Aflatoxins in sunflower and safflower seeds from Iran

Aflatoxin content of 173 sunflower and safflower seeds was determined by HPLC with immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and fluorometric detection. Aflatoxin B₁ contamination was found in 111 samples: in 8 of the sunflower seed samples (16%) at a mean level of 40.68?ng?g^?1 and in 103 safflower seed samples (83.7%) at a mean level of 2.81?±?0.44?ng?g^?1. In 5 sunflower seed samples and 1 safflower seed sample, aflatoxin B₁ levels were higher than the maximum levels of AFB₁ under Iran regulations (5?ng?g^?1). Aflatoxin B₁ levels in 5 sunflower and 2 safflower seed samples were higher than the European Union maximum limit (2?ng?g^?1).     

Aflatoxins and heavy metals in animal feed in Iran

The occurrence of aflatoxin (aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂)) and heavy metal (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) contamination was determined in 40 industrially produced animal feed samples which were collected from the southwest of Iran. The results indicated that 75% of samples were contaminated by four aflatoxins and the level of AFB₁ and sum of aflatoxins were higher than the permissible maximum levels in Iran (5 and 20 µg kg^?1, respectively) in all feed samples. A positive correlation was found between four types of aflatoxins in all the tested samples (p < 0.01) and the positive correlation between AFG₁ and AFG₂ was significant (r² = 0.708). All feed samples had lead concentrations lower than the maximum EU limit, while 5%, 17% and 42.5% of feed samples had As, Cd and Hg concentrations higher than the maximum limits, respectively.     

Aflatoxins in animal feed in Iran

One hundred and forty-six samples of animal feed (barley, n = 60; wheat bran, n = 22; wheat dry pulp, n = 29; and canola meal, n = 35) were collected in 2011 from Mashhad (Khorasan, Iran). Aflatoxins (AFs) were determined in these samples after immunoaffinity column clean-up by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination was found in 28 samples: in five of the barley samples (8.3%) at a mean level of 0.48 µg·kg^?1, in two wheat bran samples (9.0%) at a mean level of 0.88 µg·kg^?1, in 10 wheat dry pulp samples (34.5%) at a mean level of 0.30 µg·kg^?1 and in 11 canola meal samples (31.4%) at a mean level of 0.92 µg·kg^?1. AFB₁ levels were below the maximum levels of Iran regulations (5 µg·kg^?1) and the EU maximum limit (5 µg·kg^?1).     

高效液相色谱法测定速溶滇红茶制品中茶黄素含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定速溶滇红茶制品中茶黄素含量。方法 样品提取后, 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱分离, 以0.1%甲酸乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 流速为1 mL/min, 柱温30℃, 检测波长为280 nm, 外标法定量。结果 4种茶黄素单体在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.9995, 检出限和定量限分别为1.1~1.6 μg/g和3.7~5.5 μg/g, 加标回收率为95.08%~104.50%, 相对标准偏差均小于2.01%。结论 本检测方法具有较好的重复性、精密度及稳定性, 适用于检测速溶滇红茶制品中茶黄素的含量。     

我国红茶产业现状及可持续发展对策

为探明祁门红茶、GABA红茶、滇红等三种红茶特征挥发性成分差异,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）方法,结合多元统计分析进行研究。气-质联用结果表明,共定性鉴定出78种已知挥发性成分,包括碳氢化合物、萜烯类、醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、杂环化合物、酚类。三种红茶总挥发性物质种类数量相近,但其含量差异较大,其共有挥发性成分主要包括芳樟醇、香叶醇、壬醛、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇等。多元统计分析结果表明,根据挥发性成分可以区分GABA红茶、滇红、祁门红茶。经偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出12种差异挥发性成分,包括醋酸橙花酯、水杨酸甲酯、异龙脑、芳樟醇、柠檬醛等,其中醋酸橙花酯、柠檬醛在祁门红茶中含量最高,有助于形成祁门红茶的花果香型;异龙脑、芳樟醇在滇红中含量最高;芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯在GABA红茶中含量较高,有利于形成GABA红茶鲜嫩花果香。本研究结果可为科学客观地评价GABA红茶香气特征,阐明祁门红茶、GABA红茶、滇红香气品质差异及构建不同种类红茶风味品质鉴别图谱奠定理论基础。     

斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶主要香气成分比较分析

目的 比较分析斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶香气成分及含量的差异性,探明区分两地红碎茶差异的主要香气成分。方法 采用GC-MS法测定斯里兰卡红碎茶及滇红碎茶样品的香气成分,通过主成分分析法比较斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶香气成分特征差异性,根据第一主成分贡献值大小,筛选出决定区分两地红碎茶差异的主要香气成分。结果 两地红碎茶样品共分析到香气化合物40种,以醛类、酮类、酯类、醇类为主,香气成分及含量相近,但略有差异。其中反-2-己烯醛、苯乙醇、香叶醇、壬醛香气成分滇红碎茶明显高于斯里兰卡红碎茶（高出80%以上）,分别高出110.00%、108.73%、93.64%、84.91%,二氢猕猴桃内酯、吲哚香气成分滇红碎茶明显低于斯里兰卡红碎茶（50%以上）,分别低至56.19%、52.38%。其中烯类香气成分滇红碎茶比斯里兰卡红碎茶高出最为明显,高出53.53%,吲哚类香气成分滇红碎茶比斯里兰卡红碎茶低出最为明显,低出52.48%。两类红碎茶中,水杨酸甲酯占比最高,在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达26.60%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达29.79%。斯里兰卡红碎茶和滇红碎茶中,酯类和醇类含量最高,酯类在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达34.38%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达35.69%,醇类在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达32.48%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达34.84%。各香气成分中二氢猕猴桃内酯（C15）、反-戊酸-2-己烯酯（C29）最能代表斯里兰卡红碎茶香气特征,a-萜品醇（C30）、橙花醇（C40）最能代表滇红碎茶香气成分特征。结论 对香气成分进行分析,可明显区分斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶特征。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in tea prepared from naturally contaminated powdered ginger

The migration of several major mycotoxins, aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂, G₁, and G₂ (AFT, total of the aflatoxins) and ochratoxin A (OTA), from naturally contaminated powdered ginger to surrounding liquid (tea) was investigated. The toxins are commonly found in cereal grains and are toxic, carcinogenic and thermostable. Ginger root is widely used for digestive problems. Powdered ginger (2 g) found to contain AFT and OTA was placed in an empty heat sealable tea bag. The tea bag was heat-sealed and used to prepare tea under different conditions: temperature (50 and 100°C), time (5 and 10 min) and volume (100 and 200 ml). The tea bag was placed in hot water and stirred every 1 min for 5 s during the first 5 min of steeping. After steeping, the tea bag was removed and the tea and ginger residue (in the tea bag) were analysed separately for AFT and OTA. After extraction and immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up, the isolated AFT and OTA were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and quantified using a fluorescence detector. At 100°C, approximately 30–40% of AFB₁ and AFT and 20–30% of OTA in the contaminated ginger were found in the ginger tea; the total amounts of AFT and OTA in tea varied less than 5% under the three conditions of preparation. At 50°C, about 10% of OTA and AFT were found in tea. This is the first study on the migration of AFT from botanicals to tea. It is also the first to study the distribution of AFT and OTA from powdered ginger to tea and ginger residue.     

红茶发酵技术研究现状分析

发酵是红茶品质形成的关键工序,文中阐述了红茶发酵过程中的化学基础,系统分析了发酵的主要技术因子和发酵过程中新技术的应用,重点论述了发酵程度检测技术,并提出了其应用前景。      

黑大豆茶的研制

以黑大豆为原料,经浸泡、分选、发芽、烘烤等工艺生产了一种具有独特风味和较高营养的豆茶,为黑大豆资源的开发利用开辟了一条新途径。     

原味红茶饮料的研制

以茶叶为主要原料开发原味红茶饮料,着重对茶叶的原料筛选、茶饮料的稳定性及配方进行了研究,通过正交试验及对茶饮料的外观进行感官检验,选定了茶叶的最佳浸提参数,并确定了茶饮料合理的配方和工艺条件。     

普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶中20种挥发性组分对比研究

目的比较分析普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶的挥发性组分。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶的挥发性组分,气相色谱-质谱仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC/MS)测定,结合组分香气阈值和气味活度值讨论各组分在茶叶呈香中的贡献。结果 20种挥发性组分中,红茶中呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、α-松油醇、香叶醇和棕榈酸甲酯的含量为熟茶的4～72倍,而熟茶中1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯、顺式茉莉酮和二氢猕猴桃内酯的含量为红茶的16～610倍。呋喃型氧化芳樟醇两种异构体含量在红茶和熟茶中优势构型表现出一致性,而橙花叔醇2种异构体含量在红茶和熟茶中优势构型表现出不一致性。结论从20种挥发性组分在熟茶和红茶中的气味活度值角度对比,苯甲醛、呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、β-环柠檬醛、1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯、α-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮和棕榈酸甲酯9个挥发性组分在红茶和熟茶呈香均有实际的贡献,其中呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇和棕榈酸甲酯在红茶中呈香贡献远高于熟茶,而1,2,3-三甲氧基苯,1,2,4-三甲氧基苯在熟茶中的呈香贡献远高于红茶。     

夏秋红茶的再加工与冷泡茶制备研究

目的 探索利用夏秋红茶再加工制作冷泡茶的可行性和最佳工艺条件。方法 利用纤维素酶处理夏秋红茶,通过单因素实验和正交实验筛选最佳酶解条件,测定处理前后红茶中主要化学成分和挥发性风味物质变化,并对其冷泡性能进行评价。结果 优化获得了夏秋红茶再加工的工艺条件为:纤维素酶添加量为1.2 kU/g,料液比为5:8(g:mL),处理时间为24h,处理温度为25℃。纤维素酶加工后茶叶中的主要滋味物质和风味物质含量以及冷泡性能等品质指标均有所提高。冷泡茶汤中的可溶性总糖含量由4.33%升高至9.35%,水浸出物含量由26.64%升高至35.73%。在挥发性风味物质方面,加工后茶叶中苯甲醇(芳香、果香)、苯乙醇(玫瑰花香、蜜香)和水杨酸甲酯(清香、花香)等特征香气物质的相对含量升高。冷泡性能方面,加工后的红茶水浸出物冷泡溶出大幅增加和可溶性总糖则可完全冷泡溶出,产品适于冷泡饮用。结论 本研究通过纤维素酶再加工提升夏秋红茶品质,制备冷泡茶,不仅能实现夏秋茶资源的充分利用,也为冷泡茶的生产提供了稳定的原料供应。     

黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制作用

为探讨黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制作用,选择不同地区相同级别的黑茶为原料,提取茶褐素与茶多糖,采用对硝基苯酚法,分析茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶活性的抑制率,并探讨各黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制机理。结果表明:黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶具有显著的抑制作用,普洱茶茶褐素与茶多糖IC50最小,分别为25.96,47.57mg/mL,抑制效果最好;其次为六堡茶;抑制效果最差的为茯砖茶褐素与茶多糖;康砖茶褐素与茶多糖抑制效果介于六堡茶与茯砖茶之间。各黑茶茶褐素的抑制类型均为可逆竞争性与非竞争性混合型,其中六堡茶接近于竞争性抑制类型;普洱茶、六堡茶与康砖茶多糖的抑制类型为可逆竞争性与非竞争性混合型,茯砖茶多糖抑制类型为可逆竞争性抑制。     

云南红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化

为提高云南红茶品质和指导实际生产,采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取香气物质并用GC-MS检测香气成分,研究加工过程中云南工夫红茶主要香气成分组成的变化规律。结果表明:云南工夫红茶在发酵结束后挥发油含量达到最高,经过干燥过程后挥发油含量则大幅降低;不同阶段过程样的香气成分组成和含量上有明显差异;红茶在加工过程中,挥发性香气成分中的萜类化合物中的芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、α-松油醇的相对含量大幅减少,而醛类化合物中的苯甲醛、苯乙醛,芳香族醇类化合物中的苯甲醇、苯乙醇的相对含量则大幅增加。萎凋、发酵、干燥工序是影响红茶香气形成的关键工序,对云南红茶香气的形成至关重要。     

信阳红茶发酵工艺研究

以信阳毛尖为原料,采用加入优势菌群的微生物渥堆发酵.初步研究了信阳红茶发酵的基本条件,并对其发酵工艺进行了优化.以温度、时间、水分、菌种用量4个因素设计正交试验,最终以感官评价和茶多酚含量的变化来判断茶叶发酵的好坏.结果表明,茶叶在温度50℃,水分40％,菌种用量15mL/500g干茶叶,发酵时间18d时效果较好.     

乳酸菌发酵红茶饮料主要营养成分变化

以红茶浸提液为发酵基质,接种植物乳杆菌种子液进行发酵制备乳酸菌发酵红茶饮料,对其发酵过程中pH值、总酸、蔗糖、茶多酚含量进行分析,采用分光光度法及顶空固相微萃取气质联用法（HS-SPME-GC-MS）测定其游离氨基酸及风味物质,并比较红茶浸提液发酵前后二者的变化。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵红茶饮料pH值由4.97降至3.16,总酸由0.15 g/L升至2.38 g/L,蔗糖含量由0.90 g/L降至0.34 g/L;茶多酚含量由15.1 g/L减少至10.6 g/L,游离氨基酸含量由0.921 g/100 g提升至1.175 g/100 g,发酵前后分别检出88和94种挥发性风味物质。乳酸菌发酵红茶饮料较红茶浸提液营养成分更加丰富,酸甜适宜,风味独特。     

The phenolic pigment composition of black tea liquors—part I: Predicting quality

The phenolic constituents of 95 black teas, representing nine countries, were analysed and assessed by HPLC. The procedure resolved 38 coloured phenolic components which were classified as theaflavins (4), thearubigins (23) and flavonol glycosides (11). The relative levels of these constituents were monitored by HPLC. One of the thearubigin constituents was unresolved chromatographically, but nevertheless quantified as a hump. The data set was statistically analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression PCA indicated that three of the quality attributes, quality/flavour, brightness/briskness and quality with milk, were strongly correlated with each other. The fourth attribute, colour/strength, was found to be the most effective in discriminating between teas, particularly between high strength teas from Assam and Tanzania and low strength teas from Sri Lanka and Malawi. Multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between tasters' scores and the chemical constituents. The model established gives an R² of 63% based on six components; five resolved thearubigins and the unresolved thearubigin hump. These results indicate the potential to develop objective chemical assessment procedures for determining the quality of teas and is the first report of the flavour impact of individual thearubigins constituents.     

基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)对工夫红茶茶色素含量测定

提出一种利用近红外光谱技术无损快速检测工夫红茶茶色素茶黄素(TFs)、茶红素(TRs)、茶褐素(TB)含量的新方法。实验样品共计240个,手动选择180个样品作为校正级,剩余60个样品作为预测集;利用OPUS7.0软件优化出各模型最佳波数段和最佳预处理方法,平滑点数17,维数1,结合茶TFs、TRs、TB含量建立预测模型,分析预测模型的预测性能。各预测模型预测精准度高,均可用于TFs、TRs、TB含量检测。其中,各模型校正相关系数(Rc)为95.11%~98.04%,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.0796~0.2320;预测相关系数(Rp)为91.41%~99.73%,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.0362~0.0762。各模型校正集和预测集均有较高的拟合度,模型预测性能TFs>TRs>TB。结论:近红外光谱图结合TFs、TRs、TB含量建立的各预测模型预测性能优,可用于工夫红茶TFs、TRs、TB含量快速无损检测。      

Determination of alkaloids and phenolic compounds in black tea processed by two different methods in different plucking seasons

The effects of two different rolling methods and three tea plucking seasons on alkaloids and phenolics, mainly flavan‐3‐ols and theaflavins, in black tea were studied using an improved high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. Better separation of all tea compounds analyzed—the most important factor for their identification and quantitation—was achieved only with long elution gradients, which overcame the limitations of previously reported methods. Precision of the assay method was very high since intra‐day and inter‐day variations were within 0.76% and 1.66%, respectively. All analytes exhibited good linearity over the range evaluated with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987–1.000. Among the four solvents evaluated, 80% methanol was the most solvent for extracting individual tea compounds. The extraction method applied exhibited good repeatability (CV: 0.39–3.29%). The content of tea compounds analyzed varied with processing method and plucking season. Teas processed using the Cay‐Kur method contained higher levels of identified phenolic compounds than orthodox teas, but their alkaloid content was similar to each other. The most abundant alkaloid in teas was caffeine, ranging from 17.84 mg g^?1 dry weight in September plucking to 23.79 mg g^?1 dry weight in May plucking. With respect to phenolic compounds, theaflavins were at the highest level, 14.27 mg g^?1 dry weight, in Cay‐Kur tea processed in May. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

风味雪茶饮料加工的工艺研究

单独使用雪荼为原料加工的饮料口感苦、涩,影响消费者饮用的积极性。为解决这个问题,实验采用雪茶和乌梅为主要原料确定了新型雪茶饮料的配方和工艺条件,制成的新型雪茶饮料酸甜可口,有很好的保健功效。