红色原鸡群体遗传多样性

为了阐明红色原鸡的群体遗传结构,以对其有效保护提供遗传学依据,采用33个微卫星标记对其群体中56个个体进行了PCR-聚丙烯酰胺多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到140个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2～8个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数4.24个,有效等位基因数3.30个。根据等位基因频率,计算出的群体表观杂合度、期望杂合度及多态信息含量分别为0.7980、0.6506和0.5948。结果表明,红色原鸡群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Guanzhong Horse Using Microsatellite Markers

To determine the genetic diversity and validate the pedigree record of Chinese Guanzhong horse, 67 individuals were genotyped with eight microsatellite markers. In our study, the mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.51 and 0.66, respectively. The mean observed number of alleles for the Guanzhong horse was 3.88. Nonetheless, the total value of F_ST multiloci clearly indicates that about 0.5% of overall genetic variation is due to line founder differences, while differences among individuals are responsible for the remaining 99.5%. In addition, the polymorphic information content (PIC) result showed that five loci (HTG7, HMS7, HMS2, AHT4, and HMS6) were highly polymorphic (PIC?>?0.5) and three loci (HMS3, HTG6, and COR071) were moderate polymorphic (PIC?>?0.25). Genetic distances and cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship among 67 Guanzhong horse was generally consistent with pedigree recorded. Our results not only evaluated the genetic diversity of Chinese Guanzhong horse, but also suggested that the eight microsatellite markers might be used as subservient markers for parentage verification and individual identification in the Guanzhong horse.     

尼西鸡遗传多样性微卫星标记分析

尼西鸡抗病力强,产蛋性能高,适应高海拔及寒冷的气候条件,是具有独特群体遗传特性的高原地方鸡种。为了对其有效保护和合理利用提供遗传背景资料,筛选了家鸡基因组24条染色体上的33个微卫星标记,对随机选取的50个尼西鸡个体进行多态性检测,共检测到122个等位基因,每个座位平均等位基因数为3·7个。该群体平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0·5514和0·6350,大染色体较小染色体的微卫星多态性程度高。表明尼西鸡属多态性较丰富的群体。     

茶花鸡群体遗传多样性

茶花鸡是我国具有独特遗传特性的地方家禽品种,为了进一步阐明其群体遗传变异和遗传结构状况,采用了33个家鸡特异性的微卫星标记对该鸡种自然群体中30个个体进行了多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到105个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2~5个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数3.20个。群体平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.612 9和0.527 6。结果表明,茶花鸡自然群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

利用微卫星技术分析不同类群鸡的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记分析了6个生产类群鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体在各位点上的等位基因频率,并据此计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ne)。结果表明:6个鸡群在8个微卫星座位上的基因频率存在明显的差异,其平均基因杂合度为0.7317,平均多态信息含量为0.6815。其中,群体平均杂合度最高的是安卡红鸡,为0.7716;平均杂合度最低的是新罗曼鸡,为0.7073。所选的8个微卫星座位均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡群体遗传多样性的分析。     

Characterization of the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure for the Yellow Cattle in Taiwan Based on Microsatellite Markers

In recent years, the population size of Taiwan yellow cattle has drastically declined, even become endangered. A preservation project, Taiwan Yellow Cattle Genetic Preservation Project (TYCGPP), was carried out at the Livestock Research Institute (LRI) Hengchun branch (1988–present). An analysis of intra- and inter- population variability was performed to be the first step to preserve this precious genetic resource. In this work, a total number of 140 individuals selected from the five Taiwan yellow cattle populations were analyzed using 12 microsatellite markers (loci). These markers determined the level of genetic variation within and among populations as well as the phylogenetic structure. The total number of alleles detected (122, 10.28 per locus) and the expected heterozygosity (0.712) indicated that these five populations had a high level of genetic variability. Bayesian cluster analysis showed that the most likely number of groups was 2 (K = 2). Genetic differentiation among clusters was moderate (F _ST = 0.095). The result of AMOVA showed that yellow cattle in Taiwan had maintained a high level of within-population genetic differentiation (91%), the remainder being accounted for by differentiation among subpopulations (4%), and by differentiation among regions (5%). The results of STRUCTURE and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two divergent clusters. The individual unrooted phylogenetic tree showed that some Kinmen yellow cattle in the Hengchun facility (KMHC individuals) were overlapped with Taiwan yellow cattle (TW) and Taiwan yellow cattle Hengchun (HC) populations. Also, they were overlapped with Kinmen × Taiwan (KT) and Kinmen yellow cattle (KM) populations. It is possible that KMHC kept similar phenotypic characteristics and analogous genotypes between TW and KM. A significant inbreeding coefficient (F _IS = 0.185; P < 0.01) was detected, suggesting a medium level of inbreeding for yellow cattle in Taiwan. The hypothesis that yellow cattle in Taiwan were derived from two different clusters was also supported by the phylogenetic tree constructed by the UPGMA, indicating that the yellow cattle in Taiwan and in Kinmen should be treated as two different management units. This result will be applied to maintain a good level of genetic variability and rusticity (stress-resistance) and to avoid further inbreeding for yellow cattle population in Taiwan.     

红原鸡与家鸡的亲缘关系研究

对中国红原鸡滇地亚种和海南亚种与我国茶花鸡,泰和鸡和寿光鸡等地方鸡种以及芦花鸡,洛岛红等外国鸡种进行了血型（３个位点,１３个等位基因）,蛋白质（酶）多态（５个位点,１１个等位基因）和ＤＮＡ指纹分析,结果表明,红原鸡与茶花鸡（原始型品种）的亲缘关系较近;与泰和鸡,寿光鸡,芦花鸡,洛岛红（进化型品种）的亲缘关系较远,呈红原鸡－茶花鸡－泰和鸡,寿光鸡或芦花鸡,洛岛红这样一个进化阶梯,以上结果与国外资料（     

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Two Prominent Zebu Cattle Breeds Adapted to the Arid Region of India Inferred from Microsatellite Polymorphism

This study aims to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of two major zebu dairy breeds (Tharparkar and Rathi) adapted to the arid region of Rajasthan state of India. Various variability estimates indicate the existence of sufficient within-breed genetic diversity. Mean estimates of F-statistics are significantly different from zero: F _IS = 0.112 ± 0.029, F _IT = 0.169 ± 0.033, F _ST = 0.065 ± 0.017. The overall positive value of F _IS (0.112) and an F _IT value (0.169) that is more than the F _ST (0.065) indicate departure from random mating. The drift-based estimates reflect a moderate yet significant level of breed differentiation between the Tharparkar and Rathi breeds. The evaluation of an exact test, showing that allele frequencies across all the loci differed significantly, supports the population differentiation. This is paralleled by the outcome of neighbor-joining clustering based on allele-sharing distance measures. The allocation of a high percentage of individuals (95.7%) to their population of origin and correspondence analysis further substantiates the existence of a cohesive genetic structure in both the breeds.     

中华鳖5个群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星分子标记技术对洞庭(DT)、黄河(HH)、黄沙(HS)、日本(RB)以及洞庭(DT)与黄河(HH)的杂交子代(DT♀×HH♂)绿卡(LK)5个中华鳖群体的150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。11对微卫星引物扩增出的等位基因数为3～6个,平均等位基因数为4.1818。5个种群相比,绿卡(LK)的平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度、平均观测杂合度和平均多态信息含量最高,分别是2.3969、0.5274、0.5545和0.4660。对种群间的遗传分化分析表明,黄河(HH)和洞庭(DT)之间的遗传分化最小,为0.0233,而洞庭(DT)和日本(RB)之间的遗传分化最大,为0.0969。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示黄河(HH)和洞庭(DT)及其子代绿卡(LK)亲缘关系较近,而与黄沙(HS)和日本(RB)的亲缘关系较远,最远的为日本(RB)群体。     

梅花鹿3个种群遗传多样性的微卫星标记分析

利用16个微卫星标记对黑龙江省部分地区(兴凯湖农场、大庆市银浪牧场、五大连池大庆农场鹿苑)的3个梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)群体进行了遗传多样性检测.统计了3个鹿群的等位基因组成、平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均遗传杂合度(h)和多态信息含量(PIC).结果表明,除5个位点外,其余11个微卫星位点均表现出不同的多态信息含量,其中高度多态位点5个,中度多态位点4个.这说明本研究所选用的微卫星位点可较准确地评估3个梅花鹿群体的遗传多样性,并为今后相关研究筛选出了有价值的引物.3个梅花鹿群体的平均h在0.454～0.636之间变动,其中兴凯湖梅花鹿群体最高,为0.636,具有较大的遗传潜力.     

中国沙皮犬微卫星DNA分析的遗传多样性

运用20对微卫星引物对来自中国广东省的92份沙皮犬血液样品(骨嘴型沙皮犬21只,骨肉嘴型沙皮犬29只,肉嘴型沙皮犬42只)进行了遗传背景的检测。结果表明,20个多态性微卫星座位共检测到272个等位基因,平均每个座位为13.6个。中国沙皮犬群体的平均杂合度为0.8259,所有微卫星标记座位的多态信息含量(PIC)在0.5352到0.9226之间,说明中国沙皮犬群体存在较为丰富的遗传多样性。遗传距离和聚类分析结果显示,3种类型沙皮犬之间已产生了一定的遗传分化。上述结果为中国沙皮犬细分为不同的品系以及澄清中国沙皮犬种质资源的混乱状况提供了理论依据。     

西藏小型猪群体遗传结构分析

目的了解西藏小型猪的群体遗传结构。方法针对所优选出的40个微卫星位点设计引物,对35头南方医科大学饲养的西藏小型猪样本进行PCR扩增,扩增产物采用STR扫描技术进行测定,分析西藏小型猪的群体遗传结构。结果西藏小型猪群体平均有效等位基因数为4.6187,平均杂合度为0.7576,平均多态性信息含量0.7463。结论西藏小型猪群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,符合封闭群动物遗传特性。     

三七栽培居群遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

利用EST-SSR标记分析比较6个文山三七居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构,并以2个近缘种为对照进行聚类分析。17对人参属EST-SSR引物在8个居群中共检测到205个多态位点。在居群水平上,6个三七栽培居群的平均多态性信息量为0.729,Ne i′s基因多样性为0.1568,Shannon多样性指数为0.2466,居群间的遗传分化系数为0.2350。研究显示三七具有丰富的遗传多样性,但彼此间具较高的基因交流,居群间遗传分化水平低,遗传差异主要存在于居群内;另外,遗传相似度和聚类分析显示,三七及其近缘种被划分为3个大类群,6个三七栽培居群被分为3个小类群,三七与珠子参有较近的遗传关系,而与屏边三七的遗传距离较远。     

Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Population Structure of Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus) Breeds from North-Western Region of India

The present study aims to understand the existing genetic diversity and structure of six native cattle breeds (Rathi, Tharparkar, Nagori, Mewati, Gir, and Kankrej) adapted to the north-western arid and semi-arid region of India based on microsatellite loci. Various diversity estimates, mean number of alleles (12.84); effective number of alleles (5.02); gene diversity (0.769), and observed heterozygosity (0.667) reflected the existence of substantial within-breed diversity in all the investigated cattle breeds. Mean estimates of F-statistics: F_IT = 0.144 ± 0.023, F_IS = 0.071 ± 0.021, and F_ST = 0.078 ± 0.014 were significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). The interbreed relationships indicated moderate level of breed differentiation between the six cattle breeds with least differentiation between Kankrej-Mewati pair. The phylogeny structuring further supported close grouping of Kankrej and Mewati breeds. Correspondence analysis plotted Rathi, Tharparkar, and Gir individuals into three separate areas of multivariate space; whereas, Kankrej, Mewati, and Nagori cattle showed low breed specific clustering. This reflected the existence of discrete genetic structure for Tharparkar, Rathi, and Gir, the prominent dairy breeds of the region; whereas, admixture was observed for Kankrej, Mewati, and Nagori individuals.     

鲮微卫星DNA分子标记的筛选与遗传多样性分析

采用磁珠富集法对已建立的生长较快的西江段野生浅色鲮群体的极大、极小群体各31尾基因组DNA进行了微卫星序列的筛选,128个阳性克隆成功测序93个,其中80个为的微卫星序列,微卫星序列完美型占85%,非完美型占6.25%,混合型占8.75%。利用微卫星序列合成了23对微卫星引物,扩增结果表明,等位基因数为1～10个,扩增片段大小为92～283bp,其中14对引物扩增条带清晰,为中度或高度多态位点,极大、极小群体的平均有效等位基因数和平均多态信息含量分别为3.0784、3.2079和0.5675、0.5974,反映出2个群体遗传多样性均较丰富;高度多态性引物4的位点b,片段大小为119bp,在极大群体中出现频率为61.3%,在极小群体占22.6%,出现频率极大群体高于极小群体近3倍,初步可作为候选差异性分子标记。     

利用微卫星标记分析四川8个地方鸡品种遗传多样性

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了四川省8个地方鸡品种：峨嵋黑鸡、泸宁鸡、旧院黑鸡、米易鸡、石棉草科鸡、凉山崖鹰鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、沐川乌骨鸡的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）和群体间的DA遗传距离。结果表明：30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在8个鸡群体中的多态信息含量均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于各鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析。各鸡种的杂合度都较高,平均杂合度范围是0.629~0.681,最高的是泸宁鸡（0.681）,最低的是旧院黑鸡（0.629）。据分析可能是由于交通闭塞,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性。对DA遗传距离的计算表明：用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果8个鸡品种被聚为3类：Ⅰ类：峨嵋黑鸡、米易鸡、泸宁鸡、旧院黑鸡聚为一类。米易鸡、泸宁鸡先聚在一起,然后又与峨嵋黑鸡在较近的距离聚在一起,然后再与旧院黑鸡聚在一起;Ⅱ类：石棉草科鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、沐川乌骨鸡聚为一类。兴文乌骨鸡、沐川乌骨鸡在较近的距离聚在一起,然后又与石棉草科鸡在较近的距离聚在一起;Ⅲ类：凉山崖鹰鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

30个粳稻品种SSR标记遗传多样性分析

选用分布于水稻12条染色体上的64对SSR引物,对江苏省育成以及日本引进的粳稻品种共30份材料进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,有50对SSR引物在30个品种间表现为多态性。共检测到140个等位基因,每对引物的等位基因数变幅为2～5个,平均为2．8个。有效等位基因为94．336个,平均为1．887。每个SSR位点的多态性信息量（PIC）变化范围为0．064～0．752,平均为0．410。30个品种间的遗传相似系数变幅为0．386～0．956之间,平均值为0．719,且81．4％的供试品种其遗传相似系数在0．600～0．800之间,亲缘关系较近;以遗传相似系数为原始数据,按UPGMA方法将30个品种划分为3大类群,结合系谱分析结果表明,江苏省育成的水稻品种遗传多样性不够丰富,多数品种间的亲缘关系较近,欲进一步提高江苏省水稻产量还需拓宽亲本选择范围,扩大遗传背景。     

用SSR标记分析辣椒属种质资源的遗传多样性

利用21对引物在33个辣椒材料中共检测到54个等位基因,每对SSR引物检测到2~4个等位基因变异,平均为2.6个,说明辣椒种质资源的遗传多样性相对较少。通过MVSP3.13f软件对SSR数据进行聚类分析,把33个辣椒材料分为五类,同个种的辣椒种质资源基本聚在一起,说明用SSR标记来区分辣椒种质是可行的,是研究辣椒种质资源遗传多样性的有效手段。     

三个虹鳟养殖群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

利用20个微卫星标记对3个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)养殖群体进行遗传结构分析。结果表明,(1)3个群体检测的平均等位基因数为3·6～4·1,平均观测杂合度为0·5224～0·6328,平均期望杂合度为0·4736～0·5522,平均多态信息含量为0·4354～0·5084,说明这几个群体多态性属于偏高水平,遗传多样性高。通过d值,确定了Hard-Weinberg平衡的偏离情况,发现AY039638、AY039646在3个群体中都表现为不平衡。对3个群体的遗传距离进行了估算,并进行聚类分析,本溪的两个群体先聚为一支,再与渤海群体相聚,显示出明显的地理特征。(2)本溪虹鳟群体在位点AF352770出现部分等位基因消失的现象;AF352754在本溪群体中表现为位点消失,可作为区分本溪群体和渤海群体的分子标记。(3)综合评价3个群体,渤海站虹鳟群体的遗传多样性最高,与前人研究结果一致。     

微卫星标记分析白斑狗鱼遗传多样性

为了解我国境内白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)野生群体的遗传多样性现状,利用8对微卫星引物对额尔齐斯河流域185河段、635河段、乌伦古湖及吉力湖4个地理群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果显示,8个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数为6.625 0,多态信息含量为0.603 6～0.656 5,可有效用于白斑狗鱼遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。4个群体的平均期望杂合度为0.712 6～0.660 0,表明我国境内野生白斑狗鱼群体有较高的遗传多样性水平。整个群体的总近交系数为0.266 6,少数个体存在近交现象,白斑狗鱼群体有近交倾向。平均分化系数为0.062 2,群体间的遗传变异占总群体变异的6.22%,白斑狗鱼各群体间的分化程度不大。群体间的基因流值变化范围为10.077 5～3.360 6,说明白斑狗鱼不同群体间存在较为广泛的基因交流。