硬毛粗盖孔菌子实体提取物抑制H_(22)荷瘤小鼠肿瘤活性研究

本文对硬毛粗盖孔菌子实体不同提取物的抗肿瘤活性进行筛选。通过建立H_(22)荷瘤小鼠肿瘤移植模型,研究硬毛粗盖孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、二氯甲烷提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物以及水提取物等5种提取物的高、中、低剂量组对H_(22)荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,并对其H_(22)荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤率、体质量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、肝脏指数、肾脏指数进行了考察。对小鼠肿瘤、脾脏、肾脏进行了组织病理学检查,对血清中的细胞因子IL‐2、IL‐4、IFN‐γ及TNF‐α的含量进行测定。结果表明:各组分均有抑瘤效果,其中乙酸乙酯提取物中剂量组(1 000mg/kg)抑瘤效果最佳,与阴性对照组比较有极显著差异(P0.01),并且这组的H_(22)荷瘤小鼠血清中白介素‐2的含量显著增加,同时肿瘤细胞通过HE染色后,可观察到出现坏死面积增大,与抑制肿瘤活性具有相关性。     

火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其组分对小鼠移植性肝癌H22的体内生长作用

采用肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤模型,对火木层孔菌(桑黄)Phellinus igniarius发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分的体内抗肿瘤活性进行评价。结果表明,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分对荷瘤小鼠肝癌H22都具有一定的抗肿瘤作用并能延长荷瘤小鼠生存期,其中,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉(1,000mg/kg/d)及其组分I(I多糖组分)(360mg/kg/d)具有较为显著的抗肿瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为33.5%和40.3%。组织病理学研究结果表明在菌粉及其多糖组分作用后,肿瘤细胞坏死细胞明显增多,免疫组化检测表明火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分能明显的降低瘤组织中Bcl-2基因蛋白的表达,提高小鼠瘤组织中的Bax基因蛋白的表达。火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分具有较好的体内抗肿瘤活性。     

木蹄层孔菌子实体提取物对H22荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤活性的影响

研究了木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物对体内抑制肿瘤活性及对免疫功能的影响。建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,观察木蹄层孔菌不同提取物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效果,通过抑瘤率、免疫器官指数及生存时间的影响来评价不同提取物的活性。结果表明：木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物均有一定的抑制肿瘤作用,其中石油醚提取物下层沉淀的抑制作用最显著,当质量分数为100 mg/kg时抑瘤率高达56.29%,接近阳性药的抑瘤率58.78%,可使小鼠的体质量、脾指数和胸腺指数增加,延长H22荷瘤小鼠的生存时间。木蹄层孔菌石油醚提取物下层沉淀在一定的剂量范围内,能较好地抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长,提高机体的免疫功能。     

忍冬木层孔菌液体培养物的化学成分研究

忍冬木层孔菌(Phellinus lonicerinus(Bond.)Bond.et Sing)为湖北等地习用的桑黄品种,也是土家族常用药.对忍冬木层孔菌液体培养物的化学成分及其体外抗肿瘤活性进行研究.通过硅胶柱色谱、SephadexLH-20柱色谱及半制备型HPLC等色谱分离技术从忍冬木层孔菌发酵液及菌丝体中分离得到...     

新组合欧氏拟木层孔菌——“西方拟木层孔菌”的合法名称

拟木层孔菌属Phellinopsis是最近从木层孔菌属Phellinus中独立出来的一个属。拟木层孔菌属的全部4个种中,只有西方拟木层孔菌P. occidentalis在中国没有分布。简要回顾了西方拟木层孔菌这一名称的历史,其基元异名西方层孔菌Fomes occidentalis属于无效发表,因此将西方拟木层孔菌处理为无效名称,并将该名称所代表种的合法名称欧氏木层孔菌Phellinus overholtsii组合为欧氏拟木层孔菌Phellinopsis overholtsii。     

鲍姆木层孔菌子实体中化合物的结构鉴定及其抗肿瘤活性

鲍姆木层孔菌(Phellinus baumii)俗称桑黄菇,桑耳,是近年来开发的一种多年生药用真菌。已经有研究证实,桑黄具有降血糖,抗氧化,抗肿瘤等生物活性。该研究从化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定入手,寻找鲍姆木层孔菌子实体中具有抗肿瘤活性的化合物,为桑黄保健品的开发提供研究基础。采用色谱柱层析法,从鲍姆木层孔菌子实体中分离得到6个化合物,通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为Ergosta-7,22-diene-3β-ylpentadecanoate,Stellasterol,Ganoderol B,Ergos-t6,22-diene-3β,5α,8α-triol,Ganoderic acid DM,Inoscavin A。体外试验结果表明:化合物GanoderolB和Inoscavin A对肿瘤细胞HepG2的增殖均有抑制作用。其中,化合物Inoscavin A的抑制作用较强,其抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的IC50值为72.3μg/mL(156.4μmol/L)。     

硬枝树花中抑制H_22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的活性成分研究

研究了从硬枝树花中提取得到的4个单体化合物松萝酸(usnic acid)、去甲环萝酸(evernic acid)、巴尔巴地衣酸(barbatic acid)和水杨嗪酸(salazinic acid)对H22荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,并且对抑瘤率、胸腺指数、脾指数及小鼠白介素-2含量等各个指标的进行检测,以说明此4种化合物对小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制效果。结果表明,松萝酸高、中剂量组,去甲环萝酸高、中剂量组,巴尔巴地衣酸低剂量组,水杨嗪酸高剂量组对小鼠肿瘤有较好的抑制效果,与阴性对照组比较有极显著差异(P0.01),并且这些组的H22荷瘤小鼠血清中白介素-2的含量显著增加,与抑制肿瘤活性具有相关性。     

三种木层孔菌子实体不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性的研究

以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,分别对桑木层孔菌Phellinus mori、鲍姆木层孔菌Phellinus baumii和瓦宁木层孔菌Phellinus vaninii野生子实体甲醇提取物(ME)、氯仿提取物(CE)、乙酸乙酯提取物(EAE)、正丁醇提取物(BE)和热水提取物(WE)的体外清除DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基、羟自由基和总抗氧化能力进行了检测。结果表明,3种木层孔菌的不同溶剂提取物都具有体外抗氧化活性。3种菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力较强,其中瓦宁木层孔菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力最强,IC50为10.65μg/mL。3种木层孔菌热水浸提物清除羟自由基的能力较强,鲍姆木层孔菌WE的清除率最高,1mg/mL时达到73.52%。另外,3种木层孔菌不同提取物总抗氧化能力和清除DPPH自由基能力基本相同,瓦宁木层孔菌BE的总抗氧化能力最强,1mg/mL时达到了167.7U/mL。3种木层孔菌相比,瓦宁木层孔菌不同提取物的体外抗氧化能力最强,其次是鲍姆木层孔菌,桑木层孔菌的体外抗氧化能力最弱。     

忍冬木层孔菌多糖的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性研究

忍冬木层孔菌(Phellinus lonicerinus(Bond.) Bond.et Sing)为湖北等地习用的桑黄品种,也是土家族常用药,多糖是其主要活性成分。为了研究忍冬木层孔菌子实体多糖(Phellinus lonicerinus polysaccharide, PLP)的提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性,采用冷凝回流提取法在单因素实验结果的基础上,进行Box-Behnken响应面分析,确定PLP的最佳提取工艺,并通过测定忍冬木层孔菌多糖(PLP30、PLP60、PLP85、PLPA1和PLPA2)的还原能力、对DPPH、ABTS、羟基自由基的清除能力、对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制能力。结果显示PLP最佳提取工艺的参数为：料液比1∶20 g/mL、提取时间120 min、提取温度100℃,此条件下PLP提取率为(3.16±0.05)%;五种多糖对DPPH、ABTS和羟基自由基均具有较强的清除作用,且具有较强的还原力,其对ABTS自由基清除作用和还原力均与浓度呈量效关系。表明忍冬木层孔菌子实体多糖具有良好的体外抗氧化和一定的酪氨酸酶活性抑制能力。     

7种木层孔菌属真菌的培养特性*

描述了7种木层孔菌属 (Phellinus) 真菌的培养特性。它们是淡黄木层孔菌（P. gilvus）,火木层孔菌（P. igniarius）,裂蹄木层孔菌（P. linteus）,松木层孔菌（P. pini）,冷杉木层孔菌(P. pini var.abietis),苹果木层孔菌 (P. pomaceus) 和稀硬木层孔菌（P.robustus）。     

6种“桑黄”石油醚提取物的体内抗肿瘤活性

对6种＂桑黄＂的石油醚提取物进行了抗肿瘤体内试验,测定其对H22荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子含量和生存率的影响。试验结果表明：粗毛纤孔菌、鲍姆木层孔菌、火木层孔菌和瓦宁木层孔菌的石油醚提取物高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）以及黑壳目层孔菌石油醚提取物高剂量（100 mg/kg）对肿瘤均具有一定抑制作用,抑瘤率均〉40%;瓦宁木层孔菌石油醚提取物低剂量组（50 mg/kg）的抑瘤效果最佳,为76.82%,其脾指数、胸腺指数均明显高于阳性组（P〈0.01）,IL 2的含量也明显高于对照组和阳性组,能延长小鼠的生存期;椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌石油醚提取物也具有一定的抑瘤效果,高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）抑瘤率分别为39.30%和36.17%。     

Description of epithelial granular cell in catshark spiral intestine: Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure

We evaluated the histology of the spiral intestine of the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), a small shark distributed in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea basin. Entire digestive tracts of 10 G. melastomus were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Our studies identified a unique, large granular cell type in the intestinal epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the epithelial granular cell type made intimate contact, by means of junctional complexes, with adjacent epithelial and mucous cells. Several histochemical staining methods showed that the cytoplasmic granules were strongly eosinophilic. Immunostaining of intestinal sections revealed immunoreactivity of the granular cell to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antibody. However, no reactivity to inducible-nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin IL-1β, lysozyme, serotonin 5-HT antibodies was detected.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯可改善高脂饮食大鼠胰腺组织炎症状态

目的探讨表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)对高脂饮食大鼠胰腺组织炎症状态的作用及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法将30只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常饮食组(the normal diet group as the control,NC组,n=10)和高脂饮食组(high-fat diet group,HFD组,n=20)。喂养16周,当两组大鼠体重出现显著差异后,将HFD组按随机区组原则分为单纯高脂组(high-fat diet group,HFD组,n=10)和EGCG干预组(HFD+0.32% EGCG,EGCG组,n=10);干预16周。留取血清及胰腺组织,检测每组大鼠空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)及游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFAs),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index,HOMA-IR);应用免疫组织化学方法检测胰岛中CD68^+巨噬细胞数目及TNF-α表达;应用Real-time RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测胰腺组织中CD68及Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TNF receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及白介素6(interleukin- 6,IL-6)等炎症相关因子表达水平。结果 HFD组大鼠体重、FFAs和FINS水平与HOMA-IR指数均明显升高,胰岛中巨噬细胞浸润明显增多,胰腺CD68水平及TLR4、TRAF6、TNF-α和IL-6等炎性因子表达明显上升;EGCG干预的HFD大鼠体重、FFAs和FINS水平、HOMA-IR指数、胰岛巨噬细胞浸润、胰腺CD68水平、胰腺TNF-α和IL-6表达的升高不如HFD大鼠明显,与NC大鼠接近;三组大鼠FBG水平无明显统计学差异;EGCG干预的HFD大鼠TLR4表达水平较HFD组未见明显下降。结论 EGCG可减少高脂饮食大鼠胰岛中巨噬细胞浸润,抑制炎症因子TNF-a及IL-6表达的上调,改善胰岛素敏感性;该作用并非通过TLR4信号通路实现。     

丁苯酞对哮喘小鼠气道黏液高分泌及IL-13、TNF-α的影响*

目的: 研究丁苯酞对哮喘小鼠气道黏液高分泌及白介素-13(IL-13)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。方法: 小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组和丁苯酞高、中、低剂量(100、50、25 mg/kg)组(n=12)。实验第1日、8日、15日通过注射卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏,第22日吸入OVA连续激发5周复制哮喘模型,同时在激发前给予丁苯酞20 mg/kg进行干预,观测哮喘行为学、气道杯状细胞及黏蛋白5ac(Muc5ac)的分泌,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)粘度,采用ELISA法测定BALF中Muc5ac、IL-13及TNF-α的水平。结果: 与空白对照组比较,模型对照组小鼠打喷嚏、抓鼻及哮喘的程度显著加重(P＜0.01),小鼠气道上皮杯状细胞增生及Muc5ac的分泌显著增加(P＜0.01),BALF的粘度及其中的Muc5ac、IL-13和TNF-α的含量显著升高(P＜0.01);与模型对照组比较,25、50、100 mg/kg丁苯酞干预后哮喘行为学评分明显下降(P＜0.01);小鼠气道上皮杯状细胞增生、Muc5ac的分泌、BALF的粘度及其中的Muc5ac、IL-13和TNF-α的含量均明显降低(P＜0.05, 0.01)。结论: 丁苯酞具有抑制哮喘气道黏液高分泌而平喘的作用,缓解IL-13、TNF-α异常高表达是其抑制气道黏液高分泌的作用机制之一。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A对H22小鼠移植瘤的抑制作用

旨在探讨金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)在KM鼠体内的抑瘤效果.建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,将20只小鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、低剂量组(15 μg/ml)、中剂量组(25 μg/ml)和高剂量组(50 μg/ml),观察肿瘤生长趋势,计算抑瘤率,通过ELISA检测IL-2的含量.结果显示,给药组肿瘤生长趋势均较对照组缓慢;对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的抑瘤率分别为0,28.9%,34.0%,51.0%(P<0.05);血清中IL-2含量分别为58.9 pg/ml、83.6 pg/ml、91.8 pg/ml、118.1 pg/ml.金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)可抑制H22肿瘤的生长,并上调IL-2的分泌.     

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib like compounds

Nine novel 4-[3-(4-Dimethylamino-phenyl)-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzenesulfonamides (2a-i) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities. These compounds (2a-i) showed moderate to strong anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan rat paw oedema test. Compounds 2b, 2d and 2g showing comparable anti-inflammatory activity to that of reference drug celecoxib were evaluated for their ulcerogenic and analgesic activities. The effect of 2b, 2d and 2g on the content of NO, TNF-α and PGE₂ in exudates from rat paw stimulated by carrageenan was also evaluated. The compound 2c showed considerable antitumor activities against all 60 human tumor cell lines with effective GI₅₀ (MG-MID) value of 3.63 µM. It exhibited maximum activity against melanoma (LOX IMVI and SK-MEL-5) cancer cell lines with GI₅₀ value less than 2 μM.     

Anti-Tumor Activity of an Enzymatically Synthesized α-1,6 Branched α-1,4-Glucan,Glycogen

Oral administration of an enzymatically synthesized α-1,4:1,6-glycogen (ESG) at a dose of 50 μg/ml significantly prolonged the survival time of Meth A tumor-bearing mice. ESG also significantly stimulated macrophage-like cells (J774.1), leading to augmented production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The weight-average degree of polymerization (DPw) and the ratio of branch linkage (BL) of ESG were 149,000 and 8.1% respectively. β-Amylase-treated ESG, however, lost J774.1-activating activity although inhibited subcutaneous growth of Meth A tumor cells admixed with it. Its DPw and BL changed to 126,000 and 20% respectively. Partially degraded amylopectin [(AP), DPw: 110,000, BL; 5.1] was also effective at stimulating J774.1, but its activity was lower than that of ESG. Other α-glucans [cycloamylose (CA), enzymatically synthesized amylose (ESA), highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD), and β-amylase-treated HBCD], of which DPw was lower than that of ESG, showed no J774.1-activating activity and weaker anti-tumor activity.     

Characterization of proinflammatory cytokine production and CD14 expression by murine alveolar macrophage cell lines

Summary Alveolar macrophages, which play a central role in lung defense, produce cytokines that help orchestrate local inflammatory responses. In sepsis and other pathological conditions, bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin can induce alveolar macrophages (AM) to release proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. Studying the mechanisms that control alveolar macrophage cytokine production may lead to better therapies for conditions involving inflammatory lung injury. We and others have noted significant differences between alveolar macrophages and peritoneal macrophages, but large numbers of human or murine alveolar macrophages are rarely available for detailed mechanistic studies. We have obtained three murine alveolar macrophage cell lines (AMJ2C8, AMJ2C11, and AMJ2C20) and have begun to characterize their cytokine responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We measured the effects of endotoxin, interferon gamma, and the combination of the two on production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in each line. We also studied the expression of the endotoxin receptor CD14 by these cells, and investigated the effect of serum on their endotoxin responsiveness. We show here that all three of the cell lines responded in a manner comparable to that of primary murine alveolar macrophages. Observed variations between these lines may reflect the documented heterogeneity seen in populations of primary alveolar macrophages. These cell lines should expand the repertoire of tools available to investigators studying regulation of murine alveolar macrophage responses.     

Novel inhibitors of Rho-kinase mediated neuroinflammatory pathways and their potential application in recovery of injured spinal cord

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves damage to any part of the spinal cord which results in temporary or permanent changes in its function. Spinal cord secondary injury activates Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), which is involved in neuroinflammation and cell death by mediating secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and CXC chemokines. Here we evaluated potential inhibitors of ROCK2, Caspase-1, and TNF-α from Cissus quadrangularis derived natural compounds and compared them with structural analogues of quadrangularin by molecular docking, followed by correlation using molecular dynamic simulations studies. The results clearly demonstrate that the naturally derived compounds, quadrangularin and luteolin potentially inhibit ROCK2 and Caspase-1 with high binding affinity, and showed stable conformation throughout simulation trajectory period. Interestingly, quadrangularin and its structural analogues demonstrate effective binding affinity against ROCK2, caspase-1, and TNF-α when compared to their respective known inhibitors. From our studies, we can infer that natural compounds derived from C. quadrangularis are potentially capable of inhibitory activity against ROCK2, Caspase-1, and TNF-α. These findings could help in identifying novel therapeutic drugs targeting SCI.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Tomato extract suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators induced by interaction between adipocytes and macrophages

Obese adipose tissue is characterized by enhanced macrophage infiltration. A loop involving monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) between adipocytes and macrophages establishes a vicious cycle that augments inflammatory changes and insulin resistance in obese adipose tissue. Tomatoes, one of the most popular crops worldwide, contain many beneficial phytochemicals that improve obesity-related diseases such as diabetes. Some of them have also been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we focused on the potential protective effects of phytochemicals in tomatoes on inflammation. We screened fractions of tomato extract using nitric oxide (NO) assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264 macrophages. One fraction, RF52, significantly inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264 macrophages. Furthermore, RF52 significantly decreased MCP-1 and TNFα productions. The coculture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages markedly enhanced MCP-1, TNFα, and NO productions compared with the control cultures; however, the treatment with RF52 inhibited the production of these proinflammatory mediators. These results suggest that RF52 from tomatoes may have the potential to suppress inflammation by inhibiting the production of NO or proinflammatory cytokines during the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages.