利用地震信息节点技术平台建设虚拟测震台网的可行性分析

通过介绍宝鸡市地震局虚拟测震台网建设过程,及网络集成,技术应用、运行状态等情况,表明市、县一级地震工作机构,在现有环境和条件下,完全可以利用地震信息节点平台建设虚拟测震台网,实现地震数字观测资料共享、地震事件实时监测、快速获取震情信息、建立强震预警机制等功能,这无疑是逐步提高防震减灾队伍快速响应能力和全社会综合防灾能力的有效途径。     

Time-space variation of volcano-seismic events at La Fossa (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy): new insights into seismic sources in a hydrothermal system

We investigated the relationship between volcano-seismic events, recorded at La Fossa crater of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during 2004-2006, and the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the period of study, three episodes of increasing numbers of volcano-seismic events took place at the same time as geothermal and geochemical anomalies were observed. These geothermal and geochemical anomalies have been interpreted as resulting from an increasing deep magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids. Three classes of seismic events (long period, high frequency and monochromatic events), characterised by different spectral content and various similarity of the waveforms, have been recognised. These events, clustered mainly below La Fossa crater area at depths of 0.5–1.1 km b.s.l., were space-distributed according to the classes. Based on their features, we can infer that such events at Vulcano are related to two different source mechanisms: (1) fracturing processes of rocks and (2) resonance of cracks (or conduits) filled with hydrothermal fluid. In the light of these source mechanisms, the increase in the number of events, at the same time as geochemical and geothermal anomalies were observed, was interpreted as the result of an increasing magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids, implying an increase of their flux. Indeed, such variation caused an increase of both the pore pressure within the rocks of the volcanic system and the amount of ascending fluids. Increased pore pressures gave rise to fracturing processes, while the increased fluid flux favoured resonance and vibration processes in cracks and conduits. Finally, a gradual temporal variation of the waveform of the hybrid events (one of the subclasses of long period events) was observed, likely caused by heating and drying of the hydrothermal system.     

Voluminous lava flows at Oldoinyo Lengai in 2006: chronology of events and insights into the shallow magmatic system

The largest natrocarbonatite lava flow eruption ever documented at Oldoinyo Lengai, NW Tanzania, occurred from March 25 to April 5, 2006, in two main phases. It was associated with hornito collapse, rapid extrusion of lava covering a third of the crater and emplacement of a 3-km long compound rubbly pahoehoe to blocky aa-like flow on the W flank. The eruption was followed by rapid enlargement of a pit crater. The erupted natrocarbonatite lava has high silica content (3% SiO₂). The eruption chronology is reconstructed from eyewitness and news media reports and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, which provide the most reliable evidence to constrain the eruption’s onset and variations in activity. The eruption products were mapped in the field and the total erupted lava volume estimated at 9.2 ± 3.0 × 10⁵ m³. The event chronology and field evidence are consistent with vent construct instability causing magma mixing and rapid extrusion from shallow reservoirs. It provides new insights into and highlights the evolution of the shallow magmatic system at this unique natrocarbonatite volcano.     

Kirchhoff scattering series for sources and receivers located in an elastic medium: Another insight into the concept of virtual events

The convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems are building blocks of wave-scattering theory whose usefulness expands in many seismological applications. For example, the Kirchhoff scattering series currently used for attenuating free-surface multiples has been derived from the convolution-type representation theorem. The recently introduced concept of virtual events, which allows us to put virtual sources and virtual receivers inside the subsurface based on the data collected at the sea surface, has been derived by a combined use of the convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems. The formulation of inverse Kirchhoff scattering series and virtual events has been limited so far to the cases in which sources or receivers, or both, are located in the water. Unfortunately, this assumption is not valid, especially in the context of virtual events, in which both sources and receivers will often be located in a solid. We here redescribe the Kirchhoff scattering series and reformulate the concept of virtual events for the cases in which sources and receivers are in a solid. Moreover, we describe a new form of Kirchhoff series based on the correlation-type representation theorem and new formulae for computing virtual events which do not include the complex renormalization operation of the previous formulation.     

Scattering and anelastic attenuation of seismic energy in northern Greece

The relative contribution of scattering (Q _s ^–1 ) and intrinsic (Q _i ^–1 ) attenuation to the totalS-wave attenuation for the frequencies of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 Hz has been studied by applying the radiative energy transfer theory, Data of local earthquakes which occurred in northern Greece and were recorded by the permanent telementered network of the Geophysical Laboratory of the University of Thessaloniki have been used. The results show that in this area the scattering attenuation is dominant over all frequencies while intrinsic attenuation is significantly lower. The estimatedQ _s ^–1 andQ _i ^–1 values have frequency dependences off ^–0.72 andf ^–0.45, respectively. The frequency dependence ofQ _s ^–1 is the same as that of the codaQ _c ^–1 , obtained by applying the single scattering model, which probably implies that the frequency dependence of the coda wave attenuation is attributed to the frequency dependence of the scattering attenuation.Q _c ^–1 values are very close to scattering attenuation for short lapse times, (10–20 sec), and intermediate between scattering and intrinsic attenuation for the longer lapse times, (50–100 sec). This difference is explained as the result of the depth-dependent attenuation properties and the multiple scattering effects.     

Stratigraphic filtering of seismic waves: The influence of mode conversion multiples onP-wave andS-wave phase and attenuation

We demonstrate how multiples, generated at the interfaces of plane parallel beds, modify the propagation characteristics of an originally coherent seismic wave. For waves propagating at an angle to the bedding plane we find that theSV andP-waves couple so that neither is a pure mode. TheSH-wave, while modified in its propagation characteristics by multiples, remains a pure mode. The coupling ofSV-multiples into the quasi-P-mode appears weaker than the coupling ofP-wave multiples into the quasi-SV mode; at least this is so for the two simple cases of (a) density fluctuations only and (b) correlatedV _p andV _s fluctuations which conserve Poisson's ratio.We also find that the coupling is sensitive to both the angle of propagation and frequency. In addition there is a cut-off angle forP-wave multiples influencing the quasi-SV mode. Propagation angles larger than the cut-off permit theP-multiples to modify the phase of the quasi-SV mode, but not its effective attenuation. No such cut-off effect is found for SV-multiples influencing the quasi-P mode, whose angle-dependent and frequency-dependent phase distortion and effective attenuation are influenced both byP-wave multiples andSV-multiples.In view of the mathematical complexity of the expressions describing the phase, and effective attenuation of modes when allowance is made forP-andS-wave multiples, we strongly advocate numerical coding of the major mathematical formulae. By so doing a systematic study can be undertaken of the frequency and offset dependence of seismic waves as a function of seismic source input and power spectral behavior of the fluctuations in density and elastic constants of beds. It is our opinion that the full mathematical expressions are too involved to permit an analytic, systematic investigation to be given of the phase and attenuation of seismic waves with any degree of sophistication or generality.     

Scattering of seismic waves by cracks in multi-layered geological regions: I. Mechanical model

In this work, a hybrid boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is developed, based on both displacement and hypersingular traction formulations, for the analysis of time-harmonic seismic waves propagating through cracked, multi-layered geological regions with surface topography and under plane strain conditions. Specifically, the displacement-based BIEM is used for a multi-layered deposit with interface cracks, while the regularized, traction-based BIEM is used when internal cracks are present within the layers. The standard uni-dimensional boundary element with parabolic shape functions is employed for discretizing the free surface and the layer interfaces, while special discontinuous boundary elements are placed near the crack tips to model the asymptotic behaviour of both displacements and tractions. This formulation yields displacement amplitudes and phase angles on the free surface of a geological deposit, as well as stress intensity factors near the tips of the cracks. Finally, in the companion paper, numerical results are presented which show that both scattered wave and stress concentration fields are sensitive to the incidence seismic wave parameters and to specific site conditions such as surface topography, layering, the presence of cracks and crack interaction.     

Study of crustal seismic velocity in the Weihe fault depression basin by seismic tomographic imaging

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Geometry and growth of sill complexes: insights using 3D seismic from the North Rockall Trough

Doleritic sill complexes, which are an important component of volcanic continental margins, can be imaged using 3D seismic reflection data. This allows unprecedented access to the complete 3D geometry of the bodies and an opportunity to test classic sill emplacement models. The doleritic sills associated with basaltic volcanism in the North Rockall Trough occur in two forms. Radially symmetrical sill complexes consist of a saucer-like inner sill at the base with an arcuate inclined sheet connecting it to a gently inclined, commonly ragged, outer rim. Bilaterally symmetrical sill complexes are sourced by magma diverted from a magma conduit feeding an overlying volcano. With an elongate, concave upwards, trough-like geometry bilaterally symmetrical sills climb away from the magma source from which they originate. Both sill complex types can appear as isolated bodies but commonly occur in close proximity and consequently merge, producing hybrid sill complexes. Radial sill complexes consist of a series of radiating primary flow units. With dimensions up to 3 km, each primary flow unit rises from the inner saucer and is fed by primary magma tube. Primary flow units contain secondary flow units with dimensions up to 2 km, each being fed by a secondary magma tube branching from the primary magma tube. Secondary flow units in turn are composed of 100-m scale tertiary flow units. A similar branching hierarchy of flow units can also be seen in bilaterally symmetrical sill complexes, with their internal architecture resembling an enlarged version of a primary flow unit from a radial sill complex. This branching flow pattern, as well as the interaction between flow units of varying orders, provides new insights into the origin of the structures commonly seen within sill complexes and the hybrid sill bodies produced by their merger. The data demonstrate that each radially symmetrical sill complex is independently fed from a source located beneath the centre of the inner saucer, grows by climbing from the centre outwards and that peripheral dyking from the upper surface is a common feature. These features suggest a laccolith emplacement style involving peripheral fracturing and dyking during inner saucer growth and thickening. The branching hierarchy of flow units within bilaterally symmetrical sill complexes is broadly similar to that of primary flow units within a radially symmetrical sill complex, suggesting that the general features of the laccolith emplacement model also apply.Editorial responsibility: J. Stix     

首都圈数字地震台网地震事件波形的管理与服务

介绍了首都圈数字地震台网地震事件波形数据的管理和服务系统的基本功能及使用方法,该系统利用GMT,SAC作为后台处理软件,通过perl,Unix Shell程序实现首都圈地震事件波形数据的网络发布。     

Frost quakes as a particular class of seismic events: Observations within the East-European platform

The group of quakes, which are caused by fast freezing of water-saturated soils or rocks at abrupt drop of winter temperatures often occurring in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia, is considered. The review of little-known literature is given; the statistical data on the distribution of earthquakes in seasons and the time of day in various regions of Eurasia are presented. Special attention is paid to the East European Platform; using the data for this platform, with thorough consideration of reference quakes along with the weather conditions, the signs of a specific class of nontectonic seismic events are determined. The question concerning the necessity of the frost quakes’ discrimination in compilation of tectonic earthquake catalogues in certain regions is stated.     

Advanced insights into sources of vertical velocity in the ocean

Estimating vertical velocity in the oceanic upper layers is a key issue for understanding ocean dynamics and the transport of biogeochemical elements. This paper aims to identify the physical sources of vertical velocity associated with sub-mesoscale dynamics (fronts, eddies) and mixed-layer depth (MLD) structures, using (a) an ocean adaptation of the generalized Q-vector form of the ω-equation deduced from a primitive equation system which takes into account the turbulent buoyancy and momentum fluxes and (b) an application of this diagnostic method for an ocean simulation of the Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) field experiment in the North-Eastern Atlantic. The approach indicates that w-sources can play a significant role in the ocean dynamics and strongly depend on the dynamical structure (anticyclonic eddy, front, MLD, etc.). Our results stress the important contribution of the ageostrophic forcing, even under quasi-geostrophic conditions. The turbulent w-forcing was split into two components associated with the spatial variability of (a) the buoyancy and momentum (Ekman pumping) surface fluxes and (b) the MLD. Process (b) represents the trapping of the buoyancy and momentum surface energy into the MLD structure and is identified as an atmosphere/oceanic mixed-layer coupling. The momentum-trapping process is 10 to 100 times stronger than the Ekman pumping and is at least 1,000 times stronger than the buoyancy w-sources. When this decomposition is applied to a filamentary mixed-layer structure simulated during the POMME experiment, we find that the associated vertical velocity is created by trapping the surface wind-stress energy into this structure and not by Ekman pumping.     

大陆板内地震活动的时空复杂性:地球动力学数值模拟的启示及对地震危险性评估的意义

大陆板内地震活动通常表现为偶发性、丛集和迁移。地震观测数据显示了沿地震带的空间聚集和散布于板内的大部分区域、长期平静后的地震活动时间丛集,以及地震带间的迁移。这里,我们使用三维粘-弹-塑性有限元模型,对板内地震活动时空图像的复杂性进行了探索。模型模拟了动力加载、地震的地壳失稳以及同震和震后的应力演化。对于地壳强度预设随机扰动的横向均匀岩石层,模型预测了不同时间尺度下地震活动不同的时空图像：经过数百年后,空间聚集于窄带和散布于大区域,在数千年后,连成地震带,以及数万年后遍布于模型区域。地震带的方位与动力加载引起的最优失稳方向一致。应力转换和迁移造成地震的时空丛集。当考虑弱化带的影响时,模型预测地震初期在带内活动,之后扩展至远处。如果大震后断层带发生弱化,则在没有强动力加载的条件下,同一断层带也可能再次发生大震。通过简单模型揭示的板内地震活动时空复杂性表明,依赖于有限地震记录的地震危险性评估可能存在偏差,以致于在近代发生过大震的地区高估地震危险性,而在近代少震的地区低估地震危险性。     

Seismic imaging of the double seismic zone in the subducting slab in Northern Chile

Double seismic zones are commonly observed in the subducting slabs in a global scale, serving as ideal examples for studying the seismogenetic mechanism of the intermediate-depth earthquakes. In this study, we relocate earthquakes and determine seismic velocity models using the double-difference seismic tomography method in the northern Chile subduction zone where a double seismic zone exists. The results suggest that the double seismic zone in northern Chile is located at about 50–140 km depth, with an interval of approximately 20 km between the two zones. The upper seismic zone is characterized by relatively low Vp(～7.8–8.0 km/s), low Vs(～4.4–4.5 km/s) and high Vp/Vs(～1.85) above the depth of ～90 km, while the region below ～90 km is distinguished by relatively high Vp(～8.2 km/s), high Vs(～4.8 km/s) and slightly high Vp/Vs(～1.75), which may be related to a series of dehydration reactions of hydrous minerals in the subducted oceanic crust. In comparison, the lower seismic zone is featured by the anomaly of low Vp/Vs(～1.7), although some local areas may consist of relatively high Vp/Vs values(～1.8), possibly due to the dehydration reaction of serpentine. Based on the Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs anomalies combined with previous petrological experiments and thermodynamic models, it can be derived that intermediate-depth earthquakes are mainly related to the dehydration of various hydrous minerals in the subducting slab. The dehydration process of hydrous minerals releases water into the subducting slab and subsequently leads to the increase of pore fluid pressure and the decrease of effective normal stress, thus causing the occurrence of brittle failure and intermediate-depth earthquakes in subduction zones. The imaging results of the northern Chile subduction zone further indicate that the existence of the double seismic zone is related to the dehydration process of different hydrous minerals.     

Quantitative analysis of travel-time curves of seismic events in the Ostrava-Karviná coal mining district

Summary The paper is intended as a contribution to the quantitative analysis of travel-time curves of seismic events recorded in the Ostrava-Karviná District (OKD). The input data represent a set of 2621 seismic events, recorded by the local seismological network of 26 mine stations DSLA and a regional diagnostic polygon consisting of five surface Lennartz stations. All the events were processed automatically in the Operational Seismological Centre of the Czechoslovak Army Mine in Karviná and stored in the seismological data base. The results are presented in the form of graphs of arrival times versus distance for the whole OKD, for two mines and one tectonic block.Travel-time curves of direct P and S waves, as well as of reflected and refracted waves are given. The direct P and S waves propagate well practically throughout the whole region studied, but their apparent velocities of propagation are affected by the properties of the rock medium.As a result of the complicated geological conditions, the recorded wave image is quite complicated. Methods of mathematical modelling, using kinematic and dynamic parameters of seismic waves, will have to be applied to identify the separate wave groups uniquely.     

节点刚度对单层柱面网壳地震响应及内力的影响分析

论文首先采用壳单元Shell163建立了单层柱面网壳模型,同时利用壳单元模拟了焊接空心球节点,并通过计算验证了模拟方法的合理性。然后,通过调节空心球节点的厚度,考察了节点刚度变化对单层柱面网壳地震响应的影响,分析结果表明,在强震作用下节点刚度变化对网壳节点响应与杆件内力的影响均较大,建议在进行此类结构的动力分析时考虑节点刚度的影响。     

华北地区中强以上地震与前兆震群的相关分析

应用“八五”攻关推广的有关震群参数计算的软件 ,对华北地区 (33°～ 43°N,1 1 4°～ 1 2 4°E)自 1 970年以来所发生的 40次震群事件的各项参数 (b,U,H,K,F,ρ等值 )进行了计算 ,旨在依据前兆震群的判定指标 ,寻找前兆震群与中强以上地震 (MS≥ 434)的对应关系。结果表明 ,无论是单项指标或综合指标的报准率均在 65%左右 ,仅有个别达到 75%以上 ,并且有约30 %具有前兆意义的震群属于漏报和虚报。所以 ,如何判定前兆震群和充分利用前兆震群预报地震和监视未来地震活动有待更深入的研究和探讨。     

频谱成像技术在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

频谱成像技术可有效的描述地质反射层厚度的非连续性和岩性的非均质性,其在理论上主要是依据薄层反射的调谐原理,过去通常采用以离散傅里叶变换为基础的算法,但是,该方法存在着明显的局限性,因为估算的地震振幅谱的重要特征是所选时窗长度的函数.如果所选时窗过短,振幅谱会与变换窗函数褶积,失去频率的局部化特征,而且过短的时窗会使子波的旁瓣呈现为单一反射的假象.增加时窗长度,会改善频率的分辨率.但如果所选时窗过长,时窗内的多个反射会使振幅谱以槽痕为特征,很难分清单个反射的振幅谱特征.由于在实际运用中,以傅里叶变换相关的算法的时窗问题,难以选择好时窗长度,而且无法定量分析时窗长度产生的偏差,因而会使振幅谱的估算产生偏差.以小波变换为基础的时频分析技术成了非平稳性信号的重要分析工具,在很多实际应用中已取代了傅里叶变换的分析方法.以小波变换为基础的瞬时谱分析技术能得到精确的时频分析结果,同时避免了时窗问题.它反映出了储层在纵向上时间及厚度上变化情况和横向上的地质不连续性的信息,因此能使解释人员快速而有效地描述储层特征的空间变化.     

Insight into variability of spring and flash flood events in Lithuania

In this research, variability of spring (from 1 March to 30 May) and flash (from 1 June to 30 November) floods in rivers of different regions was analysed. The territory of Lithuania is divided into three regions according to hydrological regime of the rivers: Western, Central, and Southeastern. The maximum river discharge data of spring and flash floods [a total of 31 water gauging stations (WGS)] were analysed. Comparison of the data of four periods (1922–2013, 1941–2013, 1961–2013, and 1991–2013) with the data of the reference period (1961–1990) was performed. Analysis included the longest discharge data set of the Nemunas River at Smalininkai WGS (1812–2013) as well. Mixed patterns of flood changes in Lithuanian rivers were detected. The analysis of flood discharges of the Nemunas River indicated that both spring and flash floods in Lithuania were getting smaller.