钼靶X线下导丝定位乳腺微小病灶切除术在早期乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨钼靶X线下导丝定位乳腺微小病灶切除术在早期乳腺癌诊断中的价值.方法: 对34例乳腺未触及肿块而钼靶X线乳腺摄片显示有结节或恶性可能的簇状钙化灶患者在钼靶X线引导下行乳腺微小病灶导丝定位切除术,术后快速冰冻病理检查.结果: 34例患者均一次成功定位,病理检查结果发现早期乳腺癌7人,其中原位癌4例,导管内癌2例,浸润性导管癌1例;良性病变27例.结论: 钼靶X线下导丝定位乳腺微小病灶切除术可明显提高早期乳腺癌的诊断水平.     

乳腺导管内原位癌的超声表现分析

 目的　分析乳腺导管内原位癌的超声表现特点。方法　对12例经病理证实的乳腺导管内原位癌的超声表现进行回顾分析。结果　乳腺导管内癌在超声上主要表现为实性结节型、乳腺结构不良型、囊实性肿块型、导管扩张型。9例患者超声检查乳腺内见结节,结节纵横比大,边界不清,钙化发生率高。3例未见具体占位,其中2例局部腺体紊乱回声减低,超声诊断符合率50.0 %。钼靶检查8例可见钙化,诊断符合率66.7 %。结论　虽然乳腺导管内原位癌超声表现不典型,但在结节形态、纵横比、边界、微小钙化点等超声表现上有一定特点,结合钼靶检查结果,有助于提高诊断率。     

触诊阴性乳腺病灶术中冰冻诊断的可行性分析

 目的 探讨触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中冰冻诊断的准确性与可行性。方法 由钼靶发现的触诊阴性乳腺病灶158例，采用金属线定位技术切除活检，术中进行冰冻切片与诊断，以石蜡组织学诊断为准，评价冰冻诊断的准确性。结果 158例标本中，病理巨检时仅80例（50．6％）发现肉眼可见的异常病灶，平均长径1．2cm。石蜡组织学诊断乳腺浸润癌15例，微小浸润导管癌15例，原位癌12例，导管上皮不典型增生5例，占29．7%（47／158）。术中冰冻对乳腺浸润癌诊断的准确率为93．3％，对微小浸润癌、原位癌、导管上皮不典型增生诊断的准确率分别为60％、58．3％与60％，误诊均为假阴性与低估诊断，无假阳性与过度诊断，原因主要为切片误差与解释错误。结论 冰冻切片对浸润性乳腺癌诊断的准确率高，可用于指导触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中手术方案的选择，而对微小浸润癌、原位癌及导管上皮不典型增生常出现假阴性与低估诊断，应待石蜡组织学诊断后再决定手术方案。     

数字化立体定位导丝导向活检对乳腺不可触及病变的诊断价值

目的探讨数字化立体定位导丝导向活检(SNLB),对临床不可触及乳腺病变(NPBL)的诊断及临床应用价值。方法对95例临床触诊阴性,而数字钼钨双靶乳腺摄片发现异常的病灶,进行了SNLB切除活检。结果数字化乳腺摄片表现为:簇状微小钙化49例,孤立性结节27例,局限致密或结构紊乱15例,放射状毛刺影4例。SNLB活检组织标本病理结果中良性病变67例,恶性病变28例,其中包括导管原位癌14例。结论 SNLB对临床不可触及病变,定位定性诊断准确、安全,有利于早期发现乳腺癌。     

导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生临床特点的初步探讨（附7例报告）

目的：初步探讨导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生的临床特点.方法：总结我院自2005年4月-2007年11月间7例经手术病理证实为导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生患者的临床特点.结果：5例表现为肿物的患者乳腺钼靶均未见明显肿物影,乳腺彩超可见丰富血流信号等改变,2例单纯乳头溢液患者导管镜检查均可见导管隆起性病变,其中1例乳腺铜靶摄影可见可疑钙化斑,7例患者中3例术中快速冰冻病理可以做出诊断,5例诊断困难.结论：临床表现为乳腺肿物患者需结合乳腺钼靶及彩超检查以免漏诊,术中见肉眼可疑情况需送快速病冻病理学检查.临床表现为单纯乳头溢液患者首选乳腺导管镜检杳,检查前需完善乳腺钼靶摄影检查了解钙化情况,术中标记病变位置,待术后常规石蜡病理结果,为降低再发和癌变风险,手术方式以病灶局部扩大切除术为宜.     

导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生临床特点的初步探讨(附7例报告)

目的:初步探讨导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生的临床特点.方法:总结我院自2005年4月-2007年11月间7例经手术病理证实为导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生患者的临床特点.结果:5例表现为肿物的患者乳腺钼靶均未见明显肿物影,乳腺彩超可见丰富血流信号等改变,2例单纯乳头溢液患者导管镜检查均可见导管隆起性病变,其中1例乳腺铜靶摄影可见可疑钙化斑,7例患者中3例术中快速冰冻病理可以做出诊断,5例诊断困难.结论:临床表现为乳腺肿物患者需结合乳腺钼靶及彩超检查以免漏诊,术中见肉眼可疑情况需送快速病冻病理学检查.临床表现为单纯乳头溢液患者首选乳腺导管镜检杳,检查前需完善乳腺钼靶摄影检查了解钙化情况,术中标记病变位置,待术后常规石蜡病理结果,为降低再发和癌变风险,手术方式以病灶局部扩大切除术为宜.     

钼靶X线导丝定位下乳腺活检的临床应用

 目的 对钼靶X线发现钙化灶但不能触及肿块的乳腺病变进行诊断。方法 对26例钼靶X线片显示有恶性可能的钙化灶而临床不能触及肿块的患者，术前在放射科钼靶X线引导下行乳腺细导丝定位，然后在局麻下行乳腺活检。结果 26例采用此方法活检者均成功取出病变组织，并明确诊断。病理结果为乳腺纤维腺瘤4例，乳腺囊性增生10例，乳腺乳头状瘤3例，积乳囊肿1例，导管内癌5例，浸润性导管癌3例。结论 钼靶X线导丝定位下活检，对X线片显示有恶性可能的钙化灶而临床不能触及肿块，可增加活检的准确性，是一种安全有效的诊断方法，对乳腺癌的早期诊断有一定的意义。     

钼靶X线立体定位空芯针活检的临床应用

[目的]评价钼靶X线立体定位空芯针活检在乳腺病灶诊断中的应用价值。[方法]87例乳腺肿块的患者在X线立体定位下,利用空芯针活检术获取组织行病理学检查,随后全部患者行手术切除病理检查。[结果]87例患者空芯针活检病理诊断乳腺癌12例,导管上皮不典型增生19例,乳腺其他良性病变56例,灵敏度93.3％,特异度94．7％。[结论]X线立体定位引导空芯针活检术操作简单,并发症少,病理诊断准确性高。     

不可触及的乳腺病灶行钼靶下导丝定位活检的临床应用

目的:探讨应用乳腺钼靶下导丝定位穿刺活检技术对不可触及的乳腺病变(NPBL)定性诊断上的价值。方法:本组24例不可触及,而钼靶上显示的乳腺微小病变,通过钼靶立体定位穿刺,放入导引钢丝定位后引导手术切除,进行组织病理学检查。结果:24例乳腺病变,乳腺癌5例,其中Tis期3例,T1期2例;小叶增生12例,纤维腺瘤3例,导管内乳头状瘤1例,慢性炎症3例。结论:钼靶引导下导丝定位穿刺活检对不可触及的乳腺病变的定位定性诊断以及对早期乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

钼铑双靶乳腺摄影中微小钙化灶对乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨钼铑双靶乳腺摄影中微小钙化灶在乳腺癌诊断中的价值。方法对141例乳腺病变者进行回顾分析,92例乳腺癌患者为研究组,49例乳腺良性病变患者为对照组,对比分析两组患者钼铑双靶乳腺摄影中微小钙化灶的特征。结果研究组检出钙化灶78例,检出率为84．8％,对照组检出钙化灶3例,检出率为6．1％,研究组Ⅱ～Ⅴ型钙化灶检出率明显高于对照组。研究组密集细颗粒型、密集混合型及稀疏细颗粒型钙化灶检出率明显高于对照组,颗粒型钙化灶对乳腺癌诊断的特异性为94．2％,敏感度为98．3％,特异性及敏感度均较高。结论微小钙化灶在乳腺癌患者钼铑双靶乳腺摄影中检出率高,其敏感度及特异性均较高,可作为早期乳腺癌的有效诊断措施推广,以降低漏诊率和误诊率,提高诊断率和患者的生存质量。     

Utility of an upright-type 11-gauge stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy device （Mammotome@） for the diagnosis of breast microcalcifications

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of an upright-type 11-gauge stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy device (Mammotome®) for the diagnosis of breast microcalcifications

Methods

Between May 2001 and October 2005, 154 biopsies in 152 patients with microcalcifications were performed using the upright-type 11-gauge stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy device. Patients in whom this biopsy was diagnosed as carcinoma or a borderline lesion, had a subsequent surgical excision of the lesion. Histopathological and radiological features of the two specimens were then compared with each other.

Results

Microcalcification was identified on specimen mammograms and microscopic slides in 97.4% of cases. Of 154 Mammotome biopsies 98 (63.6%) were benign, 51 (33.1%) were malignant, 3 (1.9%) showed atypical hyperplasia, and 2 (1.3%) were indeterminate, respectively. Of the 48 cases that received surgical excision, 6 of 36 ductal carcinomas in situ (16.7%) upstaged to invasive ductal carcinoma and 1 of 2 atypical ductal hyperplasias was upstaged to ductal carcinoma in situ. The positive predictive value of the 11-gauge Mammotome for the diagnosis of invasion in breast cancer was 100%. Linear calcification and pleomorphic calcification linear/segmental distribution was reliable indications of malignancy. The mean follow-up time of the benign lesions was 22 months, and without evidence of lesion growth. Complications included vasovagal reactions (6.3%), bleeding (0.6%) and hematoma (2.6%).

Conclusion

The upright stereotactic 11-gauge Mammotome procedure is an effective and reliable method for the diagnosis of breast microcalcifications. It has minimal side effects. For lesions diagnosed as ADH or DCIS with the 11-gauge Mammotome, subsequent surgical excision should be performed.     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in screening detected microcalcification lesions of the breast: is there any value?

Purpose To prospectively evaluate whether dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings can help predict the presence of malignancy when screening detected microcalcification lesions, and its contribution to patient management of stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (SVAB). Materials and methods Dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging was performed when screening 100 detected microcalcification lesions not visualized by ultrasonography with 11-gauge SVAB. Definitive surgery was performed on all patients with the biopsy resulting in the diagnosis of breast cancer or atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). Positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were calculated on the basis of a BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) category and the absence or presence of contrast uptake in the area of microcalcification. Results The BI-RADS mammography category correlated with the diagnosis of breast cancer (ADH excluded): category 3 = 7% (4/55); category 4 = 48% (13/27); category 5 = 94% (17/18). After dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, three of four malignancies with BI-RADS mammography category 3 were diagnosed as true positive. Therefore, the PPV of BI-RADS mammography category 3 with MR imaging was 1.8% (1/55). The PPV of contrast uptake of MR imaging was 86% (32/37), significantly higher than the 67% (30/45) PPV of BI-RADS mammography 4 and 5 (P = 0.033). The NPV of BI-RADS mammography 3 was 93% (51/55) versus 97% (61/63) NPV of MR imaging (P = 0.167). Conclusion In the evaluation of screening detected microcalcification lesions, dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging provides additional information with high PPV and NPV, and may therefore offer an alternative to SVAB for women who do not want to undergo SVAB with equivocal findings following full diagnostic mammographic assessment, but breast MR imaging with imperfect PPV and NPV cannot replace SVAB. Clinical relevance Dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging can demonstrate malignant microcalcifications detected by screening mammography and can be recommended in the evaluation of equivocal microcalcifications prior to SVAB.     

False-negative core needle biopsies of the breast: an analysis of clinical,radiologic, and pathologic findings in 27 concecutive cases of missed breast cancer

BACKGROUND: A benign diagnosis in a core needle biopsy (CNBx) of the breast performed for a clinically and/or radiologically suspicious abnormality is often due to a nonrepresentative sample. However, the discordance may not be recognized, resulting in a logistic delay in the diagnosis. METHODS: Twenty-seven false-negative CNBxs were identified in 952 consecutive CNBxs of the breast (653 benign, 266 malignant, and 33 atypical) performed during a 1-year period. Biopsies were analyzed with respect to clinical and radiologic findings, biopsy type, type of malignancy, and interval between the original CNBx and final diagnosis. Four hundred thirty-eight (67%) of the patients with a benign CNBx diagnosis either underwent excision or had a minimum of 1-year follow-up (mean, 35.6 months; median, 36 months). RESULTS: The cancers missed on CNBx included 6 ductal carcinomas in situ, 17 invasive ductal carcinomas, 3 invasive lobular carcinomas, and 1 non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The overall false-negative rate was 9.1%. For palpable lesions, ultrasound-guided CNBx had a lower rate of missed cancer (3.6%) compared with CNBx without image guidance (13.3%). The false-negative rate for vacuum assisted CNBx biopsy was 7.6% (3.3% for the 11-gauge needle, 22.2% for the 14-gauge needle; 5.6% for nonpalpable mass lesions, 8.2% for microcalcifications). In all seven false-negative CNBxs performed by radiologists, the discordance between the radiologic and pathologic findings was promptly recognized due to their standard follow-up protocol. The discordance between the degree of clinical suspicion, radiologic impression, and the pathologic findings was not immediately recognized in 5 of 20 false-negative CNBxs performed by surgeons (4 without radiologic guidance and 1 with ultrasound guidance), resulting in a delay in the diagnosis ranging from 112-336 days. CONCLUSIONS: A false-negative diagnosis of breast carcinoma was found to be more common in CNBx performed without image guidance but occurred to a lesser degree in image-guided biopsies. A delay in diagnosis can be avoided by establishing a standard post-CNBx follow-up protocol.     

Immediate surgical resection of residual microcalcifications after a diagnosis of pure flat epithelial atypia on core biopsy: A word of caution

The entity of pure flat epithelial atypia remains a challenge due to controversy of the surgical management of residual microcalcifications after core needle biopsies. This study aims to assess the morphological data observed in immediate surgical resection specimen of residual microcalcifications after a diagnosis of pure flat epithelial atypia on mammotome core biopsy. Sixty-two mammotome core biopsy with a diagnosis of pure flat epithelial atypia (flat epithelial atypia without associated atypical ductal hyperplasia, in situ and/or invasive carcinoma) were identified. From these 62 cases, 20 presented residual microcalcifications and underwent an immediate surgical excision after mammotome. Of the 20 patients with excised microcalcifications, 8 (40%)cases had residual pure flat epithelial atypia, 4 (20%) cases had atypical ductal hyperplasia, 4 (20%) cases had lobular in situ neoplasia, no lesions were retrieved in 4 (20%) case. None of the patients had either in situ ductal carcinoma and/or invasive carcinoma. Surgical resection of residual microcalcifications after the diagnosis of pure flat epithelial atypia on core needle biopsy remains still a debate. The present study shows no cases of in situ ductal and/or invasive carcinoma on immediate excision of residual microcalcifications after mammotome core biopsies.     

Experience in large-core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of 1431 breast lesions

Large-core needle biopsy (LCNB) is a common diagnostic tool used for breast lesions biopsy under free-hand or ultrasound guidance. In this paper, we have retrospectively studied on 1,431 patients who require histopathological diagnosis of breast lesions by LCNB in Tianjin Cancer Hospital from January 2008 to April 2009. The procedure used automated prone unit, biopsy gun, and 14-gauge or 16-gauge needle under free-hand or ultrasound guidance. The pathological diagnosis and classification (12 features) were independently evaluated by pathologists. The pathological findings showed that 989 (69.1%) was invasive carcinoma, 58 (4.1%) were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 20 (1.4%) were diagnosed as atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and 124 cases were benign masses. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.89, 0.88, and 0.98, respectively. This study suggested that LCNB is a useful histological technique for diagnosing invasive cancer, but may not be inaccurate in diagnosis of ADH and DCIS. For the latter, surgical excision may be necessary.     

Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic large-core needle biopsy for nonpalpable breast disease: results of a multicenter prospective study with 95% surgical confirmation

Stereotactic large-core needle biopsy is increasingly applied for the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast disease. Our study examines whether this minimally invasive technique is sufficiently accurate to replace surgical breast biopsy. In a prospective multicenter study, 973 consecutive women with 1,029 nonpalpable breast lesions were offered stereotactic 14-gauge needle biopsy. If the needle biopsy yielded breast cancer, the patient was offered therapeutic surgery. Surgical biopsy was proposed in cases of needle biopsies without malignancy. An expert panel reviewed all discrepancies in histologic diagnosis between the needle biopsy and open biopsy. Forty-five patients withdrew from participation and 113 (11%) planned needle biopsy procedures were cancelled. Of the 871 successful biopsy procedures, 95% were confirmed surgically. In 13 cases (1.5%), insufficient material was obtained for histologic assessment. Fifty-five percent of the needle biopsies were diagnosed as malignant (290 invasive cancers, 190 ductal carcinoma in situ). Thirteen of the 322 lesions (4%, 95% CI 2-7%) with a benign needle biopsy diagnosis contained malignancy after surgery. Six of the 26 (23%, 95% CI 9-44%) lesions with a high-risk diagnosis (atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ) were diagnosed as malignant after surgery. Five of the 30 lesions containing normal breast tissue held malignancy (17%, 95% CI 6-35%). Guidelines for the management of different categories of needle biopsy diagnoses were made. Application of these guidelines to the present findings resulted in sensitivity and specificity rates of 97% (95% CI 95-98%) and 99% (95% CI 97-100%), respectively. Stereotactic large-core needle biopsy is an accurate diagnostic instrument for nonpalpable breast disease. It may safely replace needle localised open-breast biopsy provided that high-risk and normal breast tissue diagnoses are followed by needle or open-breast biopsy.     

全数字化俯卧式X 线立体钢丝定位术在乳腺微钙化病灶中的应用价值*

目的:探讨X 线立体定位钢丝引导切取活检术（SWLB）对乳腺微钙化病灶的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2007年5 月至2008年5 月南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院45例行SWLB 活检的乳腺隐匿性病变,所有病例均为临床触诊阴性而乳腺X 线摄影发现微钙化病灶,将活检标本病理结果与X 线表现进行对照。结果:45例SWLB 活检组织标本病理结果中恶性病变13例（28.9%）,其中包括导管原位癌3 例（23.1%）,导管原位癌伴微浸润4例（30.8%）,浸润性导管癌5 例（38.5%）,导管内乳头状癌1 例（7.7%）;良性病变32例（71.1%）,其中包括导管上皮重度非典型增生2 例（6.3%）。 结论:SWLB 可准确引导切检临床阴性的乳腺微钙化病灶,明确乳腺微钙化的性质,提高早期乳腺癌的检出率。      

Upright stereotactic vacuum-assisted needle biopsy of suspicious breast microcalcifications

Stereotactic core needle biopsy is a useful technique for evaluation of suspicious breast microcalcifications. The development of the 11-G vacuum-assisted biopsy system offers another method of minimally invasive biopsy carried out on a conventional mammography unit. We evaluate its usefulness, efficacy and safety in Asian women. Vacuum-assisted biopsy was carried out through the lateral approach using an add-on stereotactic device attached to a mammography unit. One hundred and five lesions were sampled in 97 patients. Excisional biopsy was subsequently Carried out for diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia or carcinoma in high-risk patients. Patients with benign diagnosis underwent mammographic follow up. The technical success rate was 97%. An average of 13.5 tissue cores were retrieved for each lesion. The histopathological result obtained from mammotome was benign in 84.8% and malignant in 15.2%. The benign microcalcifications were predominantly fibrocystic change (n = 42) whereas the malignant microcalcifications included ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 15) and invasive carcinoma (n = 1). Twenty-two patients underwent subsequent open surgical biopsy but no underestimation of disease was seen. Only two patients had vasovagal syncope and three others felt unwell during the biopsy. Nine patients had small haematomas, which resolved spontaneously. Vacuum-assisted biopsy carried out on an upright stereotactic mammography unit is a safe and effective method for evaluation of suspicious microcalcifications.     

Multicenter evaluation of the breast lesion excision system, a percutaneous, vacuum-assisted, intact-specimen breast biopsy device

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous, vacuum-assisted, large-gauge core needle biopsy (VACNB) provides an alternative to open surgical biopsy as an initial diagnostic tool for breast lesions, yet rates of underestimating malignant diagnoses remain sufficiently high to warrant surgical biopsy in some cases. The current study was performed to determine if the Breast Lesion Excision System (BLES) provides a feasible alternative to VACNB. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 742 consecutive mammographic lesions with microcalcifications classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) IV or V that had stereotactic percutaneous biopsy using BLES. Initial diagnoses obtained from the histopathologic examination of tissues retrieved at biopsy were compared with the histopathologic examination of tissues received from surgical excision or lumpectomy. Underestimation rates for atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were recorded if open surgical biopsy revealed DCIS or invasive cancer, and invasive cancer, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 742 breast lesions, 34 displayed ADH upon biopsy with the BLES device. Two patients did not receive open surgical biopsy. Of the 32 patients who had open surgical excision, 3 (9.4%) had DCIS or invasive cancer. There were 119 diagnoses of DCIS upon biopsy with the BLES device. Four patients did not receive open surgical biopsy. Of the 115 patients who had open surgical excision, 6 (5.2%) had invasive cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Breast biopsy can be performed accurately using the BLES device. Compared with VACNB, it does not alter the need for surgical excision in women diagnosed with ADH or DCIS at core biopsy.     

数字化X线定位系统下Mammotome微创活检在乳腺癌早期诊断中的应用

目的:探讨数字化俯卧式X线定位系统下Mammotome微创切除不可触及乳腺病灶在乳腺癌早期诊断的临床应用价值。方法:2004年12月~2005年5月,应用LORAD数字化俯卧式穿刺床X线立体定位系统引导下Mammotome系统对67例患者73个临床不可触及乳腺钼靶X线片表现为可疑病灶进行微创切除活检。73个病灶中X线摄片:42例为孤立簇状聚集钙化,27例为不规则致密影并簇状钙化,4例为局部腺体结构扭曲。术前BIRADS评级Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ级分别为51、17和5个。结果:67例患者73个病灶,乳腺癌13个(17.8%),其中4个为乳腺导管内癌,3个导管内癌并早期浸润,6个浸润性导管癌。良性病变60个(82.1%)。13个乳腺癌术后分期:2个为0期,9个为Ⅰ期,2个为ⅡA期,13个中11个为早期乳腺癌(84.6%)。结论:应用LORAD数字化俯卧式X线立体定位系统引导下Mammotome系统微创活检不可触及乳腺X线摄片发现的微小病灶,是一种确诊早期乳腺癌的微创方法。