压砂地土壤盐分、土壤水分及坡向对西瓜产量的影响

通过田间调查及取样的方法,研究了宁夏环香山地区土壤盐分本底值、土壤水分及坡地坡向对压砂地西瓜产量的影响,并采用独立样本T-检验的统计方法对数据进行了分析,以期为不同压砂地西瓜生产力评价提供参考依据。研究结果表明:在种植管理相同前提下,土壤盐分含量高压砂地西瓜产量比盐分含量低的增加了50.4%;土壤水分含量高压砂地的西瓜产量比土壤水分含量低增加了12.6%;旱地阴坡土壤含水率显著大于阳坡(P0.05),但阴坡的西瓜产量在数值上高于阳坡,差异不显著。压砂措施具有良好的压盐作用,表现为压砂地0~80cm土壤盐分含量随深度增加而逐渐增大。     

不同种植年限对压砂地土壤盐分及西瓜产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了宁夏环香山地区不同种植年限对压砂地土壤盐分以及西瓜产量的影响,以期为压砂地持续利用及西瓜生产力预估提供参考.结果表明:随着种植年限增加,压砂地0~80 cm土层内土壤盐分总值不断降低;在种植6,10,15 a后,盐碱性压砂地0~80 cm土层内盐分含量较3 a的分别降低了70.3%,21.4%和56.4%,非盐碱性压砂地0~80 cm土层内盐分分别降低了50.6%,62.4%和34.8%;随着土层深度增加,盐碱性与非盐碱性压砂地的土壤盐分含量均呈增大趋势;非盐碱性压砂地在0~80 cm土层内,pH值呈先减小后增大趋势;西瓜产量与盐分含量关系密切,盐碱性压砂地的西瓜产量随着盐分降低不断增大,西瓜产量随土壤盐分降低先增大后减小.     

宁夏压砂地种植年限对土壤代谢产物的影响

【目的】探讨压砂地连作对土壤代谢产物的影响,揭示压砂地土壤退化机制。【方法】以宁夏不同种植年限压砂地土壤为研究对象,以未种植压砂瓜土壤为对照(V),对连续种植3 a(W)、7 a(X)、15 a(Y)和37 a(Z)的压砂地土壤进行代谢物和代谢通路分析。【结果】V-W组共检测到差异代谢物559种,其中428种上调,131种下调,V-X组共检测出差异代谢物293种,其中215种上调,78种下调,V-Y组共检测出差异代谢物730种,其中575种上调,155种下调,V-Z组共检测出差异代谢物666种,其中479种上调,187种下调;随着种植年限的增加,糖类物质量明显下降;从KEGG代谢通路来看,随着种植年限的增加,土壤富集显著的代谢通路有所减少,其中苯丙氨酸代谢和类固醇降解代谢在压砂年限>7 a时具有显著富集通路。【结论】随着压砂地种植年限的增加,土壤中有机酸积累量增加,而糖类物质量下降,会影响作物生长,降低作物抗逆性,因此连续压砂种植硒砂瓜的土地需要更改作物类型或转变土地利用方式,以增强土地利用的可持续性。     

微咸水补灌年限对压砂地水盐分布及西瓜产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨微咸水补灌年限对压砂地土壤水盐分布特征及西瓜产量和品质的影响。【方法】采用田间定位调查方法,研究了微咸水补灌年限为2、4、7、10、14 a的压砂地0～60 cm土壤水盐动态分布及西瓜产量和品质。【结果】西瓜伸蔓期和收获期土壤饱和电导率随微咸水补灌年限增加而增加,荒地土壤20～40 cm土层饱和电导率最高,而压砂地在40～60 cm土层饱和电导率最高;微咸水补灌增加了开花坐瓜期土壤体积含水率,但随微咸水补灌年限增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;压砂地表层（0～10 cm）土壤体积含水率最高,而荒地10～20 cm土层的土壤体积含水率最高;与荒地相比,土表覆砂增加了0～40 cm土层土壤体积质量及0～8 cm土层的土壤紧实度,而8 cm以下土层土壤紧实度小于荒地;西瓜产量和瓜周可溶性固形物量随微咸水补灌年限增加分别呈降低和先增加后降低的趋势。【结论】长期微咸水补灌提高了压砂地上层土壤体积质量和紧实度,同时也增加了土壤含水率和土壤盐分,西瓜产量随微咸水补灌年限增加呈下降趋势,而西瓜品质则有先提高后降低的趋势。     

压砂地土壤盐分演替特征研究

针对西北旱区特有的压砂地,分析了不同种植年限压砂地土壤盐分演替特征,结果表明,裸地及新、中、老压砂地土壤盐分平均相对偏差介于-15.43%~28.14%之间,标准差介于4.44%~31.02%之间,变化范围较小,Spearman秩相关系数较大且显著相关,通过时间稳定性可初步确定研究区土壤盐分均值的代表性测点。盐分均值与代表测点值相关系数的变化范围为0.762~0.952,标准误差及平均偏差均较小,代表测点的土壤盐分与区域平均值相关性较高,差异性较小。对新砂地表层土壤盐分进行时空模拟,各时段土壤盐分累计分布曲线变化规律相似,模拟值与实测值略有差异,其空间分布基本趋势与实测数据相符。各时段土壤盐分均属于中等弱变异性,盐渍化程度表现为裸地老砂地新砂地中砂地,压砂地土壤盐分时刻都在发生着演替,中砂地土壤盐渍化程度最小,但伴随着种植时间的延长和覆盖砂石土砂比的增加,老砂地土壤盐渍化呈加剧趋势。     

秋耕覆盖对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高.     

浅谈宿州市埇桥区的机械冬耕

正在广袤的淮北平原,冬小麦播种工作全面结束后,有相当一部分田地被农民朋友留置下来,用于来年的春季生产,普遍种植着西瓜、玉米、花生、红芋、棉花、蔬菜等农业作物,此类种植方法为改变当地的农业种植模式做出了积极贡献,然而留置下来的土地往往在开春后才进行翻耕、整地和播种。经过多年来的实践比对,土壤在冬前进行机械翻耕效果较佳,表现如下三个优点。     

基于PI模型的压砂地生产力评价指标体系研究

以宁夏中部干旱地区为研究区域,研究基于PI指数模型的压砂地生产力评价指标体系。压砂地生产力评价指标体系主要是考虑土壤自然状态下对压砂地生产力的影响,采用FAO提出的PI指数模型作为压砂地生产力评价的指标模型,选取10个指标,分别为有机质含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、全氮含量、土壤机械构成、土壤有效厚度、地面坡度、土壤酸碱度、光热条件、和水分供应能力等。通过分析得出,西瓜产量Y和评价指数PI之间存在线性相关关系:Y=1 440 PI+407.72,即PI指数模型能较好的对压砂地生产力进行评价。     

硒砂瓜施用沼肥试验效果观察

对压砂地种植的西瓜进行了施用沼肥试验,观察了其对西瓜生长、品质和产量的影响以及对病虫害的防治情况.结果表明,施用沼肥对硒砂瓜的生长、品质和产量能产生显著的影响,对西瓜病虫害具有一定的防治效果,施用沼肥地经济效益明显高于未施肥地.为今后硒砂瓜种植大面积推广施用有机肥、实现提质增效和有效保护硒砂瓜品质品牌提供了理论依据.     

不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及作物生长的影响

土壤深松技术是具有改善农田土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水保墒能力、增加作物产量的一种土壤耕作新技术。为了确定该技术对土壤理化性状及作物生长的影响程度,在新疆焉耆县大田开展常规翻耕和深松耕作方式的对比试验。试验结果表明,深松处理同常规翻耕处理相比,增加了土壤耕层的蓄水,减少了土壤容重,改善了土壤肥力和土壤盐碱度,提前了作物生育期,增加了作物产量。     

砂田抑制蒸发功能随覆砂年限的演变规律

【目的】研究压砂覆盖(砂田)保温及抑制蒸发功能随砂田退化程度的演变规律。【方法】基于多年Landsat卫星数据,使用辐射传输方程法反演香山地区砂田地表温度(LST),结合田间地表温度监测,对比砂田与裸地的地表温度变化,分析了砂田抑制土壤蒸发的机理,并探讨了砂田的功效与砂田使用年限的关系。【结果】砂田在LST-NDVI梯形空间中贴近于暖边,其土壤水分比耕地少,接近于干土层。因此,砂田可以隔离辐射与土壤表层,从而减小潜热通量,抑制土壤蒸发。砂田昼夜温差明显比裸地大,且对于西瓜等作物,砂田的有效地表积温也比裸地提高了10%。【结论】砂田退化过程可分为纯砾石阶段、砂土混合阶段和砂土连通阶段,从砂田的保温及抑制蒸发功能来看,砂田的有效使用年限为25～30 a。     

Particle-size effects on soil temperature, evaporation, water use efficiency and watermelon yield in fields mulched with gravel and sand in semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwest China

Gravel and sand mulch is an effective practice in conserving soil and moisture. However, the proportion of different particle size in this kind of mulch layer is an important factor to be considered in order to obtain optimal results from this practice. From 2005 to 2007, a series of experiments including one with watermelon were conducted in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwest China to determine the influence of particle size and its proportion in mulch layer on soil temperature, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency (WUE) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) yield. The treatments in no-watermelon experiments included particle sizes classified as <0.3, 0.3-1, 1-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8 and 8-10 cm mesh size or various rates of 2-6 cm pebble accounting for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70% with 30% 1-2 cm gravel-sand in mulch layer (as well as correspondingly decreasing sand proportions). The watermelon experiment included three particle sizes, 0.3-1, 1-2 and 2-6 cm. Soil temperature at 8:00 h was highest for the 1-2 cm treatment, and the daily average temperature at 14:00 h was highest for the 0.3-1 cm treatment. Soil temperature decreased with particle size increasing due to porosity enlarging. The relationship between soil temperature and particle size followed a quadratic or cubic curve. Soil temperature was increased by gravel-sand mulch plus plastic film. The increment of soil temperature was larger especially for 1-4 cm particle size. In the gravel-sand mulch layer having different size particles, the greater percentage being of 2-6 cm pebbles, increases porosity, and lowers soil temperature, and causes more evaporation. The results of the watermelon experiment showed that soil moisture before seeding would not affect the yield during the years of using gravel mulch. Watermelon yield and WUE were higher for 1-2 and 0.3-1 cm treatments than 2-6 cm treatments in later experiments during 2006 and 2007. In conclusion, 2-6 cm large size particles would not account for much in gravel-sand mulching layer. It would be better if the percentage of 2-6 cm particles was less than 30%.     

北疆膜下滴灌棉田生育期土壤水盐的变化特征

针对北疆地区土壤盐化制约农业发展的问题,通过野外实地分层采集土样,分析北疆地区长期膜下滴灌农田种植前后土壤水分和盐分分布特征。统计学分析表明,种植期土壤含水量变异属于中等偏弱变异强度,土壤盐分的变异属于中等偏强变异程度,土壤盐分分布成自上而下先增大再减少的波动趋势。在空间分布上,土壤水分和盐分种植前后存在明显的差异,种植后在浅层土壤水分和盐分的含量成西高东低的变化分布。     

Effects of gravel mulch on water vapor transfer above and below the soil surface

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of gravel mulch on evaporation with emphasis on resistance to water vapor transfer in a soil-mulch–atmosphere continuum. Based on measurements of evaporation rate using weighing soil columns with and without the surface mulch, the resistance to vapor flow by each of atmosphere, mulch and soil sections was determined. Comparison of experimental results of bare soil with mulched surface indicated that gravel mulch increases the resistance not only above the soil surface but also below the surface. The resistance of the mulch layer to water vapor flow above the soil surface increased exponentially with the thickness of the mulch layer, although so-called “aerodynamic resistance” (i.e. resistance above the mulch–atmosphere interface) slightly decreased compared to the bare soil because of large roughness of gravel mulch. The increase in the resistance below the soil surface, which is conventionally called “soil surface resistance”, is attributed to the development of a dry surface layer. Partial covering of the soil surface with gravel induced concentrated evaporation flux and increased depth of the drying front, even if the soil is relatively wet on spatial average. The nonhomogeneity in soil moisture movement may be reinforced when gravels are partially embedded into the soil.     

砾石覆盖条件下土壤水热效应对冬小麦田CO2排放的影响

通过2年田间试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测冬小麦田CO_2排放速率和通量,并计算了生态系统净交换和收获指数。试验设置无覆盖对照(CK)、无覆盖补灌对照(WCK)、砾石覆盖(GM)和砾石覆盖补灌(WGM)4个处理。结果表明:2个生长季内砾石覆盖补灌处理各阶段土壤含水率和温度平均最高,其次为砾石覆盖处理,说明砾石覆盖的保水保温效果明显;土壤温度的变化规律与CO_2排放规律相同,土壤含水率变化规律与CO_2排放规律相反,土壤温度和含水率变化对CO_2排放具有显著的交互作用(P0.05);对影响农田生态系统CO_2排放的冬小麦生长参数和土壤理化特性进行相关矩阵和主成分分析,CO_2排放的分布与CK和WCK对照处理分布相似度较高,与GM和WGM砾石覆盖处理则完全相反;产量、收获指数、生态系统净交换的分布与WGM处理最为接近,其次为GM处理,说明砾石覆盖处理提高了产量,促进了生态系统净交换,降低了CO_2排放量。砾石覆盖结合关键生育期补充灌水的田间管理方式能有效改善土壤水热状况,减少农田生态系统CO_2排放。     

重盐碱地膜下滴灌土壤盐分运移规律研究

根据对重盐碱地进行滴灌种植打瓜试验,钻孔取土,测定土壤总盐含量进行分析,试验表明在重盐碱地上利用膜下滴灌进行种植,滴头下的盐分淡化区稍向棵间偏移,并主要集中在二膜中间,可以为作物提供较好的水盐环境;经过1年膜下滴灌种植打瓜后,40 cm深度土壤总盐含量下降57%,100 cm深度总盐下降30.8%。     

Effects of gravel-sand mulch, plastic mulch and ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system combinations on water use efficiency, soil temperature and watermelon yield in a semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In the northwestern Loess Plateau of China, low precipitation results in poor crop yields, with a great fluctuation from year to year. The adoption of gravel-sand mulching has shown improvements in the growth of crops such as watermelon. The ridge and furrow rainwater harvest system (RFRHS) has been shown as an easy and efficient way to collect rainwater. A field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2009 at Gaolan, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, to measure the effects of RFRHS, plastic mulch and gravel-sand mulch combinations on soil temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and watermelon yield. There were eight treatments: (1) flat gravel-sand mulched field, (2) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 1:1 of ridge and furrow, (3) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (4) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 5:3 of ridge and furrow, (5) RFRHS with a sand and plastic mulched furrow, bare ridge and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (6) RFRHS with an entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (7) conventional ridge planting with a plastic mulched ridge, and (8) flat gravel-sand mulched field plus 23 mm supplementary irrigation. Soil temperature for RFRHS with a gravel-sand plus plastic mulched furrow was slightly lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. The RFRHS caused a significant increase in watermelon yield and WUE. The increase in watermelon yield and WUE was greatly influenced by the ratio of ridge and furrow when RFRHS was combined with gravel-sand mulch. Watermelon yield was highest for the 1:1 ratio, and WUE was highest for the 5:3 and 1:1 ratios of ridge:furrow, and these were significantly greater than that of flat gravel-sand mulch, without or with irrigation. The use of ridge with plastic film mulch increased the beneficial effect of RFRHS on yield. The watermelon yield and WUE for non-plastic-mulched ridge were even lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. In summary, the findings suggest that RFRHS with gravel-sand mulched furrow plus plastic film mulch, and 1:1 ratio of ridge:furrow, would facilitate the use of limited rainfall most efficiently in improving watermelon yield, by reducing ET and increasing WUE in this semiarid region.     

不同保墒条件下土壤温度日变化效应研究

通过田间试验监测和分析,研究了不同保墒条件下土壤温度日变化,结果表明,一日内不同处理的0~15cm处地温均可拟合为时间的正弦函数,其相关系数大小分别为:CK>PAM处理>地膜覆盖>秸秆覆盖。研究确定了保墒灌溉条件下不同深度土壤温度的日表征时刻,分析了各表征时刻土壤温度沿深度变化的关系,发现任何处理的剖面土壤温度最大日变幅均有随土壤深度增加呈指数递减的趋势。研究结果显示,不同保墒条件下土壤温度日变化可以通过相同的方法进行预测。     

西北干旱区滴灌棉田膜间土壤蒸发试验研究

膜间土壤蒸发是覆膜棉田水分消耗的主要组成部分,在干旱少雨的新疆石河子利用微型蒸渗仪观测了地下滴灌和膜下滴灌条件下,覆膜棉田膜间土壤水分蒸发,并对膜间不同位置处的土壤蒸发规律进行了试验研究,研究结果表明,滴灌条件下膜间土壤水分蒸发分别与气温、辐射、饱和水汽差以及相对湿度呈指数相关关系,与参考作物需水量呈线型相关关系,与表层土壤含水率呈指数关系;膜间土壤累积蒸发量在苗期最高、其次是花铃期、吐絮期最小;膜下滴灌条件下膜边土壤的蒸发量高于膜间（两条膜正中间的裸地）蒸发量;地下滴灌条件下,错位种植会导致灌溉水的无效蒸发,不利于灌溉水的高效利用。