Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

Multiple time scale analysis of river runoff using wavelet transform for Dagujia River Basin, Yantai, China

Based on monOdy river runoff and meteorological data, a method of Morlet wavelet transform was used to analyze the multiple time scale characteristics of river runoffin the Dagnjia River Basin, Yantai City, Shandong Province. The results showed that the total annual river runoff in the Dagujia River Basin decreased significantly from 1966 to 2004, and the rate of decrease was 48×106m3/10yr, which was higher than the mean value of most rivers in China. Multiple time scale characteristics existed, which accounted for different aspects of the changes in annual river runoff, and the major periods of the runoff time series were identified as about 28 years, 14 years and 4 years with decreasing levels of fluctuation. The river runoff evolution process was controlled by changes in precipitation to a certain extent, but it was also greatly influenced by human activities. Also, for different time periods and scales, the impacts of climate changes and human activities on annual river runoff evolution occurred at the same time. Changes in the annual river runoffwere mainly associated with climate change before the 1980s and with human activities after 1981.     

AN ANALYSIS OF THREE ELEMENTS OF WATER BALANCE IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER BASIN

The general trend of three elements (precipitation, runoff and evaporation) of the water balance of the Changjiang River Basin is discussed from the regional distribution of the mean annual values of view, i.e. isogram. The distribution of precipitation is non-uniform. The distribution of runoff mainly supplied from precipitation is more uniform than that of precipitation. The distribution of the evaporation from land is much more uniform than that of precipitation and runoff. Time distribution of these three elements shows the characteristics of comparatively distinct yearly variation and few variation between years. The relationship between precipitation and runoff, and between precipitation and evaporation in the humid region in the Changjiang River is analyzed. The slopes of their straight line correlation are nearly equal. The internal relationship between variables should be paid attention to, otherwise, a pseudo correlation may be resulted in. The paper provides the method of quantitative computa     

Impacts of global warming perturbation on water resources in arid zone: Case study of Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China

The main goal of this study was to assess the long-term impacts of global warming perturbation on water resources of the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. Temperature, precipitation and hydrology data during the past 29 years from 1979 to 2007 were collected and analyzed using parametric and non-parametric methods, the connection between temperature and precipitation by the combination of grey correlation analysis method and the hypothesis testing for trend of climate change. The results show a high inc...     

Variation of d δ18O/dT in precipitation in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The relations between δ¹⁸O and temperature on the different time scales were analysed, according to the data from Tuotuohe (34°13′N, 96°25′E; 4533 m a. s. l.), Delingha (37°22′N, 97°22′E; 2981 m a. s. l.) and Xining (36°37′N, 101°46′E; 2261 m a. s. l.) in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The results show that the significance of d δ¹⁸O/dT on different time scales are different. The d δ¹⁸O/dT on the synoptic scale reflects the interdependent relation between δ¹⁸O and temperature in the short-term synoptic scale process; the d δ¹⁸O/d T on the seasonal scale reflects the relation between them whithin a year; and the d δ¹⁸O/d T on the climatic scale reflects the relation between them in the long-term climatic change. The calculated d δ¹⁸O/dT on climatic scale is very close to the theoretical values on the condition of advection transport for Tuotuohe Station. However, there are great differences between the calculated and the theoretical values for Delingha and Xining stations.     

近42年雅鲁藏布江中游四季气温变化特征分析

利用 1957～ 1998年雅鲁藏布江中游拉萨、日喀则、泽当、江孜 4个站各月平均气温资料 ,通过线性趋势估计和多项式函数拟合分析了该流域春、夏、秋、冬 4季气温长期趋势变化和周期变化 ,并利用滑动T检验等方法讨论了气温突变的问题。结果表明 :在过去 4 2年里 ,雅鲁藏布江中游地区各季气温均有明显的上升趋势 ,其中冬春季增温显著 ,80年代初沿江四季气温除秋季外都出现了明显的增温突变     

VARIATION OF d δ~(18)O/dT IN PRECIPITATION IN THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU

Manyresearchesshowthatthedal8O/dTaredifferentinvariousrationsbecauseofthediversityofinfluentialfactors(Burgmanetal.,1987;DanSgaard,1964;Robert,1990;Siegenthaler,1979).Inmid--highlatitudes,becausethetemperature,themainfactorinfluencingthedegreeofa"O,hasdifferentvariationalfeaturesundervarioustimescales,d618O/dTaredifferentonthesameconditionstheoretically.Thedal8O/dTonthesynopticscalereflectstherelationbetweenS18Oandthetemperatureintheshort-termsynopticproce~soramongdifferentsynopticprocess…     

Wavelet analysis and nonparametric test for climate change in Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang during 1959–2006

Using wavelet analysis, regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test, this paper analyzed time-series (1959–2006) weather data from 23 meteorological stations in an attempt to characterize the climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Major findings are as follows: 1) In the 48-year study period, average annual temperature, annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity all presented nonlinear trends. 2) At the 16-year time scale, all three climate indices unanimously showed a rather flat before 1964 and a detectable pickup thereafter. At the 8-year time scale, an S-shaped nonlinear and uprising trend was revealed with slight fluctuations in the entire process for all three indices. Incidentally, they all showed similar pattern of a slight increase before 1980 and a noticeable up-swing afterwards. The 4-year time scale provided a highly fluctuating pattern of periodical oscillations and spiral increases. 3) Average annual relative humidity presented a negative correlation with average annual temperature and a positive correlation with annual precipitation at each time scale, which revealed a close dynamic relationship among them at the confidence level of 0.001. 4) The Mann-Kendall test at the 0.05 confidence level demonstrated that the climate warming trend, as represented by the rising average annual temperature, was remarkable, but the climate wetting trend, as indicated by the rising annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity, was not obvious.     

达州市气候变化的特征分析

基于达县测站1961-2007年的地面常规观测资料,主要采用小波分析,结合趋势分析、功率谱分析等方法分析了达州市47年来近地表气温、降水随时间的变化特征.结果表明,达州市近50年来冬季(年平均)地表气温变暖幅度约为0.9℃(0.4℃),增温速率接近0.18℃/10a(0.08℃/10a),低于全球的升温幅度.利用小波分析方法研究冬季气温的周期性发现,达州市的冬季气温存在着明显的8年和50年以上的特征时间尺度和周期性振荡.通过对降水的趋势分析发现,夏季降水的增加幅度比年均显著.小波分析方法结果显示达州市的夏季降水同样存在50年以上的特征时间尺度,但在小尺度上20世纪70年代末前后存在不同的变化特征.     

西北干旱区近50年气候变化特征与趋势

20世纪后期全球增暖趋势越来越明显,受全球增暖的影响,西北地区的气候也将受到不同程度的影响。选取了西北干旱区1951～2000年的21个代表站点气温、降水量资料,采用趋势系数法对西北干旱区近50年气温和降水变化进行分析,找出各分区的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10 a),1986年后气温明显升高;柴达木盆地和新疆北部升温较大;各季都有增温趋势,贡献最大的是秋冬两季。降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2 mm/10 a),年降水量贡献最大的是夏季;各区降水都有增加,其中新疆北部降水增加最多。西北干旱区近50年气温升高趋势是南北高,中间低;降水量增加趋势从东南向西北呈现递增的格局。     

The precipitation infiltration and runoff recharging experiment observation in the Taklimakan Desert

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中国气温与降水的时空变化趋势分析

如何对离散分布的气象台站观测数据进行高精度曲面模拟,为生态系统及服务功能时空变化趋势模拟及其综合评估提供高质量、高分辨率的空间气候数据,以满足栅格层次上的生态系统过程模型、生态系统格局模型及生态系统综合评估模型的参数需求,一直是存于生态学界的难点问题.在对全国1964一2007年的752个气象台站长期观测的气温和降水数...     

陕北地区1997-2006年NDVI变化与气候因子的关系

利用1997-2006年的AvHRR NOAA遥感资料,对陕西省陕北地区(榆林市、延安市和铜川市部分地区)地表植被指数的空间变化和时间变化进行了分析,并对相应时段的气候因子与植被指数之间的关系,以及气候因子对该地区植破的影响进行了分析.结果表明:近10a陕北大部地区平均植被有增加的趋势,但部分地区有减少的趋势.四季平均NDVI呈上升趋势,春季是陕北季平均NDVI上升趋势最为显著,上升速度最快的季节.降水量对地表植被的变化起重要的作用,特别是对农业用地植被和草地植被的影响;对于常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林植被,降水的年际变化对地表植被的影响较小;温度的变化对地表植被的变化影响显著.     

顾及语义尺度的时空对象属性特征动态表达

全空间地理信息系统的建设和智慧城市等GIS应用的发展,需对各类地理实体或地理现象抽象成的时空对象采集多类型的属性数据,这些属性数据一般具有多尺度、多维度、动态性的特点,带给时空对象属性特征的表达和管理一定的挑战。本文针对当前时空对象属性特征表达方法中存在的组织结构不清晰、存储冗余、语义异构等表达问题,提出了一套顾及语义尺度和动态特性的属性特征的表达和操作方法。该方法基于概念分类理论实现时空对象属性信息的分类组织,在属性特征表达中引入独立于时空对象空间特征的时间标记,结合属性表达的原始集族和更新集族来记录和管理不同时间节点下的时空对象属性特征;进而面向具有不同语义尺度表达需求的属性特征,设置知识参考表达集合,并在属性特征表达中增加语义尺度标识,对其语义尺度及不同语义尺度间的转换关系进行描述。最后,基于独立时间标记、知识参照表达集合及语义尺度标识,给出属性信息表达在时间尺度转换和语义尺度转化的操作方法,并举例给出了该属性特征动态表达和操作方法的一种实现。本文提出的方法有助于减少时空对象数据模型的存储冗余,提高其属性信息的操作效率,初步实现了时空对象属性特征的多时间尺度和多语义尺度的认知方式,为时空对象属性特征的精细化管理提供了新思路。     

近100年四川气温变化的多时间尺度分析

　Using the adaptivemultiresolution data filter,the multihierarchical structure and jump features of climate changes in Sichuanprovince during last 100 years are studied．The results show that（1）the air temperature variations in Sichuan basin can bedescribed as three hierarchiescold period before 1932,warm period from 1933～1965 and cold period after 1966．（2）The year 1949 is the jump point of cooling,and the temperature warming after1987 is unstable．     

Multiple Time-scale Characteristics of Runoff Variations in Middle Reaches of Huolin River and Their Effects

The Huolin River is one of the most important water sources for Xianghai wetland, Horqin wetland, and Chaganhu wetland in the western Songnen Plain of Northeast China. The annual runoff series of 46 years at Baiyun- hushuo Hydrologic Station, which is located in the middle reaches of the Huolin River, were analyzed by using wavelet analysis. Main objective was to discuss the periodic characteristics of the runoff, and examine the temporal patterns of the Huolin River recharging to the floodplain wetlands in the lower reaches of the river, and the corresponding effects of recharging variation on the environmental evolution of the wetlands. The results show that the annual runoff varied mainly at three time scales. The intensities of periodical signals at different time scales were strongly characterized by local distribution in its time frequency domain. The interdecadal variation at a scale of more than 30yr played a leading role in the temporal pattern of runoff variation, and at this scale, the runoff at Baiyunhushuo Hydrologic Station varied in turn of flood, draught and flood. Accordingly, the landscape of the floodplain wetlands presented periodic features, es- pecially prominent before the 1990s. Compared with intense human activities, the runoff periodic pattern at middle (10-20yr) and small (1-10yr) scales, which has relatively low energy, exerted unobvious effects on the environmental evolution of the floodplain wetlands, especially after the 1990s.