臂丛神经根性撕脱伤动物模型的研究

目的 研究臂丛神经根性撕脱伤实验动物模型。方法 选用Wistar大白鼠，取右下颌骨向下至胸大肌中部皮肤切口，显露胸大肌，分别切断胸大肌、胸小肌；暴露井剪断右锁骨，镜下解剖分离臂丛神经并紧贴近端根部将颈5至颈8剪断，造成臂丛神经根性撕脱伤模型，实验组用颈3、颈4神经修复臂丛中已损伤的颈5、颈6神经，对照组不做修复；用电生理及组织病理学观察神经肌肉组织变化，结果术后3个月病理检查发现，实验组中肌皮神经可见少量神经纤维长入，肱二共肌萎缩轻，失神经组之肌皮神经可见神经纤维变性、崩解、吸收，肱二头肌萎缩明显，电生理检查显示实验组与失神经组之诱发电位峰值电压与刺激电流比值及潜伏期时间与刺激电流强度之比值在统计学上有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论 该实验模型操作简单，科学，合理。为臂丛神经根性撕脱伤实验研究奠定了基础。     

小动物PET-CT在大鼠臂丛根性撕脱脊髓损伤的应用研究

目的探究使用小动物正电子放射断层扫描(PET)/计算机断层成像(CT)技术诊断大鼠神经根撕脱导致的脊髓损伤的程度。方法对正常SD大鼠,通过尾静脉或腹腔注射不同剂量18F-FDG,筛选最优注射方式及剂量;随后,建立SD大鼠右侧全臂丛根性撕脱模型(BPRA组)并以假手术大鼠为对照组,对术后2周大鼠进行18F-FDG-micro-PET-CT成像检测,计算脊髓节段每克组织放射性占注入量的百分比(%ID/g),比较BPRA和假手术组大鼠C5~T1脊髓组织18F-FDG摄取差异。结果尾静脉注射1μCi/g的示踪剂18F-FDG,40 min后进行micro-PET-CT扫描其效果最佳;假手术组大鼠下颈段脊髓节段18F-FDG摄取均匀,而右全臂丛根性撕脱伤术后2周,BPRA模型组颈段脊髓18F-FDG摄取高亮范围增大,脊髓C5~C8、T1节段18F-FDG摄取率(%ID/g)为0.69±0.04与假手术组(0.60±0.02)比显著增加(P0.05)。结论尾静脉注射18F-FDG 1μCi/g联合micro-PET-CT成像技术能够监测臂丛撕脱伤后在体的脊髓组织的病理反应所引起的局部神经元和胶质细胞的代谢变化,为该病的基础研究提供工具及临床病程诊断提供了新思路。     

膈神经与肋间神经移位修复臂丛神经根性撕脱伤

BACKGROUND: Phrenic nerve transfer and intercostal nerve transfer are the accepted surgery strategies for the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries; however, which surgery is more suitable for the repair remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To observe the treatment outcomes of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries by transferring the phrenic nerve to the anterior division of the upper trunk of brachial plexus and the intercostal nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve. METHODS: Twenty patients with brachial plexus root avulsion injuries were included. Among them, 9 were treated with phrenic nerve transfer to the anterior division of the upper trunk of brachial plexus (phrenic nerve transfer group), and 11 were treated with intercostal nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve (intercostal nerve transfer group). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 15 to 36 months. Incision length, blood loss, and operation time were recorded. Muscle strength of the biceps and elbow flexion angle were evaluated. The repair outcome was evaluated by assessing the functional recovery of musculocutaneous nerve according to the criteria issued by the Branch of Hand Surgery of Chinese Medicine Association, and the excellent and good rate was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The excellent and good rate was 66.7% and 63.6%, respectively, in phrenic nerve transfer group and intercostal nerve transfer group, which is not significantly different between both groups (P > 0.05). Smaller length of operation incision, reduced blood loss, and shorter operation time were found in the phrenic nerve transfer group. Two and three patients in bad recovery were in phrenic nerve transfer and intercostal nerve transfer groups, respectively. These findings suggest that the two kinds of surgery strategies for the repair of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries can obtain good results in the functional recovery of elbow flexion. Phrenic nerve transfer exerts superiorities in operation incision, blood loss and operation time. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

大鼠臂丛前根撕脱延期再植回对运动神经元存活的作用

目的：建立大鼠臂丛前根撕脱延期再植回模型，研究脊髓前角运动神经元的存活与再生。方法：采用FB逆行示踪法结合NADPH—d组化法与中性红复染，计数阳性神经元．结果：前根撕脱延期3、7、14d再植回组，动物存活3周及6周，脊髓前角运动神经元的存活率分别为79％和75％、58％和51％、57％和50％；NOS阳性神经元的表达率分别为18％和13％、30％和8％、20％和7％。仅做前根撕脱组动物，脊髓前角运动神经元存活率为41％和29％，NOS阳性神经元的表达率为55％和58％。结论：前根撕脱延期再植回能促进脊髓前角运动神经元的存活与再生。     

治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤有新疗法

治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤有新疗法北京积水潭医院显微外科主任医师常万绅带领科研小组，采用正中神经及尺神经部分束支移位法治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤，２年多来治疗１０名患者全部成功。臂丛神经根性撕脱伤主要表现为肩外展及屈肘功能丧失。传统的治疗方法一般选用肋间神经、膈神经...     

银杏叶提取物减轻臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓运动神经元超微结构的损伤

目的：研究银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对臂丛撕脱后运动神经元超微结构的保护作用。方法：显微镜下撕脱大鼠臂丛 C_5～T_(?)神经根,术后实验大鼠腹腔注射100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)EGb761,透射电镜观察损伤 C_7节段运动神经元的超微结构。结果：神经根撕脱6～8周,运动神经元胞体体积缩小、胞核染色质裂解、浓缩异染色质增多;粗面内质网和游离核糖体减少、线粒体减少、嵴肿胀;神经髓鞘不完整、呈空泡状变性。EGb761治疗后,胞体体积基本正常,偶见浓缩异染色质;粗面内质网减少不显著;游离核糖体数量明显增多;线粒体形态正常;髓鞘完整呈同心圆包绕在轴索周围。结论：EGb761能减轻运动神经元超微结构的损伤,减少臂丛根性撕脱诱导的运动神经元凋亡。     

成年臂丛神经根性撕脱伤后脊髓前角运动神经元的死亡表型及其机制

正人类臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是临床上常见的一种周围神经损伤,但目前这类损伤尚缺乏有效的治疗手段。臂丛神经根性撕脱伤不仅导致损伤远侧段周围神经变性和相应靶器官的失神经支配,更为重要的是还造成了脊神经腹根和背根与脊髓的脱离~[1]。目前的外科手术修复虽然可以将撕脱的脊神经腹根和背根重新植入脊髓,但伤者的运动和感觉功能     

电针疗法对臂丛根性撕脱伤脊髓后角及中央管nNOS蛋白表达的影响

目的采用电针疗法干预大鼠臂丛神经撕脱伤模型,探索电针疗法对臂丛根性撕脱伤脊髓后角及中央管n NOS蛋白表达的影响。方法健康、雌性成年Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠共40只,行臂丛神经根性撕脱手术,随机分为撕脱伤组(AV组)和撕脱伤加电针治疗组(AV+EA组),AV+EA组动物隔日接受大椎(DU4)和手三里(LI10)电针治疗直至处死,每次治疗的输出脉冲波形为非对称双向疏密波,以20 Hz频率不间断治疗15 min。动物存活1周、2周、3周、6周处死,选取C7节段脊髓,行NADPH-d酶组织化学染色和中性红复染。结果脊髓后角,在AV组n NOS的微量表达;在AV+EA组2~3周n NOS在健侧的表达比伤侧增多,至6周脊髓后角n NOS阳性神经元表达AV组损伤侧;AV+EA组n NOS阳性神经元的表达与同时期的AV组。结论电针疗法导致脊髓后角及中央管n NOS阳性神经元的时空表达特异性。     

外源性一氧化氮对臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓的影响

目的探究在根性撕脱伤早、中期应用外源性一氧化氧(NO)供体硝普钠补充NO能否改变撕脱伤诱导运动神经元的凋亡进程及其相关机制。方法成年SD大鼠,右侧全臂丛神经根撕脱后于4 d和13 d分别在蛛网膜下腔受损脊髓节段局部给予NS或5 mmol/L SNP各4μL,存活2d后处死。取C7节段脊髓应用免疫组织化学以及酶组织化学、中性红染色、Western blot等方法,定量存活运动神经元数以及nNOS蛋白在运动神经元的表达情况;同时检测i NOS、GFAP、0X-42在胶质细胞的表达情况。结果 SNP 40 mmol/L以上剂量局部应用会导致动物立刻死亡,我们选择了5 mmol/L做为最终SNP浓度;SNP会降低撕脱伤脊髓运动神经元的存活率(%)6 d时间点SNP组与NS组无显著差异;15 d时间点,SNP组(57.41±3.96)显著低NS组(81.48±2.53);撕脱伤引起的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞反应与NS组相比加剧。结论在早期补充NO使前角运动神经元nNOS表达时间提前;加剧损伤脊髓的胶质反应;使运动神经元死亡时间提前,死亡程度增加。     

葛根素对臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓MMP-9蛋白表达的影响

目的　探讨大鼠臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）蛋白的表达变化以及葛根素对其表达的影响。 方法　成年雄性SD大鼠174只,随机分为正常组、模型组、葛根素低、中、高处理组。模型组和葛根素处理组行右侧C5~C7脊神经前根撕脱术,术后腹腔注射给药。Western Blot法检测C5~C7节段脊髓MMP-9蛋白的表达。 结果　与正常组比较,臂丛神经根性撕脱后1 d时MMP-9蛋白表达达高峰,3 d降至接近正常,1周后下降至较低水平。葛根素处理组脊髓组织MMP-9蛋白表达在1 d时比模型组显著降低。 结论　MMP-9可能参与臂丛根性撕脱后早期损伤反应,且葛根素可能有助于减轻该种损伤。     

椎管内臂丛前后根的显微解剖及其临床意义

目的:研究臂丛椎管内前后根的显微解剖,为臂丛撕脱伤的诊治提供解剖学基础。方法:在15例防腐灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体的颈胸段标本上,对椎管内臂丛前后根的位置、形态和血供进行观察和测量。结果:臂丛前后根之间有齿状韧带相间隔;前根起始处与脊髓中线的距离从上至下由C5的2.2mm逐渐增大到T1的3.1mm,后根则从C5的4.2mm逐渐减小到T1的2.7mm;前后根与脊髓纵轴的夹角从C5的51.4°、54.8°逐渐减小到T1的21.7°、19.9°;前后根的长度从C5的14.9mm、13.9mm逐渐增大到T1的21.1mm、19.0mm;前后根的直径均以C6最为粗大,分别为2.1mm、3.3mm,后根比相应前根粗;前后根的血供来自椎动脉、颈深动脉和颈升动脉发出的节段性动脉。结论:熟悉臂丛椎管内前后根的显微解剖有助于临床臂丛根性撕脱伤的诊治。     

A novel extradural nerve transfer technique by coaptation of C4 to C5 and C7 to C6 for treating isolated upper trunk avulsion of the brachial plexus

The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an extradural nerve anastomosis technique for the restoration of a C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. Nine fresh frozen human cadavers were used. The diameters, sizes, and locations of the extradural spinal nerve roots were observed. The lengths of the extradural spinal nerve roots and the distance between the neighboring nerve root outlets were measured and compared in the cervical segments. In the spinal canal, the ventral and dorsal roots were separated by the dura and arachnoid. The ventral and dorsal roots of C7 had sufficient lengths to anastomose those of C6. The ventral and dorsal of C4 had enough length to be transferred to those of C5, respectively. The feasibility of this extradural nerve anastomosis technique for restoring C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus in human cadavers was demonstrated in our anatomical study     

臂丛损伤后脊髓前后角降钙素基因相关肽的表达及其意义

目的：观察大鼠臂丛损伤后脊髓降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的表达变化规律。方法：用大鼠建立3种臂丛损伤模型：右C_7前根撕脱(A组);右C_7前根撕脱 同侧C_5～T_1后根离断(B组);有C_7前根撕脱 右C_5与C_6之间脊髓半横断(C组)。术后1、3、7和14d取C_7节段脊髓,采用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术,对脊髓前角和后角CGRP的表达进行检测与分析。结果：各损伤组脊髓前角CGRP表达在术后1～7d呈上升趋势,7d达高峰,然后缓慢下降;脊髓后角CGRP表达在术后1～14d呈显著下降趋势。A组CGRP表达量最高,B组最低,C组居中。结论：臂丛损伤后脊髓前角和后角表达及作用呈不一致性。前角CGRP可能参与神经损伤再生的修复机制;后角CGRP可能与伤害性刺激传导有关。     

An anatomic study of the spinal accessory nerve: extended harvest permits direct nerve transfer to distal plexus targets

An anatomic study of the distal spinal accessory nerve (SAN) to determine the number of myelinated axons and feasibility of posterior harvest for direct neurotization of distal targets was performed. Ten fresh human cadavers were studied. A supraclavicular approach was performed followed by a posterior approach. The relationship of the SAN to bony landmarks (T1 spinous process, acromioclavicular joint, posterolateral corner of the acromium, and angle at the superior medial border of the scapula) as well as maximal harvestable length was recorded. After posterior dissection, the SAN was mobilized and the ability to reach both anterior infraclavicular and posterior targets was assessed. Axon counts were also performed at the proximal, mid, and distal points along the course of the nerve. The posteriorly harvested SAN was identified reliably with respect to bony landmarks. When harvested posteriorly, the SAN could reach the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus (i.e., terminal branches), and posteriorly, the suprascapular nerve (SSN) both proximal and distal to the suprascapular ligament, the latter for selective reinnervation of the infraspinatus branch. The average number of myelinated fibers at the proximal end of the nerve was 1,328 axons, at the mid-way point was 1,021 axons, and at terminal end of the nerve was 817 axons. Harvest of the SAN from a posterior approach based on these landmarks is feasible, allowing direct transfer of the nerve to the infraclavicular brachial plexus and to the SSN both proximal and distal to the suprascapular ligament, without the use of interposition nerve grafts.     

臂丛损伤脊髓运动神经元与神经根GAP-43 mRNA表达

目的：探讨臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达变化及其影响因素,为臂丛损伤的修复治疗提供理论依据.方法：本实验创立三种臂丛根性撕脱伤模型：C7前根撕脱（Ⅰ组）;C7前根撕脱＋切断同侧C5～T1后根（Ⅱ组）;C7前根撕脱＋C5和C6之间作同侧脊髓半横断（Ⅲ组）.术后2周按CBS评分标准检查动物神经缺失症状,用SYBR Green荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达改变.结果：根据CBS评分标准,对照组计为0分,Ⅰ组计分较低、Ⅲ组计分最高.对照组C7神经元胞体和C7神经根中GAP-43 mRNA表达量相近,但三种损伤组术后2周神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达均上调,而神经根内表达却下调.结论：（1）臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体GAP-43 mRNA表达受突触前机制的调控;（2）臂丛损伤2周时神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达呈现高峰期,此时进行神经移位术将显著提高神经修复的效果.     

臂丛节前损伤晚期脊髓前角的病理变化

目的：探讨臂丛节前损伤晚期，脊髓前角运动神经元及其周围结构的病理变化。方法：行右侧C7神经根撕脱术，分别于损伤后6、8、10周取大鼠脊髓C7节段切片，行nNOS、GFAP免疫组化；NADPH—d酶组化加中性红复染和Nissl染色。结果：损伤侧前角运动神经元nNOS表达持续下降直至消失（6、8、10周分别为：24．35％、20．44％、1．83％）；存活率下降以10周最显著（6、8、10周分别为：43．63％、25．14％、20．43％）；损伤侧胶质反应比正常侧强，损伤侧白质胶质反应比灰质强；损伤后10周前角运动神经元周围GFAP阳性反应面积明显大于正常侧前角（126．17vs67.88）。存活率与nNOS阳性率呈正相关关系γ=0．704，P=0．000。与GFAP反应强度不相关γ=-0．006，P=0．987。结论：臂丛节前损伤所致快速大量的运动神经元死亡开始于损伤后8周，此时nNOS减少甚至消失；并有大量胶质细胞的增生。提示临床治疗臂丛节前损伤须早于损伤后6周。     

膈神经移位至臂丛上干前股的临床应用及疗效分析

目的：报道膈神经移位至臂丛上干前股的临床应用，分析疗效欠佳的原因并探讨应对措施。方法：回顾白1999年3月-2005年2月行膈神经移位至臂丛上干前股术式的38例患者手术情况，对肌皮神经恢复情况进行随访并功能评定，并对影响疗效的各因素进行分析以探讨相应的防治措施。结果：获15个月以上随访患者共29例，优良率为62．1％，功能恢复优良组与非优良组患者的病程及牵拉伤比率存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。再手术探查发现手术失败的原因有：神经吻接口张力大、存在臂丛的组成变异及多段损伤等。基于神经解剖特点，作者针对减低膈神经吻接口张力提出了手术改良措施并取得满意的疗效。结论：影响该术式疗效的因素有多种，严格把握手术适应症及术中仔细探查是提高治疗效果的关键；通过术式改良可有效降低神经吻接口张力，有助于神经恢复。