皮肤扩张术在面部皮肤病损修复中的应用

目的:总结应用皮肤扩张术修复面部皮肤病损的临床经验。方法:Ⅰ期手术选用50～400ml容量的扩张器埋植于面部病损邻近皮肤正常区域的皮下层,注水扩张1～4个月;Ⅱ期切除面部病损,运用扩张皮瓣修复皮肤缺损。结果:23例中,21例面部病损切除后利用扩张皮肤形成局部皮瓣一次完成修复,修复后的皮肤质地和色泽与受区接近,外形满意。一次修复缺损创面最大者约8cm×11cm。1例于Ⅰ期手术后53天扩张器外露,提前取出扩张器形成局部皮瓣加植皮修复,效果良好;1例为较大面积的面部扁平瘢痕,第一次扩张后仍残留1/4瘢痕,经二次扩张遂完全切除瘢痕并修复。结论:运用皮肤扩张术修复面部病损切除后的皮肤缺损是一种较为理想的修复方法,在某些特殊情况下,可能还需要辅助植皮或应用连续扩张法完成修复。     

应用扩张后皮瓣修复颏部瘢痕

目的探讨应用扩张后皮瓣修复颏部瘢痕的美容效果。方法单纯颏部瘢痕或伴小面积面部瘢痕者,采用颏部、颌底、面部皮肤扩张,扩张器置入时,不要超过颌颈角;否则,扩张器只是将颌颈角填平,不能充分有效扩张皮肤。对于面颊、颏、颈部瘢痕的修复,局部无可供扩张的正常皮肤时,则采用胸三角皮瓣预扩张,扩张充分后带蒂转移修复面部瘢痕,3周后断蒂修复颏、颈部瘢痕。结果26例应用局部及远位扩张后皮瓣修复颏部瘢痕,皮瓣成活良好,术后效果满意。结论应用扩张后的局部或远位皮瓣修复颏部瘢痕,是目前较好的治疗方法。     

瘢痕下组织扩张术

目的 探讨一种用皮肤软组织扩张法修复缺损的更为简便、有效的手段.方法 在瘢痕组织下埋置扩张器,容量80～500ml.1～2个月扩张期满后取出扩张器,切除瘢痕,通过推进皮瓣或旋转皮瓣等方法修复创面.结果 于临床应用203例,扩张均成功,瘢痕全部切除,手术后遗留瘢痕不明显,取得了满意效果.结论 瘢痕下埋置扩张器损伤小、安全性高、附加切口和延长切口少、手术设计更为灵活、皮瓣应用更加合理,适合大多数瘢痕的修复.     

应用超量扩张术修复大面积面颈部瘢痕

目的：探讨延长扩张时间、增大扩张量的皮肤软组织扩张术的临床效果。方法：应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复面颈部瘢痕切除后创面25例,手术分两期进行,Ⅰ期手术：在需要修复的瘢痕组织临近的正常皮肤上设计埋置扩张器的大小、形状及埋置方式,扩张器容量为100～400ml,扩张时间为3～6个月,扩张量为额定容量的2～5倍;Ⅱ期手术：取出扩张器,切除瘢痕,利用扩张皮瓣转移修复创面。结果：全部病例均获得满意效果,随访3个月至10年,皮瓣平整,外观色泽、质地均佳。结论：延长扩张时间,增加扩张量可以产生更多的额外皮肤,修复大面积面颈部瘢痕效果良好。     

超量扩张颈部皮肤修复半侧颜面中下部瘢痕

目的探讨用超量扩张的颈部皮肤一次性修复半侧颜面中下部瘢痕的效果。方法对50例半侧颜面中下部瘢痕患者的颈部埋置单个100ml或150ml容量扩张器进行超量扩张,超量为其额定容量的4～5倍,用以修复面部瘢痕,观察皮瓣存活情况及远期随访效果。结果50例扩张后皮瓣均成功修复面部瘢痕。随访3～12个月,皮瓣颜色、质地均与周围匹配,无明显皮瓣回缩,扩张皮瓣修复区表情活动正常。结论在颈部埋置扩张器,行4～5倍超量的扩张,可获得大面积的皮瓣,足以修复颜面部大面积瘢痕切除后的创面。     

应用多个扩张器修复面颈部瘢痕

目的 应用皮肤扩张术修复面颈部瘢痕。方法 １９９１年月～１９９５年１月应用多个扩张器置入面颈部正常皮肤下，扩张后修复面颈部瘢痕切除后创面１６例。采用的扩张器大小及数量根据瘢痕所在部位不同有所差别，修复面颈部１ｃｍ＾２创面需要扩张器容量５～６ｍｌ，同时切口线的设计应尽量在隐蔽处且顺皮纹，如息唇钩、下颌缘。面、颈部皮瓣的设计不同，面部多采用直接推进皮瓣修复，颈部多采用异位皮瓣修复。转移后皮瓣最好有一定     

应用扩张术治疗面部扁平瘢痕

目的:探讨应用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗面部扁平瘢痕的实用价值。方法:选用50-100mL容量的扩张器植入瘢痕旁的皮下,注射壶外置,扩张3周-1个月。Ⅱ期手术取出扩张器,修去包膜,将皮瓣用直接推进或旋转方式修复切除瘢痕之创面。创面范围最大5cm×6cm,最小3cm×4cm。结果:临床应用22例,扩张术均成功,瘢痕均全部切除并修复。术后瘢痕不明显19例,遗留线状瘢痕3例,疗效较满意。结论:扩张术用于面部非功能障碍性瘢痕可以获得肯定疗效,美容效果较好。     

软组织扩张术治疗大面积头面部瘢痕

目的 探讨大面积头面部瘢痕的治疗方法.方法 头部采用1～3个扩张器行头部皮肤软组织扩张术.面部瘢痕均采用胸三角皮瓣预扩张后带蒂转移修复.结果 2003年至2007年,于临床应用12例,头胸部皮肤扩张充分.其中胸三角皮瓣预扩张的2例患者.扩张器自切口处外露,但未影响手术效果;3例因扩张过程中,注水过多,致妊娠纹形成.皮瓣转移后均无血运障碍成活良好,供区直接拉拢缝合,效果满意.结论 皮肤软组织扩张术是治疗大面积头面部瘢痕的较好方法.     

扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复面颈部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的：探讨应用扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复面颈部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损的效果。方法：自2006年以来,对我科收治的20例患者,其中17例面部瘢痕、2例颈部瘢痕和1例面部黑毛痣,在胸三角区置入300～400ml柱形扩张器,经3～5个月注水,注水后容量为500～1000ml获得足够的皮肤后,切除面颈部瘢痕,创面应用扩张后胸三角皮瓣转移修复,1月后断蒂,利用蒂部皮瓣修复剩余瘢痕切除后的创面。结果：共置入22个扩张器,除1例扩张器外露,1例出现感染终止扩张,18例（20个）扩张器顺利扩张。皮瓣转移后2例皮瓣远端发生少量坏死,经换药或植皮后创面愈合,其余16例（18个扩张器）转移的皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽厚度质地接近正常部位,患者和家属均满意,取得了很好的修复效果。结论：对于面颈部瘢痕或体表病变手术后的较大面积皮肤软组织缺损,应用扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复是一种很好的方法。     

游离皮瓣联合预构扩张皮瓣修复面颈部瘢痕

目的:探讨游离皮瓣联合预构扩张皮瓣修复面颈部大面积瘢痕的疗效。方法:2017年6月-2019年6月,应用游离皮瓣联合预构扩张皮瓣修复6例烧伤后患者的面颈部瘢痕。一期设计游离皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕的同时于前躯正常皮肤处设计预构扩张皮瓣,取长约10～14cm的旋股外侧动脉降支血管蒂作为预置血管,将扩张器及预置血管一同置入预扩张的皮瓣内。待扩张器扩张满意后,行二期手术,修复面部瘢痕。结果:分区(面部为一区,颈部为另一区)分次(一期修复颈部瘢痕及置入扩张器,待扩张器扩张满意后二期修复面部瘢痕)修复面颈部大面积瘢痕,两个皮瓣融合良好,未发生术后并发症。随访3～12个月,面部术区与周围皮肤色泽质地及厚薄均相近,张口及表情功能良好,下颌弧度接近正常,颈部活动得到明显改善,两处供瓣区仅留两条线性瘢痕。结论:游离皮瓣联合预构扩张皮瓣是修复面颈部大面积瘢痕较好的方法,供区损伤小,患者满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.