒数和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与营养生长天数呈显著负相关;对单株产量直接影响最大的是株高,其次是每角果粒数和一次有效分枝数,间接作用最大为主序有效长度,其次是主序有效角果数和一次有效分枝高度。逐步回归分析表明,株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数是决定单株产量的主要因子;通过主成分分析,可将相关性状综合为4大类:株高控制因子、生育期控制因子、产量性状控制因子和株型控制因子。本生态区域内决定产量形成的关键性状为株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数,本研究得出的结果对于充分利用各育种单位亲本材料优良性状提供了有价值的参考。     

赤霉素生物合成与信号传递对植物株高的调控

植物株高是影响作物产量和品质的重要农艺性状。赤霉素(Gibberellins,GAs)是调控植物株高的重要激素,GA相关株高基因的克隆与分子机制研究对于合理调控作物生长发育和农业生产具有极其重要的利用价值,在水稻、小麦等粮食作物育种中得到了广泛应用。为了促进GA在果树、花卉等园艺作物育种中的有效利用,文中在分子生物学水平上介绍GA生物合成和GA信号传递途径对植物株高的调控。     

植物茎分枝的分子调控

植物茎分枝结构决定了不同植物的不同形态结构.本文从腋生分生组织的发生、腋芽的生长两个方面综述了近年来植物分枝发生发育相关的分子机理研究及其进展.发现在不同植物中腋分生组织形成的基本机制是相似的,LS（lateral suppressor）及其同源基因在不同植物中都参与腋生分生组织的形成,而BL(blind)及其同源基因也参与调控腋生分生组织的形成.腋生分生组织的形成可能也是受激素调控的.目前,对腋芽生长的分子调控机制的认识主要集中于生长素通过二级信使的作用调控腋芽的生长.而生长素调控腋芽生长的机制已经较为清楚的有两条途径：一是生长素通过抑制细胞分裂素合成来调控腋芽的生长;另一途径是一种类胡萝卜素衍生的信号物质参与生长素的运输调控(MAX途径)来调控腋芽的生长.最新研究表明,TB1的拟南芥同源基因在MAX途径的下游负调控腋芽的生长.此外,增强表达OsNAC2也促进腋芽的生长.     

不同遗传背景下杂交籼稻功能叶与产量构成因素的相关

为明确水稻功能叶与产量构成因素间的相关性,以不同遗传背景下籼稻的10个不育系和16个恢复系为亲本,按照NCII设计配制两套双列杂交组合,对水稻12个功能叶性状与8个产量性状构成因素进行了相关分析,结果表明：3片功能叶叶长与叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽等性状之间均存在极显著正相关,功能叶夹角之间也存在极显著正相关,但不同遗传背景对夹角性状与9个形态性状之间的相关性则存在明显差异,在第一套组合中,其相关系数均为负值,且相关均不显著;而第二套组合则相反。8个产量构成因素中,单株穗数与平均穗长、着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数之间存在极显著负相关,平均穗长与穗着粒数、结实率与单株产量呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传背景对产量组成上有较大影响,在第一套组合中单株产量主要由结实率、单株穗数以及穗实粒数等性状决定,而在第二套中则主要由穗实粒数和结实率等性状决定。在功能叶与产量构成因素的相关中,功能叶叶长、叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽与着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数等3个性状之间存在显著或极显著正相关。12个水稻功能叶性状与8个产量构成因素之间的主成分分析表明,在不同的遗传背景下,产量构成因素均主要受叶面积和叶夹角影响,两种不同遗传背景中其累积贡献率分别为69.8%和84.0%。     

西藏与周边地区芥菜型油菜农艺性状比较研究

运用典范相关分析方法,对西藏及周边地区芥菜型油菜的产量性状、主茎性状、分枝性状、角果性状等4组性状间的典范相关关系进行了比较研究.结果表明:(1)所研究的18个性状中,西藏芥菜型油菜的平均数为周边地区芥菜型油菜的1.88倍,总体变异系数比周边省份芥菜型油菜高10.22％;(2)西藏芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株角果数和千粒重,而周边省份芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株有效角果数,中国周边国家芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株有效角果数和千粒重;(3)影响西藏芥菜型油菜产量性状最重要的因素是角果性状,其次是分枝性状和主茎性状,而影响周边省份和中国周边国家芥菜型油菜产量性状最重要的因素则是主茎性状,其次是分枝性状和角果性状.     

Research Progress and Application of Plant Branching

Plant branching development plays an important role in plant morphogenesis (aboveground plant type), the number and angle of branches are important agronomic characters that determine crop plant type. Effective branches determine the number of panicles or pods of crops and then control the yield of crops. With the rapid development of plant genomics and molecular genetics, great progress has been made in the study of branching development. In recent years, a series of important branching-related genes have been validated from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, pea, tomato and maize mutants. It is reviewed that plant branching development is controlled by genetic elements and plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin and lactones (or lactone derivatives), as well as by environment and genetic elements. Meanwhile, shoot architecture in crop breeding was discussed in order to provide theoretical basis for the study of crop branching regulation.     

IGT基因家族调控作物株型研究进展

紧凑株型与深根系结构是现代作物实现机械化种植和密植高产的理想株型形态,也是改良农作物遗传性状的目标之一。IGT基因家族参与作物株型的调节,主要由DRO1（DEEPER ROOTING 1）、TAC1（TILLER ANGLE CONTROL 1）和LA1（LAZY 1）三个亚族组成,通过植物激素和相关蛋白的调控参与作物形态构建。以单子叶作物水稻、玉米以及双子叶模式植物拟南芥和作物油菜为代表,综述了IGT基因家族成员在调控单双子叶作物形态中的进展,特别是在分枝（蘖）角度和侧根向重力性中的相关机制及异同,以期为深入研究作物形态构建的调控机制和培育高产、耐密植以及适应机械化收获理想株型作物提供理论参考。     

大豆全基因组分枝相关基因发掘及与QTL共定位

大豆(Glycine max)分枝在个体和群体水平上均与大豆产量关系密切, 因此大豆分枝相关基因的发掘及利用对大豆高产分子育种具有重要意义。文章通过GO(Gene ontology)分类和文献检索共获得植物分枝发育相关基因183个。基于序列相似和结构域相同的原则, 从大豆基因组中发掘出大豆分枝相关的候选基因406个。通过收集已发表的大豆分枝相关QTL, 利用BioMercator2.1软件, 将符合映射条件的35个QTL映射到公共图谱的12个染色体。通过共定位分析发现, 在20个分枝相关的QTL区间内存在大豆分枝相关候选基因57个。本文发掘的分枝发育相关基因信息为大豆分枝相关QTL的精细定位和克隆以及大豆分枝发育的分子生物学基础研究提供了参考。     

植物重力反应的分子调控机制

重力是调节植物生长发育和形态建成的重要环境因子。植物感受到重力刺激后可以通过重力反应来协调自身各个器官的生长方向与重力方向之间的最适角度。植物重力反应过程分为重力信号的感受、重力信号的转导、生长素不对称分布的形成和重力反应器官的弯曲生长4个阶段。近年来,随着大量重力反应缺陷突变体的鉴定及其控制基因的功能解析,重力信号的感受和生长素不对称分布的分子机制等方面的研究取得了重要进展。作为植物适应环境变化的重要手段之一,重力反应还可以通过调节水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的分蘖角度实现对水稻株型和产量的调控。因此,研究植物的重力反应,不仅有助于解析植物生长发育的调控机制,对于作物株型的改良也具有重要的指导意义。然而,重力反应的分子机制及其调控网络仍不清楚。本文综述了近年来植物重力反应的调控机理及其调控水稻分蘖角度的作用机制,并对该领域未来的研究方向和热点进行了展望。     

Inducing drought tolerance in plants: Recent advances

Undoubtedly, drought is one of the prime abiotic stresses in the world. Crop yield losses due to drought stress are considerable. Although a variety of approaches have been used to alleviate the problem of drought, plant breeding, either conventional breeding or genetic engineering, seems to be an efficient and economic means of tailoring crops to enable them to grow successfully in drought-prone environments. During the last century, although plant breeders have made ample progress through conventional breeding in developing drought tolerant lines/cultivars of some selected crops, the approach is, in fact, highly time-consuming and labor- and cost-intensive. Alternatively, marker-assisted breeding (MAB) is a more efficient approach, which identifies the usefulness of thousands of genomic regions of a crop under stress conditions, which was, in reality, previously not possible. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought tolerance have been identified for a variety of traits in different crops. With the development of comprehensive molecular linkage maps, marker-assisted selection procedures have led to pyramiding desirable traits to achieve improvements in crop drought tolerance. However, the accuracy and preciseness in QTL identification are problematic. Furthermore, significant genetic × environment interaction, large number of genes encoding yield, and use of wrong mapping populations, have all harmed programs involved in mapping of QTL for high growth and yield under water limited conditions. Under such circumstances, a transgenic approach to the problem seems more convincing and practicable, and it is being pursued vigorously to improve qualitative and quantitative traits including tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in different crops. Rapid advance in knowledge on genomics and proteomics will certainly be beneficial to fine-tune the molecular breeding and transformation approaches so as to achieve a significant progress in crop improvement in future. Knowledge of gene regulation and signal transduction to generate drought tolerant crop cultivars/lines has been discussed in the present review. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages as well as future prospects of each breeding approach have also been discussed.     

Over-expression of the rice LRK1 gene improves quantitative yield components

In rice ( Oryza sativa L.), the number of panicles, spikelets per panicle and grain weight are important components of grain yield. These characteristics are controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and are derived from variation inherent in crops. As a result of the complex genetic basis of these traits, only a few genes involved in their control have been cloned and characterized. We have previously map-cloned a gene cluster including eight leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase ( LRK ) genes in Dongxiang wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff.), which increased the grain yield by 16%. In the present study, we characterized the LRK1 gene, which was contained in the donor parent (Dongxiang wild rice) genome and absent from the recurrent parent genome (Guichao2, Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica ). Our data showed that rice LRK1 is a plasma membrane protein expressed constitutively in leaves, young panicles, roots and culms. The over-expression of rice LRK1 results in increased panicles, spikelets per panicle, weight per grain and enhanced cellular proliferation, leading to a 27.09% increase in total grain yield per plant. The increased number of panicles and spikelets per panicle are associated with increased branch number. Our data suggest that rice LRK1 regulates rice branch number by enhancing cellular proliferation. The functional characterization of rice LRK1 facilitates an understanding of the mechanisms involved in cereal crop yield, and may have utility in improving grain yield in cereal crops.     

Understanding the Regulatory Mechanisms of Rice Tiller Angle,Then and Now

Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide, whose yield is vital to human nutrition in the context of a rapidly growing world population. Plant architecture significantly affects grain yield, which is to a large extent determined by tiller angle and tiller number. Tiller angle is the angle between the primary tiller and the main culm. Its regulation is complex and is influenced by multiple environmental and genetic factors. This review provides an overview of the regulation of tiller angle in rice, with particular focus on the roles of the growth environment and method of cultivation; phytohormones such as auxin, gibberellins, and strigolactones; gravity; and genes related to the control of tiller angle. The major research foci and the outlook for research into the regulation of tiller angle in rice are discussed.

     

Tillering and panicle branching genes in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops in the world, and rice tillering and panicle branching are important traits determining grain yield. Since the gene MONOCULM 1 (MOC 1) was first characterized as a key regulator in controlling rice tillering and branching, great progress has been achieved in identifying important genes associated with grain yield, elucidating the genetic basis of yield-related traits. Some of these important genes were shown to be applicable for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice. This review focuses on recent advances, with emphasis on rice tillering and panicle branching genes, and their regulatory networks.     

Advances and prospects: biotechnologically improving crop water use efficiency

Bio-water saving can be defined as the reduction of crop water consumption employing biological measures. This is the focus of efforts to save water in agriculture. Different levels of water-use efficiency (WUE) have been developed. The genetic diversity of WUE has been confirmed in several crops. WUE is the basis of bio-watering and physiological WUE is the key. The degree to develop physiological WUE potential decides the performance of bio-watering in the field. During this process, fine management is important. Thus bio-watering is closely related to WUE. Crop WUE has improved and evolved as a result of breeding programs. Many WUE genes have been located in different genomic and aneuploid materials and have been mapped by various molecular markers in a number of crops. Two genes, (Erecta and alx8), which control water use efficiency; have been cloned in Arabidopsis thaliana. Eleven WUE genes have been identified by microarray analysis. Six genes associated with drought resistance and photosynthesis have been transfered into crops which have resulted in improving WUE and drought resistance. WUE is important on the basis of functional identification of more drought resistant gene resources. The popularity on the industrial-scale of transgenic plants is still in its infancy and one of the reasons for this is the lack of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms and it is a very immature technology. Enhanced agricultural practices and the theoretical aspects of improving crop WUE have been developed and are discussed in this review paper. Rapid progress will be made in bio-water savings and that crop WUE can be substantially improved under both favorable and unfavorable water-limited environments. This will be achieved by a combination of traditional breeding techniques and the introduction of modern biotechnology.