压水堆核电厂高压熔堆严重事故序列分析

压水堆核电厂的高压熔堆事故覆盖了大部分的严重事故序列,且具有很大的潜在威胁。根据我国900MW压水堆核电厂的概率安全分析（PSA）结果选取了丧失厂外电、未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态、二回路管道破口、一回路小破口和蒸汽发生器传热管破裂5种典型的高压熔堆严重事故序列,并使用SCDAP/RELAP5程序对这些事故序列的进程和后果进行了计算分析。计算结果表明：5种典型高压熔堆事故序列可能导致高压熔喷和安全壳直接加热风险,可能引起安全壳早期失效,很有必要采取相应的一回路卸压措施。     

非能动先进压水堆核电厂严重事故下裂变产物行为研究

非能动先进压水堆核电厂在严重事故下,安全壳可能发生失效,导致大量放射性物质向环境释放。本文针对非能动先进压水堆核电厂可能发生的早期失效、中期失效、晚期失效三种释放类别,建立百万千瓦级非能动先进压水堆的事故分析模型,分别针对自动卸压系统第二级卸压阀误开启,DVI管线上发生当量直径为4英寸的破口,以及热管段发生当量直径为2英寸的破口的典型严重事故序列,在研究事故进程的基础上,分析事故下裂变产物释放和迁移的特性,重点关注惰性气体、挥发性裂变产物和非挥发性裂变产物在核电厂的分布,最终计算释入环境的裂变产物源项。本文分析结果可为严重事故管理以及厂外放射性后果评价提供支持。     

压水堆核电厂严重事故卸压阀能力评估

在百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂中为防止高压熔堆严重事故发生时发生高压熔喷(HPME)和安全壳直接加热(DCH),参考EPR堆型在稳压器上额外设置严重事故卸压阀(SADV),对主系统进行快速卸压。建立百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂事故分析模型,选取丧失厂外电叠加汽动辅助给水泵失效,一回路管道小破口以及丧失主给水三条典型严重事故序列,进行系统热工水力及卸压能力分析。计算结果表明:如果不开启严重事故卸压阀,三条事故序列在压力容器下封头失效时一回路压力均较高,有发生高压熔喷和安全壳直接加热的风险。根据严重事故管理导则开启严重事故卸压阀,可以有效降低一回路压力,三条事故序列均可以防止高压熔喷和安全壳直接加热发生。针对卸压阀阀门面积的影响进行分析,表明阀门面积减小到4.8×10-3 m2后下封头失效时RCS压力会有所增加,仍然能够满足RCS的卸压要求,且可延迟下封头失效时间。     

CPR1000核电厂全厂断电事故缓解措施有效性分析

为防止发生高压熔堆,降低安全壳内氢气燃爆的风险,CPR1000型核电厂采取了一系列的严重事故缓解措施。应用新版的MELCOR 2.1程序,针对有无严重事故缓解措施条件下全厂断电(SBO)事故序列进行计算分析,模拟了事故进程中堆芯的状态,对事故过程中氢气的产生、分布及其行为进行了评估。分析结果表明,稳压器卸压功能延伸能够有效防止高压熔堆现象的发生,消氢系统通过在安全壳内的合理布置,可有效降低氢气爆炸的风险,防止了安全壳发生早期失效。     

CPR1000核电厂全厂断电事故缓解措施有效性分析

为防止发生高压熔堆,降低安全壳内氢气燃爆的风险,CPR1000型核电厂采取了一系列的严重事故缓解措施。应用新版的MELCOR 2.1程序,针对有无严重事故缓解措施条件下全厂断电(SBO)事故序列进行计算分析,模拟了事故进程中堆芯的状态,对事故过程中氢气的产生、分布及其行为进行了评估。分析结果表明,稳压器卸压功能延伸能够有效防止高压熔堆现象的发生,消氢系统通过在安全壳内的合理布置,可有效降低氢气爆炸的风险,防止了安全壳发生早期失效。     

大破口触发的严重事故分析及缓解措施研究

采用严重事故一体化分析程序MELCOR,对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故进行校核计算研究,获得了严重事故工况下核电厂关键参数的瞬态特性和非能动系统响应特性,并与安全分析报告中MAAP的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:虽然校核计算结果与安全分析报告中的结果存在一定差异,但总体上事故序列和主要参数的变化趋势吻合良好,并且都能够在严重事故情况下保持压力容器和安全壳的完整性,放射性裂变产物释放量极低,缓解措施的设计能够有效缓解事故进程,满足核电厂的安全要求。     

AP1000核电厂大量放射性释放源项分析

在AP1000核电厂的某些严重事故情景中,安全壳可能发生失效或旁通,导致大量放射性物质释放到环境中,造成严重的放射性污染。针对大量放射性释放频率贡献最大的3种释放类别（安全壳旁通、安全壳早期失效和安全壳隔离失效）,分别选取典型的严重事故序列（蒸汽发生器传热管破裂、自动卸压系统阀门误开启和压力容器破裂）,使用MAAP程序计算分析了释放到环境中的裂变产物源项。该分析结果为量化AP1000核电厂的放射性释放后果和厂外剂量分析提供了必要的输入。     

320MW核电机组SBO事故下高压熔堆应对和缓解能力分析

应用MAAP5程序建立了320 MW核电机组一二回路、安全系统以及安全壳的模型,对SBO事故序列下高压熔堆的缓解能力进行了分析。结果表明:安全壳有能力抵御高压熔堆造成的压力冲击,采用稳压器安全阀的强制开启策略可以有效缓解高压熔堆,在72 h内无能动干预手段的条件下,安全壳的完整性可以得到保证,可为320 MW核电机组严重事故预防和事故缓解措施的制定提供重要的参考。     

秦山Ⅰ期核电厂全厂断电事故源项研究

利用MELCOR程序分析秦山Ⅰ期核电厂全厂断电事故进程中放射性裂变产物的行为，研究不同性质的裂变产物各自的释放、迁移和最终分布状况。同时计算了向环境释放的源项。这些数据可用于事故的厂外后果评价。     

岭澳核电站二期工程小破口严重事故分析

在核电站堆芯损坏事故中，因小破口事故引起的堆芯损坏的比例较大。本文应用MELCOR程序，对岭澳核电站二期工程小破口严重事故过程进行分析计算，并给出计算结果，在分析中考虑了稳压器卸压功能延伸和非能动消氢缓解措施。计算结果表明，采用稳压器卸压功能延伸缓解措施能有效地缓解高压熔堆，采用消氢缓解措施可有效地减少安全壳内氢气燃爆风险。     

Study on mitigation of in-vessel release of fission products in severe accidents of PWR

During the severe accidents in a nuclear power plant, large amounts of fission products release with accident progression, including in-vessel and ex-vessel release. Mitigation of fission products release is demanded for alleviating radiological consequence in severe accidents. Mitigation countermeasures to in-vessel release are studied for Chinese 600 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR), including feed-and-bleed in primary circuit, feed-and-bleed in secondary circuit and ex-vessel cooling. SBO, LOFW, SBLOCA and LBLOCA are selected as typical severe accident sequences. Based on the evaluation of in-vessel release with different startup time of countermeasure, and the coupling relationship between thermohydraulics and in-vessel release of fission products, some results are achieved. Feed-and-bleed in primary circuit is an effective countermeasure to mitigate in-vessel release of fission products, and earlier startup time of countermeasure is more feasible. Feed-and-bleed in secondary circuit is also an effective countermeasure to mitigate in-vessel release for most severe accident sequences that can cease core melt progression, e.g. SBO, LOFW and SBLOCA. Ex-vessel cooling has no mitigation effect on in-vessel release owing to inevitable core melt and relocation.     

Effectiveness and adverse effects of in-vessel retention strategies under a postulated SGTR accident of an OPR1000

During a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accident, direct release of radioactive nuclides into the environment is postulated via bypassing the containment building. This conveys a significant threat in severe accident management (SAM) for minimization of radionuclide release. To mitigate this risk, a numerical assessment of SAM strategies was performed for an SGTR accident of an Optimized Power Reactor 1000 MWe (OPR1000) using MELCOR code. Three in-vessel mitigation strategies were evaluated and the effect of delayed operation action was analyzed. The MELCOR calculations showed that activation of a prompt secondary feed and bleed (F&B) operation using auxiliary feed water and use of an atmospheric dump valve could prevent core degradation. However, depressurization using the safety depressurization system could not prevent core degradation, and the injection of coolant via high-pressure safety injection without the use of reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization increased fission product release. When mitigation action was delayed by 30 minutes after SAMG entrance, a secondary F&B operation failed in depressurizing the RCS sufficiently, and a significant amount of fission products were released into the environment. These results suggest that appropriate mitigation actions should be applied in a timely manner to achieve the optimal mitigation effects.     

压水堆核电厂自然循环对一回路卸压策略的影响

以我国秦山二期核电厂为研究对象,使用SCDAP/RELAP5程序建立了核电厂的自然循环模型.选取高压溶堆严重事故(TMLB'事故)为基准事故序列,分析了高压熔堆严重事故中自然循环的机理现象.通过计算在有无自然循环情况下一回路卸压措施的实施情况,对比分析了自然循环对一回路卸压策略的影响.结果表明,自然循环能有效延缓一回路卸压的启动时间和整体事故进程,但对一回路卸压的效果影响较小.     

Evaluation of intentional depressurization strategy in Chinese 600 MWe PWR NPP

Intentional depressurization is one of the effective strategies in preventing high-pressure melt ejection (HPME) and direct containment heating (DCH), which is most feasible for the operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) in China. In order to evaluate this strategy of a Chinese 600 MWe PWR NPP, the plant model is built using SCDAP/RELAP5 code. ATWS, SBO, SGTR and SLOCA are selected as the base cases for analysis of intentional depressurization. The results show that opening safety valves of pressurizer manually when the core exit temperature exceeds 922 K can reduce the RCS pressure effectively and prevent the occurrence of HPME and DCH. Several uncertainties such as the operability of safety valves, ex-vessel failure and the transitory rise of RCS pressure are also analyzed subsequently. The results show that the opening of the safety valves can be initiated normally and that opening three safety valves is a more favorable strategy in the event of possible failure of one or more of the safety valves; the probability of ex-vessel failure is reduced after intentional depressurization is implemented; the transitory rising of reactor coolant system (RCS) pressure when the molten core materials relocate to the lower head of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) will not influence the effect of depressurization.     

稳压器卸压阀卸压效果研究

基于国际上模拟严重事故瞬态过程最详细的机理性程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.1,主要分析研究了核电站未紧急停堆的预期瞬变(ATWS)初因(失去主给水、失去厂外电和控制棒失控提升)叠加辅助给水失效导致的堆芯熔化严重事故进程,并验证阻止ATWS导致堆芯熔化进程的一次侧卸压缓解措施的充分性和有效性.计算分析结果显示,一列稳压器卸压阀不足以充分降低一回路压力,压力仍然停留在10MPa以上,存在很大高压熔堆的风险.增加一列卸压阀可把一回路压力降低到3MPa左右,安注系统得以投入,及时有效地阻止堆芯熔化进程,降低了高压熔堆风险.分析结果还显示高压安注系统的投入对一回路卸压具有重要影响.     

Effect analysis of the intentional depressurization on fission product behavior during TMLB' severe accident

It has been found that the pressure in the reactor coolant system (RCS) remains high in some severe accident sequences at the time of reactor vessel failure, with the risk of causing direct containment heating (DCH).Intentional depressurization is an effective accident management strategy to prevent DCH or to mitigate its consequences. Fission product behavior is affected by intentional depressurization, especially for inert gas and volatile fission product. Because the pressurizer power-operated relief valves (PORVs) are latched open, fission product will transport into the containment directly. This may cause larger radiological consequences in containment before reactor vessel failure. Four cases are selected, including the TMLB' base case and the opening one, two and three pressurizer PORVs. The results show that inert gas transports into containment more quickly when opening one and two PORVs,but more slowly when opening three PORVs; more volatile fission product deposit in containment and less in reactor coolant system (RCS) for intentional depressurization cases. When opening one PORV, the phenomenon of revaporization is strong in the RCS.     

基于氢气风险分析的ADS手动卸压策略研究

先进非能动压水堆设计采用自动卸压系统(ADS)对一回路进行卸压,严重事故下主控室可手动开启ADS,缓解高压熔堆风险。然而ADS的设计特点可能导致氢气在局部隔间积聚,带来局部氢气风险。本文基于氢气负面效应考虑,对利用ADS进行一回路卸压的策略进行研究,为严重事故管理提供技术支持。选取全厂断电始发的典型高压熔堆严重事故序列,利用一体化事故分析程序,评估手动开启第1~4级ADS、手动开启第1~3级ADS、手动开启第4级ADS 3种方案的卸压效果,并分析一回路卸压对安全壳局部隔间的氢气负面影响。研究结果表明,3种卸压方案均能有效降低一回路压力。但在氢气点火器不可用时,开启第1~3级ADS以及开启第1~4级ADS卸压会引起内置换料水箱隔间氢气浓度迅速增加,可能导致局部氢气燃爆。因此,基于氢气风险考虑,建议在实施严重事故管理导则一回路卸压策略时优先考虑采用第4级ADS进行一回路卸压。     

Optimum RCS depressurization strategy for effective severe accident management of station black out accident

Plant specific severe accident management guidelines (SAMG) for operating plants are developed and implemented in Korea as was required by government policy on severe accident. Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) has recently reviewed feasibility of the developed SAMG for Ulchin unit 1 plant. Among the strategies referred in SAMG, we have intensively analyzed the reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization strategy during station black out (SBO) accident scenario, which has a high probability of occurrence according to Ulchin unit 1 Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA). In depressurization strategy of the current SAMG, operators need to depressurize rapidly RCS pressure below 2.75 MPa using pressurizer (PZR) pilot operated safety relief valves (POSRVs) for high pressure accident like SBO. The rapid depressurization is effective in allowing the water of safety injection tank (SIT) to be injected into the core, but an excessive discharge of the SIT water is not desirable for an economical use of SIT inventory. Lack of SIT water accelerates the core damage in case the failed electric power do not recover in due to time. The SIT inventory economy means here that we should not waste the water inventory of SIT and use it in the most efficient way to cool the core. In case we do not use it in an economical way, the SIT might be depleted too rapidly, thus leaving an insufficient reservoir for post-depressurization cooling. The quantification of this SIT inventory economy for plant specific situation is of interest to develop an optimum depressurization strategy. In this study we have analyzed an effectiveness of current depressurization strategy for SBO accident with the severe accident analysis code MELCOR 1.8.5 which has been used for regulatory purpose in KINS. The entry time of severe accident management, a grace time gained by the current strategy, and the economy of the discharge mass flow rate for Ulchin plant were evaluated. Moreover, through a simple energy balance equation we could find an optimum strategy for RCS depressurization. The proposed strategy is based on finding an optimum discharge rate for an efficient use of the SIT inventory and it allows us to handle an SBO accident with higher confidence. The proposed strategy is yet a theoretical one, but possibilities of how to incorporate this strategy into engineered safety features are also discussed.     

Estimation of ex-vessel steam explosion pressure loads

An ex-vessel steam explosion may occur when, during a severe reactor accident, the reactor vessel fails and the molten core pours into the water in the reactor cavity. A steam explosion is a fuel coolant interaction process where the heat transfer from the melt to water is so intense and rapid that the timescale for heat transfer is shorter than the timescale for pressure relief. This can lead to the formation of shock waves and production of missiles that may endanger surrounding structures. A strong enough steam explosion in a nuclear power plant could jeopardize the containment integrity and so lead to a direct release of radioactive material to the environment.In this article, different scenarios of ex-vessel steam explosions in a typical pressurized water reactor cavity are analyzed with the code MC3D, which is being developed for the simulation of fuel–coolant interactions. A parametric study was performed varying the location of the melt release (central, right and left side melt pour), the cavity water subcooling, the primary system overpressure at vessel failure and the triggering time for explosion calculations. The main purpose of the study was to establish the influence of the varied parameters on the fuel–coolant interaction behaviour, to determine the most challenging cases and to estimate the expected pressure loadings on the cavity walls. For the most explosive central, right side and left side melt pour scenarios a detailed analysis of the explosion simulation results was performed. The study shows that for some ex-vessel steam explosion scenarios higher pressure loads are predicted than obtained in the OECD programme SERENA phase 1.     

增强IVR有效性的堆内注水策略研究

熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）是一项核电厂重要的严重事故管理措施,通过将熔融物滞留在压力容器内,以保证压力容器完整性,并防止某些可能危及安全壳完整性的堆外现象。对于高功率和熔池中金属量相对不足的反应堆,若下封头形成3层熔池结构,则其顶部薄金属层导致的聚焦效应可能对压力容器完整性带来更大的威胁。本文考虑通过破口倒灌及其他工程措施实现严重事故下熔池顶部水冷却,建立熔池传热模型,分析顶部注水的带热能力,建立事件树,分析顶部注水措施的成功概率及IVR的有效性。结果表明,通过压力容器内外同时水冷熔融物,能显著增强IVR措施的有效性。