Development and Prospects for Energy Saving Technology in Oil & Gas Fields, China

<正>Current state of energy saving technology in China's oil and gas fields System optimization To optimize the oil-gas field surface engineering system is critical to improve the efficiency of oil and gas field system.To adapt to the changes in development of old oil and gas fields,all oilfields are adjusted and reconstructed;a set of optimized and simplified modes and technical measures are developed.     

PetroChina Makes Progress in CBM Exploration

PetroChina‘s management department for coal-bed methane(CBM) exploration project has been engaged in CBM for eight years.In the last two or three years, the sector has experienced a rapid development with remarkable results. The reserves of Qinshui CBM field, the first largescale field in China, were proven early this year. Upon the acceptance check by the State, the approved proven reserves are 35.2 billion cubic meters with the proven, controlled and projected reserves reaching 220 billion cubic meters. At present, the plan for CBM field development is under compilation while the issues concerning foreign cooperation are under discussion. The field will be soon brought under development.……     

Numerical investigation of the velocity field and separation efficiency of deoiling hydrocyclones

Three-dimensional simulation of a multiphase flow is performed using the EulerianEulerian finite volume method in order to evaluate the separation efficiency and velocity field of deoiling hydrocyclones.The solution is developed using a mass conservation-based algorithm(MCBA) with collocated grid arrangement.The mixture approach of the Reynolds stress model is also employed in order to capture features of turbulent multiphase swirling flow.The velocity field and separation efficiency of two different configurations of deoiling hydrocyclones are compared with available experimental data.The comparison shows that the separation efficiency can be predicted with high accuracy using computational fluid dynamics.The velocity fields are also in good agreement with available experimental velocity measurements.Special attention is drawn to swirl intensity in deoiling hydrocyclones and it is shown that the differences in velocity and volume fraction fields of different configurations are related to swirl distribution.     

Characteristics of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits and their hydrocarbon potential

The study of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits is a new research field on sedimentology during the last ten years. Deep-water traction currents induced by internal waves and internal tides are developed on the modern sea floor, which can form not only all kinds of small scale and dispersal deepwater traction currents deposits, but also large-scale sediment wave in km-size scale. In this paper, the concepts and features of internal waves and internal tides in oceanography are introduced, and the characteristics, sedimentary sequences, sedimentary microfacies and sedimentation models of internalwave and internal-tide deposits found and the origin of large scale sediment waves in deep sea bottom are summarized. The relationship between internal-wave and internal-tide deposits and petroleum is discussed, and finally internal-wave and internal-tide deposits are shown to be a new potential field for petroleum exploration.     

Multistring analysis of wellhead movement and uncemented casing strength in offshore oil and gas wells

This paper presents a theoretical method and a finite element method to describe wellhead movement and uncemented casing strength in offshore oil and gas wells.Parameters considered in the theoretical method include operating load during drilling and completion and the temperature field,pressure field and the end effect of pressure during gas production.The finite element method for multistring analysis is developed to simulate random contact between casings.The relevant finite element analysis scheme is also presented according to the actual procedures of drilling,completion and gas production.Finally,field cases are presented and analyzed using the proposed methods.These are four offshore wells in the South China Sea.The calculated wellhead growths during gas production are compared with measured values.The results show that the wellhead subsides during drilling and completion and grows up during gas production.The theoretical and finite element solutions for wellhead growth are in good agreement with measured values and the deviations of calculation are within 10％.The maximum von Mises stress on the uncemented intermediate casing occurs during the running of the oil tube.The maximum von Mises stress on the uncemented production casing,calculated with the theoretical method occurs at removing the blow-out-preventer （BOP） while that calculated with the finite element method occurs at gas production.Finite element solutions for von Mises stress are recommended and the uncemented casings of four wells satisfy strength requirements.     

Seismic Physical Modeling Technology and Its Applications

1. Introduction Seismic physical modeling technology is an important method for the research on seismic exploration theory and methods. In seismic physical experiments, the earth, mantle or field site are scaled down to physical models according to the similarity principle, and then the seismic field and its variation are observed in the laboratory for the research work on the theories and methods of the earth structure, earthquake forecasting, energy and mineral resource exploration, and engi…     

An investigation into the deformation, movement and coalescence characteristics of water-in-oil droplets in an AC electric field

Drop-drop coalescence is important in electric dehydrators used for oil-water separation in the oil industry.The deformation degree,angle between the electric field and the center line of two drops,effects of intensities and frequencies of the electric field have been studied by analyzing droplet images.However,seldom have people investigated the movement and the relative velocity in the process of dropdrop coalescence.In this paper forces acting on a single droplet and horizontal water droplets in an AC electric field were analyzed,and experiments were carried out to investigate the deformation,movement and coalescence characteristics of droplets with white oil and water.With a micro high-speed camera system and image processing technology,the droplet images were collected and analyzed.The results indicate that the deformation is mainly affected by the electric field intensity,frequency,droplet diameter and the oil viscosity.High field strength and large diameter facilitate deformation of drops in the electric field.The effect of frequency and oil viscosity is not obvious.Higher frequency and higher oil viscosity will lead to smaller oscillation amplitude.The effect of electric field intensity and droplet diameter on oscillation amplitude is not obvious.When the center-to-center distance between droplets is large,the forces acting on droplets in the horizontal direction are mainly dipole-dipole attraction and drag forces.There is also the film-thinning force when droplets get closer.The forces are simplified and derived.Based on force analysis and Newton’s second law,the relative movement is analyzed in different parts,and the relationship of center-to-center distance and time is in accordance with an explinear function at different stages.According to experimental data,the movement of 145 μm double droplets before coalescence can be fitted well with an explinear function at two stages.In addition,the whole movement process is investigated and can be estimated with a fourth order polynomial curve,from which the relative velocity of droplet movement can also be obtained.With an increases in electric field intensity and droplet diameter and a decrease in oil viscosity,the relative velocity increases.Only when the oil-water interfacial tension is obviously high,can it influence the relative movement significantly.The coalescence is mainly dipole coalescence and chain coalescence under influence of the AC electric field.     

ABSTRACTS AND KEY WORDS

After a study on drilling data from nearly 1000 wells drilled to lower Permian, eastern and central Sichuan Basin, it is illustrated that for some wells, thick-bedded dolomites can be seen in the Maokou Formation （P1m）, almost distributing in P1m^1a. Based on field survey, the dolomites were found in both Erya and Xitian aress, Huaying Mountain. And their field profiles were also established for the first time. It is deemed that the dolomites not only belong to hydrothermal one but also are better oil/gas reservoir.     

New Development Technology Brings Oilfields Benefits

Most oil fields in China are found in continantal sedimentary basin. In the absence of active aquifer, such fields are developed by water injection at the early development stage.However, serious vertical and lateral heterogeneity in formation has resulted in a rapid increase in the water cut of oil wells. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development under PetroChina has recently developed a kind of pre-gelled (PG) particles that can swell in water to control water production in high salinity and high temperature reservoirs. Laboratory study and field application results show that those PG particles can improve conformance control of injected water.……     

ABSTRACTS Vol. 23 No. 3 Jun. 2009

Yang Yang, Dang Ruirong and Ren Zhiping. Research on transient electromagnetic method in borehole. PI, 2009,23（3） .1 - 3,7
The fundamental theory of transient electromagnetic method in borehole is researched. The distribution characteristics of transient electromagnetic field in borehole, calculation procedure of apparent conductivity and the method of time-depth conversation are expounded, and loop configuration in the borehole is introduced. These provide theoretical basis for further studying transient electromagnetic systems in borehole.     

地锚桩安装位置与井架极限承载能力研究

在对修井机井架进行安全评价时,大部分研究者极少考虑到井架结构的承载能力与地锚桩之间的关系。为此,利用ANSYS软件建立井架-绷绳-地锚桩系统有限元分析模型,对地锚桩绷绳固定的理想修井机井架进行线性屈曲分析和双重非线性分析,以评定井架结构极限承载能力。以桩基础安装位置作为变量,并利用参数化编程方法,分析地锚桩位置与修井机井架极限承载能力的关系,进而得出井架承载能力的分布规律。该项研究结果可为井架现场施工提供理论依据。     

钻井井架力学性能分析

钻井井架作为钻机系统设备中的关键部分,其力学性能直接关系到整套钻机系统的安全生产。文章推导了常用于分析钻井井架力学性能的理论,即线性屈曲、几何非线性和双重非线性理论。提出同时用这三种理论对钻井井架进行综合比较分析,从而合理地预见井架力学性能的方法。以A形钻井井架为例,进行了详细的分析,得到了井架的失稳形式、极限承载、破坏特征及薄弱部位,为钻井井架的设计、优化与评定提供了参考。     

在役石油钻机井架极限承载仿真模型研究

针对在役石油钻机井架的力学特征,建立了基于双重非线性理论的极限承载仿真模型。研究了以在役钻机井架杆件的测试应力为重要指标,与应力有关的设计参数作为修正对象的仿真模型修正理论。对实验室内钻机井架模型进行的极限承载性能实验和仿真预测研究结果表明,井架模型的实际破坏位置与仿真预测结果基本一致,极限承载力误差很小。依据现场动载应变试验,应用该仿真模型分析了在油田上广泛使用的A形和K形石油钻机井架的极限承载性能,得到了井架结构的极限承载力、载荷与应力的关系以及井架破坏形式和危险部位,为钻机井架的安全平稳运行提供了重要的参考依据。     

钻机井架安全承载能力评定方法研究

钻井是石油天然气勘探与开发的一个重要环节，钻机井架作为钻井设备的关键部分，其承载性能直接关系到整套钻机系统的安全运行。为了准确评定出钻机井架的安全承载能力，提出了以测试应力为基准定量评定含损伤缺陷钻机井架安全承载能力的新方法。首先建立了以测试应力为基准的参考应力修正数学模型，其次推导出以截面锈蚀、杆件初弯曲、载荷偏心等主要损伤缺陷指标所确定的修正函数，得到真实反映含损伤缺陷钻机井架力学行为的数值修正模型，实现对安全承载能力的预测。对现场某型号钻机井架进行逐级加载试验，得到了载荷与应力的关系曲线；结合现场钻机井架实际的损伤缺陷状况修正数值模型，并进行了数值仿真模拟加载试验，实测值与仿真值误差在5%以内，验证了该数值模型的准确性。最后根据仿真预测结果对该井架安全承载性能进行了评定，为提高油气勘探开发过程中钻机系统的安全运行提供了参考。     

基于Usfos的非线性分析程序研究海洋平台的极限承载力

海洋平台极限承载力研究一直是平台结构安全评估的最重要部分,越来越受到人们的关注。以"勘探二号"自升式钻井平台为研究对象,利用非线性分析USFOS软件分析计算了该平台的极限强度,评估了现役平台的安全性能。研究结果表明,"勘探二号"平台在45°环境极限条件时平台结构最危险。该研究为现役自升式钻井平台安全风险评估提供了一种比较先进而精确的方法,对今后类似海洋平台安全风险评估具有一定的指导意义。     

钻探用井架承载能力试验与安全评定

提出了基于测试应力的钻探用井架安全承载能力评定方法。以井架现场试验时杆件的工作应力为综合评定井架结构承载性能的重要指标,以与应力有关的设计参数为有限元模型输入参数的修正对象,将现场测试与有限元数值模型相结合,通过修正的有限元模型,分析了在各种载荷作用下在役井架的工作性能,应用国际上通用的API Spec 4F标准进行了安全评定。对某型号钻探井架进行了逐级加载试验,通过井架第一级载荷作用下模型的模拟与修正,复现、预测了其它八级载荷作用下的井架工作性能,预测结果误差不超过5%,验证了模型修正方法的正确性。     

南海某油田防沉板极限承载力研究

防沉板是水下生产系统常用的基础结构之一,其极限承载力是影响上部结构安全稳定的重要因素。为解决南海油田防沉板的极限承载力计算问题,依托南海某油田水下生产系统,根据API规范,计算了防沉板在实际工况下的极限承载力; 采用Abaqus有限元软件,建立土体和防沉板的有限元模型,在对土体进行地应力平衡的基础上,采用位移控制法,得到了防沉板的载荷-位移曲线,据此得到防沉板基础的极限承载力,并分析土体在竖向位移下的破坏规律; 将依据API规范计算的极限承载力与有限元仿真结果进行对比,显示两者相差1.23%。研究成果对防沉板的稳定性评估具有一定的指导意义。     

深水吸力锚井口承载能力研究——以挪威Wisting油田水平井吸力锚井口为例

近年来随着特殊深水油气藏开发的需要,国外吸力锚筒体开始替代常规导管作为井口支撑的装置,例如挪威Wisting油田使用吸力锚技术钻成了极浅水平井。在国内,吸力锚作为深水钻井水下井口的使用尚处于起步阶段,需要对吸力锚井口承载力进行研究。该文基于API单桩轴向极限承载力经验公式的导管极限承载力计算模型,结合吸力锚负压置入受力情况进行研究,研究了吸力锚置入过程中瞬时承载力与随时间变化的实时承载力变化规律,构建了吸力锚承载力-土壤恢复系数-土壤强度的耦合计算模型。以挪威Wisting油田吸力锚设计参数及区域土壤不排水抗剪切强度为例,吸力锚承载力-土壤恢复系数-土壤强度耦合计算模型的计算结果与工程实际吻合,具有实际工程意义。     

卡簧式钻井隔水管快速接头力学性能研究

为减少海上钻井作业事故的发生,开展了钻井隔水管快速接头力学性能研究。基于ANSYS建立了卡簧式快速接头抗弯强度计算模型,研究了SR30型快速接头卡簧端面角度、接头有效搭接长度及材质与接头结构极限抗弯承载力的关系。结果表明,卡簧式钻井隔水管快速接头的卡簧左端面对整个接头承载力影响要大于右端面;随着接头有效搭接长度增大,接头极限抗弯承载力明显提高;材质屈服强度越高,极限抗弯承载力越高。计算结果为钻井隔水管快速接头的合理设计提供了理论依据。     

膨胀式导管提高深水钻井水下井口承载力的机理

表层导管是深水钻井水下井口的主要持力结构,水下井口失稳、下沉等复杂事故的发生主要是由于表层导管承载力不足造成的,因此经济高效地提高表层导管承载力是深水钻井工程研究并关注的重点。采用膨胀式导管方法来提高表层导管的承载力,能够实现不改变常规深水喷射法安装表层导管的工艺。表层导管喷射安装到海底设计深度后,膨胀材料发生膨胀实现增加表层导管与海底土接触的表面积,进而提高表层导管侧向摩擦力和水下井口承载力。基于深水钻井水下井口主要结构组成,通过建立深水钻井水下井口承载力计算模型,分析了表层导管尺寸与井口承载力相互关系,揭示了膨胀式表层导管外表面积与水下井口承载力呈线性变化规律,得出了膨胀材料厚度与水下井口承载力之间的计算模型;提出了膨胀材料采用分段式结构可以提高膨胀导管承载力,分析了膨胀材料分段数量、覆盖面积、膨胀厚度对表层导管承载力的影响规律;得出了在相同覆盖面积条件下随着分段数量增加表层导管承载力呈线性增加,随着膨胀厚度增加承载力呈线性增加。通过中国南海现场3口深水井的应用试验,建立的钻井水下井口承载力计算模型结果与现场试验结果的误差约为5 % 。