可信的反馈声誉保护协作频谱感知软判决算法

协作频谱感知中信任机制的引入,起到了抑制恶意用户频谱感知数据伪造( SSDF)攻击行为的作用。然而,数据融合中心不加区分地接收协作感知结束后的反馈信息,为恶意用户带来了实施“掺沙子”攻击的机会。恶意用户向数据融合中心反馈错误的主用户频谱状态,使信任机制不能得出准确的信任值。为此,提出了一种基于反馈声誉的信任机制,考虑反馈中的个体性特征,引入反馈声誉的思想来量化认知用户信任值。同时,将信任值量化结果用于权重经典软判决算法———序贯概率比检测( SPRT)算法,消除SSDF恶意用户参与软判决数据融合的影响,形成可信序贯概率比检测算法( FSPRT)。仿真结果表明FSPRT算法的性能优于传统SPRT算法,能有效降低网络信任值计算误差,并保持较好的感知性能。     

协作频谱感知中抗SSDF攻击的认知用户不确定性行为评估

针对认知用户的协作感知行为不确定性,提出一种基于D-S证据理论的信任评估机制——Hard Guard,为硬判决融合算法提供保护,使其成为具有抑制频谱感知数据伪造(SSDF)攻击能力的可信协作频谱感知算法。Hard Guard采取感知数据预处理措施,在融合之前有效过滤虚假感知数据,规避了恶意用户的影响。仿真结果表明,Hard Guard能使硬判决融合算法面对SSDF攻击时保持较好的感知性能。     

基于滑动窗口的协作频谱感知对抗拜占庭攻击

认知无线电技术允许从用户动态地接入主要用户被授权的频谱,提高频谱利用率。协作频谱感知是认知无线电技术的一个重要组成部分,通过空间分集检测主用户信号。然而,由于认知无线网络的开放性,协作频谱感知过程可能会受到拜占庭攻击,恶意用户伪造有关主用户信号的状态信息,然后对主用户的通信造成干扰或自私地占用频谱资源,此外,协作频谱感知因多个从用户协作而需要更多的时间来检测主用户信号,因而将导致协作频谱感知的性能和效率进一步降低。针对上述问题,提出了基于滑动窗口的协作频谱感知方案,以减轻拜占庭攻击的负面影响,提高协作效率。在深入分析融合中心盲的问题的基础上,从恶意用户的角度出发,建立了一个随机拜占庭攻击模型来描述恶意行为。为了解决感知样本融合过程中的盲的问题,提出了一种交付评估机制,为基于滑动窗口的协作频谱感知奠定了坚实的基础,并在一个滑动窗口内进一步评估信誉值,以提高报告阶段的协作效率。仿真结果表明,无论恶意比例如何,基于滑动窗口的协作频谱感知在始终攻击的情况下只需要6个平均样本数就可以提供100%的检测准确率,而在恶意比例超过50%的随机攻击的情况下依然能够展现出显著的性能优势。     

认知无线网络中的智能协作频谱感知机制研究

作为智能体,认知无线电应具有智能学习和智能判决的能力。为充分发掘认知用户的智能体特性,本文提出一种基于支持向量机和模糊积分的智能协作频谱感知机制。该机制将协作频谱感知模型转化成基于模糊积分的多分类器融合模型,其中每个认知用户均被看作一个独立的支持向量机分类器,单个感知周期内得到的采样数据作为分类器的输入,分类器的概率输出将被发送至融合中心,融合中心采用模糊积分算法将各分类器得到的结果进行融合并判决。该机制充分挖掘了认知用户在频谱感知阶段的“智能学习”能力和信息融合阶段的“智能判决”能力,仿真结果进一步表明,与单一的分类模型相比,本文提出的智能协作频谱感知机制具有更高的检测概率和更低的虚警概率。      

模拟人群信任和决策机制的协作频谱感知方法

通过模拟人群内部的信任和决策机制,针对多用户的频谱协作感知一致性问题,提出了一种分布式算法。该算法首先通过网络的历次协作过程预测出各感知用户的动态可信值,据此产生用户的相对可信值,并结合决策机制使得用户之间进行数据交互,随着数据的可信、迭代交互,所有用户状态将趋于一致,最后通过判定算法得出最终结果。算法充分考虑了实际环境中各用户频带感知能力的不平衡性,而且各次级用户只需要进行少量局部数据交换即可实现协作感知,与传统的OR-rule、1-out-of-N rule以及普通迭代法有较大区别。对3种数据篡改攻击进行了分析,并在预测算法的基础上提出了相应的安全策略。理论分析与仿真结果表明,新算法在准确性和安全性上均优于传统合作频谱感知算法,能显著提高频谱感知准确率,同时兼具较强的防攻击能力。     

利用分组过滤加强SSDF攻击防御的方案设计

在协作频谱感知网络中,设备故障、信道阴影衰落和噪声等会导致频谱感知器(如手机、平板等)发送的信息不可靠,而恶意用户在协作频谱感知网络中,也会发送错误的感知信息以混淆视听,干扰诚实用户的判决结果。不可靠消息在邻居用户间的传递必将导致感知结果产生偏差和错误,大大降低了协作频谱感知的效率。为解决上述问题,本文将置信传播算法和信誉模型相结合,提出一种基于次用户分组的频谱感知数据伪造(SSDF,Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification)攻击防御方案。该方案分两个阶段对不可靠信息进行过滤:首先,在频谱感知阶段,通过置信传播算法对次用户进行分组,过滤掉因设备故障等因素产生的不可靠用户,剩余用户则视为正常工作用户进行数据融合。然后,在数据融合阶段,根据以信誉值作为权重因子的置信传播算法来计算最终的判决值。本文所提方案分别在感知阶段和融合阶段采取了防御措施,可有效地过滤网络中的不可靠信息,减小恶劣的频谱环境对次用户感知结果的影响。仿真结果表明,本文所提方案迭代次数少、收敛快,有效地减弱了SSDF攻击带来的损害,提高了感知结果的准确性、增强了认知无线网络的安全性。      

合作频谱感知安全技术研究

频谱感知是认知无线电实现动态频谱接入的前提和关键技术。由于阴影效应和多径衰落等因素,单个认知用户的频谱感知的结果可能不可靠,因此通过多个认知用户检测结果的融合来提高频谱感知的性能,即合作频谱感知。目前,合作频谱感知存在两类安全威胁：主用户假冒攻击（IE,Incumbent Emulation）和频谱感知数据篡改攻击（SSDF,Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification）。由于这两种攻击的存在,将会大大降低频谱感知的性能,减少认知用户接入空闲授权频段的机会。因此,有必要对这两类攻击开展相关的防御技术研究。     

认知无线电MAC层多用户协同感知机制优化

为了有效快速的寻找到频谱空洞并不对主用户造成干扰,频谱感知是认知无线电系统中具有重要意义的一环.而多用户协作感知可以进一步提高系统性能.本文关注认知无线电MAC层两种频谱感知机制主动感知和被动感知机制.在多用户协作的场景下,分析主用户活跃度对感知性能造成的影响.并提出了一种低复杂度的折衷接入延时和功率消耗的优化策略.通过理论分析和仿真结果可以看出,主动和被动感知机制下多用户协作感知可以有效的减小信道搜索时间,优化算法帮助动态地选取感知机制减小系统开销.     

协作频谱感知中的SSDF攻击及其对策研究

协作频谱感知是认知无线电中实现频谱有效利用的关键环节,但协作频谱感知由于其聚集感知数据的特点,为恶意用户提供了可乘之机。恶意用户可以通过实施频谱感知数据伪造(spectrum sensing data falsification,SSDF)攻击的方式,使认知无线电系统不能如实地根据外界环境进行动态的频谱切换。为深入理解SSDF攻击,掌握其防御对策的研究现状及发展趋势,从攻击手段、攻击形式和攻击策略3个角度细化出具体的SSDF攻击类型,总结了目前SSDF攻击的典型防御对策。同时,针对目前相关研究中所存在的问题,明确了一些有待继续研究的方向。     

协作认知网络中基于融合准则与感知时间联合优化的策略

在协作频谱感知网络中,感知时间和数据融合准则均影响着感知性能.假设控制信道为二进制对称信道的前提下,基于“k秩准则”建立了协作感知网络吞吐量优化问题的数学模型,目的是在保护主用户利益的前提下联合优化感知时间和k值使认知网络吞吐量最大化.理论分析了最优感知时间和k值的存在性,并进行了相关的计算机仿真.仿真结果表明:所提议...     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks