肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染与急性排斥反应

目的：探讨肾移植术后活动性巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染的发生率、原因以及急性排斥反应的影响。方法：检测182例肾移植受者及其供者术前血清抗CMV抗体,受者术后定期PCR法检测体内CMV DNA,对CMV DNA阳性的部分患者给予抗CMV治疗,并比较各组排斥反应的发生率。结果：无论是供者还是受者,术前如血清抗CMV抗体阳性,受者术后发生活动CMV感染者明显增多,且急性排斥反应的发生率亦明显增加;接受抗病毒治疗急性排斥反应明显减少。结论：CMV感染是肾移植术后急性排斥反应的原因之一,预防和治疗CMV感染对肾移植术后急性排斥反应的防治具有重要意义。     

肾移植术后排斥反应与巨细胞病毒感染有关

目的 :探讨巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染在肾移植术后的发生率及CMV感染与排斥反应的关系。方法 :检测2 0 8例肾移植受者术后CMVDNA和 48例肾移植受者血清CMVIgM、IgG抗体。并定期复查CMVDNA ,对CMVDNA阳性的患者给予抗病毒治疗。结果 :术后CMVDNA阳性受者急性排斥反应的发生率增加 ,经抗CMV治疗 ,则排斥反应减少。结论 :预防和治疗CMV感染的重要性     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒检测的临床意义

目的　探讨肾移植术后检测巨细胞病毒感染的意义。方法　利用酶联免疫吸附法 (Enzymelinkedimmunosor bentassay ,ELISA)以及聚合酶链反应 (Polymerasechainreaction ,PCR)检测肾移植术后受者血清中的抗 CMV抗体及CMV DNA。结果　检测了 72例肾移植术后的受者抗 CMV抗体及CMV DNA ,抗 CMV抗体及CMV DNA阳性率均明显高于术前(P <0 0 1) ,其中 2 5 %的CMV感染者发展为CMV病。移植术后CMV DNA阳性者发生急性排斥反应的几率明显高于CMV DNA阴性者。结论　检测肾移植受者血清中的抗 CMV抗体及CMV DNA可以协助诊断肾移植受者是否感染CMV以及引起的CMV病 ,对临床治疗肾移植术后CMV病有着重要的意义     

用多聚酶链反应检测病毒DNA诊断肾移植受者术后人巨细胞病毒活性感染

肾移植患者术后发生人类巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染十分常见，作者应用多聚酶链反应（PCR）技术，直接通过肾移植受者外周血白细胞检测CMVDNA，诊断其活性感染。结果：术前所有受者及其供者DNA检测均为阴性，术后35例受者共检出4例阳性，感染率11.43％。另有3例患者亦出现类似病毒感染的症状，DNA检测为阴性，后经检查确诊为结核和霉菌感染。2例术后1年多出现发热的受者经DNA检测，排除CMV感染，确诊为慢性排斥反应和霉菌感染。结果表明，PCR作为移植受者术后HCMV活性感染的诊断手术，简单快速，准确性高，成本低，并可用于鉴别其…     

肾移植受者活动性CMV感染的发生状况

目的明确肾移植患者术前CMV感染的发生率和术后活动性CMV感染的发生规律.方法检测27例健康成人、以及我院2002年3月至2003年6月138例尿毒症患者肾移植前血清抗CMV抗体(抗CMV-IgG、CMV-IgM);观察肾移植后CMV-pp65抗原血症的动态变化.结果27例健康成人血清抗CMV-IgM均为阴性、抗CMV-IgG的阳性率为70.4%、外周血CMV-pp65( )白细胞数为0～4个/5×10 4 WBC;尿毒症患者术前CMV-IgG、CMV-IgM阳性率分别为93.5%、7.1%,肾移植后外周血CMV-pp65( )白细胞数为0～2 280个/5×10 4 WBC(其中＞5者占87.0%)、其高峰期在术后第6～8周.结论肾移植受者术前CMV感染发生率明显高于健康人群,且至少有7.1%存在着活动性CMV感染;肾移植患者术后6个月内,活动性CMV感染发生率高达86.96%;术后第6～8周是活动性CMV感染最严重的时期.     

肾移植患者活动性巨细胞病毒感染临床研究

目的明确肾移植患者术前巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的发生率和术后活动性CMV感染的发生规律。方法检测55例健康成人以及我院2002年3月~2005年8月期间377例尿毒症患者肾移植前血清抗CMV抗体(抗CMV-IgG、CMV-IgM);观察肾移植后CMV-pp65抗原血症的动态变化。结果55例健康成人抗CMV-IgG的阳性率为69.1%、血清抗CMV-IgM均为阴性、外周血CMV-pp65( )白细胞数为0~4个/5×104WBC;尿毒症患者术前CMV-IgG、CMV-IgM阳性率分别为94.2%、6.9%,肾移植术后6个月内,患者外周血CMV-pp65( )白细胞数为0~3 142个/5×104WBC(其中>5例占86.7%),其高峰期在术后第6~8周。结论肾移植受者术前CMV感染发生率明显高于健康人群,且约有6.9%存在着活动性CMV感染;肾移植患者术后6个月内,活动性CMV感染发生率高达86.7%;术后第6~8周是活动性CMV感染最严重的时期。     

术前巨细胞病毒感染对肾移植的影响

目的探讨术前巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus infection,CMV)感染对肾移植术后急性排斥反应(acute rejection,AR)的影响及术前预防性抗病毒治疗的意义.方法回顾性分析了116例肾移植受体的术前CMV感染和预防性抗病毒治疗情况,根据术前有无CMV感染分为感染组和非感染组,将CMV感染组肾移植受体根据有无预防性抗病毒治疗分为治疗组和非治疗组.同时检测35例正常健康者CMV结果.采用检测CMV-PP65抗原诊断CMV感染.结果术前CMV感染率肾移植受体为63.8%(74/116)高于正常健康者14.3%(5/35).术后发生CMV感染或CMV病非治疗组为5例(15.6%)高于治疗组1例(2.4%).发生急性排斥反应的术前CMV感染组为14例(18.9%)高于非感染组2例(4.8%).术后发生AR治疗组为4例(9.5%)低于非治疗组10例(31.3%).结论肾移植受体术前CMV感染发生率高于正常健康人群.预防性抗病毒治疗可以降低术后CMV感染或CMV病的发生率.术前CMV感染的肾移植受体术后AR发生率高于非感染者.对术前CMV感染患者采取预防性抗病毒治疗可以降低术后AR的发生率.     

PRA配型技术在致敏受者肾移植术中的应用研究

目的 探讨群体反应性抗体(PRA)配型技术在致敏受者肾移植中的临床效果.方法 应用抗原板(LAT),采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肾移植受者术前的PRA;采用PRA配型技术进行术前配型.结果 12例致敏受者组采用PRA配型技术,肾移植术后肾功能恢复正常,无1例发生超急性排斥反应,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为25%;同期43例非致敏受者组,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为18.6%,虽较致敏受者组低,但两组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 PRA配型技术对减少致敏受者肾移植排斥反应,提高移植物存活率具有重要意义.     

肾移植术后感染巨细胞病毒性肺炎的多因素分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后感染巨细胞病毒性(CMV)肺炎的多种高危因素,提出早期预防措施.方法 回顾2005年1月～2007年12月间曾在我院接受同种异体肾脏移植术并因发生CMV肺炎而再次入院患者28例,采用卡方检验及多元logistie回归分析方法分别对影响CMV肺炎的一些凶素进行逐步分析.结果 与CMV肺炎感染密切相关的独立因素包括:受者年龄、急性排斥反应、术前透析时间、移植肾功能延迟恢复、受者PRA水平、供体CMV血清学、麦考酚酸酯的应用;logistic回归分析认为供体CMV血清学IgG(+)、术后急性排斥反应及术前长期血透时间为高危因素.结论 肾移植术后为减少巨细胞病毒性肺炎的发生发展,抑制早期急性排斥反应非常重要,同时尽量选择血清学阴性供体,缩短肾移植术前血透时间也能减少其发病率.     

同种异体肾移植前活动性CMV感染及其影响

目的:明确肾移植患者术前活动性巨细胞病毒(Cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染的发生状况及其对术后CMV的影响.方法:2006年6月～2008年11月期间,使用荧光素标记的抗CMV-pp65单克隆抗体,检测156例肾移植患者术前外周血CMV-pp65抗原血症;肾移植后每2～4周检测1次CMV-pp65抗原血症,共为期6个月;分析术前CMV-pp65抗原血症状况对术后患者CMV-pp65抗原血症强度和CMV病发生率的影响;另于同期内检测32例健康成人CMV-pp65抗原血症作相关对照.结果:32例健康成人CMV-pp65抗原血症均为(-);肾移植前有12.2%(19/156)的尿毒症患者CMV-pp65抗原血症为(+);这类患者肾移植后发生高活动性CMV感染(即CMV-pp65抗原血症指数>100)和CMV病的发生率均明显高于移植前CMV-pp65抗原血症为(-)的患者.结论:肾移植前活动性CMV感染高达12.2%;术前活动性CMV感染是导致肾移植后发生高活动性CMV感染和CMV病的重要原因.     

Clinical application of real time-polymerase chain reaction in determining cytomegalovirus viral DNA load in renal transplant recipients

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant clinical problem among immunosuppressed renal transplant patients.Quantitative PCR assays have become the most common methods in the determination of CMV infections in transplant patients.This study was to determine the relationship between CMV infection and the acute rejection of the transplanted kidney.Methods Plasma samples from 77 renal transplant patients that were pre-transplant negative for CMV infection were tested using real-time quantitative PCR and CMV gene-specific primers.The detected viral loads were retrospectively compared with the acute rejection rate and the chronic or mild rejection rates of the renal transplant.Results CMV-DNA was detected in 29 of 77 recipients,yielding a positive rate of detection of 37.7％ for this procedure.Twelve of the 21 recipients (57.1％) who suffered acute rejection had positive CMV-DNA.Among the 56 recipients suffered from chronic or mild rejection,17 (30.4％) had positive CMV-DNA plasma.Moreover,of the 29 recipients who had detectable CMV-DNA after transplant,12 (41.4％) suffered from acute rejection; of the 48 recipients with undetectable CMV-DNA,only nine (18.8％) developed acute rejection.Post-transplant patients with acute rejection had a higher rate (57.1％ vs.30.4％,P=0.03) of post-transplant CMV infection than those with chronic or mild rejection.Conclusion CMV infection is a risk factor of acute renal transplant rejection and CMV infection should be prevented and treated in renal transplant recipients.Chin Med J 2012; 125(19):3575-3577     

透析方式对肾移植术后的影响

目的　探讨不同透析方式对肾移植术的影响。方法　透析时间大于 3个月的肾移植患者 5 16例 ,按照透析方式分为两组 ,血液透析 (HD)组 (n =394 )与腹膜透析 (PD)组 (n =12 2 ) ;记录两组患者肾移植术后 1年内并发症发生情况。结果　HD组与PD组患者肾移植术后超急性排斥的发生率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;两组患者急性排斥的发生率分别为 13 5 8%和 2 3 97% (P =0 0 0 5 ) ,细菌感染的发生率分别为 8 4 6 %和 15 7% (P <0 0 5 ) ,活动CMV感染的发生率分别为 2 5 13%和 16 5 3% (P <0 0 5 ) ,CMV肺炎的发生率分别为 7 4 4 %和 2 4 8% ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。HD组患者因超急性排斥切除移植肾 4例 ,急性排斥反应切除移植肾 3例 ,严重感染切除移植肾 1例 ,因败血症死亡 1例 ,因CMV肺炎呼吸衰竭死亡 4例 ,因心力衰竭死亡 2例 ;PD组患者因超急性排斥及急性排斥反应切除移植肾各 1例 ;因化脓性腹膜炎及真菌性败血症死亡各 1例 ;其余患者经治疗预后良好。结论　PD患者的免疫活性高于HD患者 ,并更易发生感染 ,在肾移植术围手术期应注意透析方式造成的影响。     

同种异体肾移植患者B型钠尿肽水平的临床观察

目的：探讨同种异体肾移植患者和发生急性排斥反应时血浆B型钠尿肽（BNP）水平及其临床意义。方法：采用免疫夹心化学发光法检测17例首次肾移植患者术前1d、术后第1天、第2天、第3天、1周、2周和3个月血BNP浓度。17例健康体检者作对照。结果：肾移植患者术前1d血BNP浓度显著高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）。肾移植术后血BNP浓度呈下降趋势（χ^2=14．25，P=0．027）。13例没有发生急性排斥反应的患者血BNP浓度术后1周和3个月与肾移植术前比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；4例发生急性排斥反应患者，发生急性排斥反应当天的血BNP浓度显著增高，加强抗排斥治疗后很快下降。结论：肾移植成功后可以降低血BNP水平，但发生急性排斥反应时血BNP浓度显著增高。因此，血BNP浓度可作为早期诊断移植肾急性排斥反应发生的敏感指标。     

Monitoring immune function after rapid corticosteroid reduction in kidney transplant recipients

Background  Long-term use of steroid with large dosage might cause many adverse effects in kidney transplant patients; reducing steroid dosage to a low level for maintenance is helpful in avoiding the side-effects, but meanwhile, acute rejection may rise to be a main concern. The present research monitored the immune function changes and the incidence of acute rejection and infection after rapid steroid reduction to investigate the safety of this strategy.

Methods  A prospective trial was conducted, using tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil as the basic immunosuppressive regimen, in addition to antibody induction with basiliximab. Corticosteroid dosage was rapidly reduced to 10 mg/d seven days post-transplantation in the experimental group, and the standard corticosteroid therapy was employed in the control group. Patient immunity was monitored by the Immune Cell Function Assay pre- and two weeks post-transplantation. The incidence of acute rejection and infection were compared between the experimental and control group.

Results  Comparison of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP) values detected two weeks post-transplantation for the control group ((324±45) ng/ml) and the experimental group ((345±91) ng/ml) did not reveal a significant difference (P >0.05). The incidence of acute rejection was analogous between groups (P >0.05), while an increased incidence of infection was observed in the control group (53% (n=16)) versus the experimental group (22% (n=6), P <0.05). Overall, recipients in the control group had longer and more recurrent infections than those in the experimental group (P <0.05). Patients in the control group had a lower immune response ((235±35) ng/ml) than those in the experimental group ((286±16) ng/ml) when infection occurred (P <0.05).

Conclusion  Rapid reduction of steroid early after kidney transplantation does not lead to a significant rise in patient immunity. It is a safe and effective therapy for kidney transplant patients.

     

CMV-PP65抗原检测在预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的临床价值

目的 探讨巨细胞病毒PP65抗原（CMV-PP65）检测在预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染的临床价值.方法 采用间接免疫荧光法和酶联免疫捕获法检测52例肾移植受者术后CMV-PP65抗原和CMV-IgM抗体.结果 52例肾移植受者中CMV-PP65抗原检测阳性25例,CMV-IgM抗体检测阳性17例,随访3~6个月,共15例发生CMV病,CMV-PP65抗原检测均阳性,CMV-PP65抗原检测的敏感度及阴性预测值均高于CMV-IgM抗体检测;25例患者CMV-PP65抗原检测术后首次出现阳性的平均时间为4.2±3.3周,17例患者CMV-IgM抗体检测术后首次出现阳性的平均时间为8.7±5.8周,两者比较有显著差异性（P〈0.05）.结论 CMV-PP65抗原检测可早期排除和预防肾移植术后CMV感染,值得临床推广应用.     

Reinfection of cytomegalovirus in renal transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important pathogen affecting the outcome of renal transplantation. Reinfection of CMV can occur in CMV-seropositive donors and CMV seropositive recipients (D+/R+) settings because the protection against CMV conferred by preexisting immunity is limited due to its strain-dependent immune responses. To analyze the influence of CMV reinfection in renal transplantation, ELISA using fusion proteins encompassing epitope of glycoprotein H(gH) from both AD169 and Towne strains was employed before transplantation. The CMV-gH seropositive rate increased with increases in age and the rate of samples which contained antibodies against both AD169 and Towne were significantly high in the age of 50 years or over. Antibodies from HLA-DR10 and DR11 were associated with a significantly lower response rate against CMV-gH. In renal transplantation, the high degrees of antigenemia and high incidences of CMV disease are more prevalent in the CMV gH antibody-mismatched group in D+/R+ setting. The nucleotide sequence of the region of the gH epitope in the CMV-DNA extracted from the transplant recipients who showed high degree of antigenemia revealed the CMV reinfection from the donors. As a CMV indirect effect, the incidence of acute rejection in the mismatched gH antibody group was higher than that observed in the matched and D+/R- groups. The adverse events were more likely to occur in cases of D+/R+ renal transplantation with mismatched strain-specific antibodies which would indicates the risk of CMV reinfection after transplantation.     

舒莱预防肾脏移植物急性排斥反应的随机对照试验研究

目的：探讨白细胞介素2受体单克隆抗体——舒莱（Simulect）对移植肾急性排斥反应的预防作用以及用药的安全性与药物的毒副作用。方法：将我器官移植移植中心1999年3月～2002年10月共46例肾移植受者为研究对象，随机分成舒莱组（23例）和对照组（23例），两组肾移植术后均接受以Neoral为基础的三联免疫抑制剂。舒莱组术前2h和术后4d各给予舒莱20mg静脉滴注。观察急性排斥反应、Neoral、皮质激素和硫唑嘌呤用量及药物的毒副作用。实验室检测血CsA浓度和肝肾功能。结果：研究结果表明，舒莱组无1例发生急性排斥反应，对照组术后8周内发生3例4次急性排斥反应。两组均未发生明显的毒副作用。两组间Neoral用量及血CsA浓度无明显差异。对照组因发生急性排斥反应，8周内皮质激素用药量总量大于舒莱组。结论：舒莱对移植肾急性排斥反应具有明显的预防作用，且用药方法简便，疗程短，无明显的毒副作用。     

Clinical observation of the effect of tacrolimus（Prograf）against renal allograft rejection in 294 cases

Abstaract Objective:To study the effect of tacrolimus (Prograf ,FK506) in preventingrenal allograft reject-tion.Methods:The curative effect, therapy index,toxicity and side effects of FK506 were observed in 294 renal transplant recipients among whom 268 received FK506 24h after the operation and the other 26 with cyclosporine(CsA) developed actue rejection after transplantation and wee given FK506 to replace methyl-prednisolone(MP) when the latter did not result.All the patients were given oral mycophenolate mofetil (MMF,1.0g/d)and meticorten(Pred,30mg/d)24h later after operation.Results:In the 268 recipients previously mentioned,the incidence of acute rejection wsas 10.45%,blycometabolism disorder 9.33% ,ner-vous system disturbance 1.59%,liver function abnormality 2.99%,nephrotoxicity 1.87%,gastrointestinal disorder 17.5%,cytomegalovirus(CMV) viremia 2.99%,and non-CMV pulmonary infection 1.59%(4/268) ,with 1 fatal case for cerebral hemorrhage with normal allograft function and another 2 non-fatal cases in which function loss resulted in removal of the allografts.The blood trough concentrations of FK506 were between 5 and 20μg/L.In thd 26 cases of steroid-resistant rejection,23(88.46%,23/26)were re-versed and the rest 3 required plasma exchange and application of OKT3 before recovery.Conclusion:As a safe and effective immunosuppressant,FK506 can reduce the incidence of allograft rejection in kidney trans-plant recipients with little side effects or toxicity, which is particularly applicable in patients with steroid-re-sistant rejection or CsA nephrotoxicity.Attention should to be paid to glycometabolism disorder due to FK506,however ,the long-term effects of FK506 need further investigation.