Rapid and non-invasive analysis of deoxynivalenol in durum and common wheat by Fourier-Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy

Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) was used for rapid and non-invasive analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) in durum and common wheat. The relevance of using ground wheat samples with a homogeneous particle size distribution to minimize measurement variations and avoid DON segregation among particles of different sizes was established. Calibration models for durum wheat, common wheat and durum + common wheat samples, with particle size <500 µm, were obtained by using partial least squares (PLS) regression with an external validation technique. Values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP, 306–379 µg kg^–1) were comparable and not too far from values of root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV, 470–555 µg kg^–1). Coefficients of determination (r ²) indicated an “approximate to good” level of prediction of the DON content by FT-NIR spectroscopy in the PLS calibration models (r ² = 0.71–0.83), and a “good” discrimination between low and high DON contents in the PLS validation models (r ² = 0.58–0.63). A “limited to good” practical utility of the models was ascertained by range error ratio (RER) values higher than 6. A qualitative model, based on 197 calibration samples, was developed to discriminate between blank and naturally contaminated wheat samples by setting a cut-off at 300 µg kg^–1 DON to separate the two classes. The model correctly classified 69% of the 65 validation samples with most misclassified samples (16 of 20) showing DON contamination levels quite close to the cut-off level. These findings suggest that FT-NIR analysis is suitable for the determination of DON in unprocessed wheat at levels far below the maximum permitted limits set by the European Commission.     

Chemiluminescence imaging immunoassay for multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics in cow milk

A simple and rapid multiplexed direct competitive chemiluminescent (CL) imaging immunoassay had been developed for the simultaneous detection of kanamycin (KAN) and streptomycin (STR), which were widely used against bacterial infections in animals. To achieve the multiplexed detection of the two targets, a microarray format based on nitrocellulose membranes (NCMs) has been designed. Then, the peroxidase activity of the captured HRP-labelled immunocomplex in each channel was measured by an enhanced luminol-based chemiluminescent solution using a cooled low-light CCD with high resolution. For qualitative analysis, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ for KAN and 3.13 ng mL⁻¹ for STR by the naked eye. Through the CL data collected, KAN and STR could be detected quantitatively at the LOD of 0.03 and 0.33 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. This method can be utilised as a screening test to evaluate the presence of antibiotics in milk samples.     

Concentrations and exposure estimates of deoxynivalenol in wheat products from Argentina

The aim of this work was to determine deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in wheat-based food products in Argentina and to estimate DON exposure. The numbers of samples were determined according to a developed sampling plan. A total of 156 samples of different wheat products were randomly collected from food markets in Luján, Argentina, and analyzed for DON by gas chromatography. DON contamination ranged 7–271?ng?g^?1 for French bread, 5–149?ng?g^?1 for Vienna bread, 11–85?ng?g^?1 for crackers, 8–85?ng?g^?1 for pizza, and was 79?ng?g^?1 for noodles. The maximum contribution to DON intake was 7% of the PMTDI for French bread; the minimum was less than 1% for noodles. Assuming all groups had eaten all sampled foods and summing all groups’ intake contribution, the highest estimate DON exposure would only be <14% (for the 18–24-year old men group) of the DON daily dietary intake.     

Correlation of rainfall and levels of deoxynivalenol in wheat from Uruguay, 1997–2003

A total of 286 wheat samples for human consumption collected during 1997–2003 from four wheat-producing localities of south-western Uruguay were screened for deoxynivalenol (DON). Quantification was carried on by an immunochemical method using immunoaffinity columns and fluorimetric detection. The incidence of DON was high during the whole survey (58.5–100%), except in 1998 and 1999 in which no contamination occurred. During 2001 and 2002, 100% of samples contained detectable levels of DON, being the mean DON contents 6593 and 5880 µg kg^?1, respectively. The annual maximum levels ranged from 8800 to 11,400 µg kg^?1. A positive correlation between DON levels and precipitation was seen. The 70% of wheat samples destined for human consumption were contaminated with DON. To avoid the introduction of contaminated materials into the food chain process, the adoption of regular screening of the DON level in wheat is recommended, particularly in years with heavy rainfall during the flowering-to-early stages of grain maturity months.     

Detection of clenbuterol in beef meat,liver and kidney by mid‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐Mid IR) and multivariate analysis

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐Mid IR) coupled with multivariate analysis was used to predict clenbuterol in beef meat, liver and kidney. A SIMCA model was also developed to discriminate between pure (beef meat, liver and kidney) and spiked with clenbuterol samples (beef meat‐clenbuterol, liver‐clenbuterol and kidney‐clenbuterol). The best models to predict clenbuterol concentrations were obtained using the partial least squares algorithm (PLS) with a R² > 0.9 and SEC and standard error of prediction <0.296 and 0.324, respectively. The SIMCA model used to discriminate pure and spiked with clenbuterol samples showed 100% correct classification rate. Methods detection limit was 2 μg kg^?1. FT‐Mid IR coupled with chemometrics could be a simple and rapid screening tool for monitoring clenbuterol in beef meat, liver and kidney implicated in food poisoning. This method could be use for screening purposes.     

Development of an ELISA Reverse-Based Assay to Assess the Presence of Mycotoxins in Cereal Flour

The first successful application of the ELISA reverse method and device (ER m&d), in the context of food safety and traceability, was developed in our laboratories to detect and quantify CP4EPSPS and Cry1AB genetically modified related proteins in soy and maize samples, respectively. To prove the versatility and the transferability of the technology, the ER was here applied to assess the presence of mycotoxins in cereals. Appropriate protocols were developed to assess the presence of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A and the ER was tested on contaminated wheat samples. In particular, deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were detected in a range of values from 430 to 5,000 μg kg⁻¹ and from 1.7 to 10 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The assays were optimized to reach a limit of quantification equal to 550 and 1.8 μg kg⁻¹ for DON and OTA, respectively.     

Microbiological and mycotoxicological analyses of processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children from the German market

This study investigated several food safety criteria in 38 different commercial products of processed cereal-based foods (PCF) from the German market. Microbiological assessment, followed by 16S RNA gene sequencing of suspect colonies, included aerobic mesophilic bacteria, moulds, Enterobacteriaceae, Cronobacter spp., and presumptive Bacillus cereus. Mycotoxin analyses were performed by enzyme immunoassays for deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxins (T-2/HT-2; oat containing products only), ergot alkaloids (EA), and alternariol (AOH). No violative result above existing European Union regulations or international guidelines was obtained. Most samples had very low aerobic mesophilic cell counts (<2.0 × 10¹ CFU/g), the maximum was 9.6 × 10² CFU/g. A few samples contained low numbers of opportunistic pathogens, most notably Cronobacter sakazakii, Acinetobacter spp., Pantoea spp., and enterotoxigenic Bacillus wiedmannii. Levels of mycotoxin contamination were very low, well below European Union maximum limits. DON was found in 10 samples, at levels of 9–35 µg/kg. T-2/HT-2 were found in all 15 oat-based products (1–8 µg/kg). All samples were negative for ZEN and EA. A high number (n = 25) of samples yielded weakly positive results for the nonregulated AOH (0.4–2 µg/kg), but just three samples exceeded a level of 1 µg/kg. No relationship between cereal composition and analytical findings for microbiological parameters and mycotoxins could be found. As long as PCF meals are freshly prepared and consumed immediately after preparation, the risk from sporadically occurring opportunistic bacteria appears to be minimal.     

Development of a HPLC method combined with ultraviolet/diode array detection for determination of monosodium glutamate in various food samples

An effective, simple and rapid analytical method using HPLC was developed for the analysis of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in various food samples obtained from local market in Turkey. The determination of MSG was performed by its derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detection method was performed by using C₁₈ (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) column with the mobile phase consisting of 10 mm phosphate buffer solution (pH = 5.90) and methanol (75:25, v/v). The applied method was optimised and the validated. The method was linear from 1 to 50 μg mL⁻¹ of MSG. The correlation coefficient value of the developed method was obtained as R² = 0.9999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification limits were 0.015 and 0.050 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. MSG contents of the food samples range from 0.09 g kg⁻¹ to 120.80 g kg⁻¹. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of MSG in several food samples.     

Deoxynivalenol exposure assessment in a cohort of pregnant women from Bradford,UK

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous contaminant of cereal crops in temperate regions of the world. It causes growth faltering and immune suppression in animals. Limited information is available on DON exposure in UK subpopulations. The objective of this study was to provide DON exposure assessment in a subset of pregnant women scheduled for an elective caesarean in a large multi-ethnic mother/infant birth cohort from Bradford, UK. Women aged 16–44 years (n?=?85) provided a urine sample for DON analysis in the last trimester of pregnancy, and concurrently completed a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The urinary DON biomarker was detected in all measured samples (geometric mean (GM)?=?10.3?ng?DON?mg^?1 creatinine, range?=?0.5?116.7?ng?mg^?1). Levels were higher in women classified as South Asian in origin (GM: 15.2?ng?mg^?1; 95% CI?=?10.7?21.5?ng?mg^?1) compared with non-South Asians (GM?=?8.6?ng?mg^?1; 95% CI?=?6.6?11.8?ng?mg^?1), p?=?0.02). Estimated DON intake from FFQ data and typical levels of DON contamination of food suggest that this was mainly due to higher levels of exposure from bread, particularly daily intake of DON from chapattis in South Asians (estimated mean?=?2.4?µg?day^?1; 95% CI?=?1.2, 3.7?µg?day^?1) compared with non-South Asians (estimated mean?=?0.2?µg?day^?1; 95% CI?=?0?0.4?µg?day^?1), p?<?0.001. This is the first biomarker demonstration of DON exposure in pregnant women, and several urinary DON levels were the highest ever recorded in any study. A larger survey within this birth cohort is warranted to investigate any potential risk to mothers and their babies, from DON exposure during pregnancy.     

An immunogen synthesis strategy for the development of specific anti-deoxynivalenol monoclonal antibodies

An immunogen synthesis strategy was designed to develop anti-deoxynivalenol (DON) monoclonal antibodies with low cross-reactivity against structurally similar trichothecenes. A total of eight different DON immunogens were synthesised, differing in the type and position of the linker on the DON molecule. After immunisation, antisera from mice immunised with different DON immunogens were checked for the presence of relevant antibodies. Then, both homologous and heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed for hybridoma screening. Finally, three monoclonal antibodies against DON and its analogues were generated. In addition, monoclonal antibody 13H1 could recognise DON and its analogues in the order of HT-2 toxin > 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) > DON, with IC₅₀ ranging from 1.14 to 2.13 µg ml^–1. Another monoclonal antibody 10H10 manifested relatively close sensitivities to DON, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-ADON, with IC₅₀ values of 22, 15 and 34 ng ml^–1, respectively. Using an indirect ELISA format decreases the 10H10 sensitivity to 15-ADON with 92%. A third monoclonal antibody 2A9 showed to be very specific and sensitive to 3-ADON, with IC₅₀ of 0.38 ng ml^–1. Using both 2A9 and 10H10 monoclonal antibodies allows determining sole DON contamination.     

Development and quality characteristics of functional Kulfi fortified with microencapsulated betalains

Fruit and vegetable waste valorisation has opened opportunities for the utilisation of food waste for extraction and development of valuable functional foods. Therefore, the study was designed to develop a functional Kulfi fortified with encapsulated betalains extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) pomace. Moreover, fortified functional Kulfi samples were studied for physico-chemical, antioxidant, microbiological and sensory analyses. Fortified functional Kulfi reported the higher antioxidant activity (64.88% and 75.27%) with reduced melting rate (1.84 mL min⁻¹ and 2.08 mL min⁻¹) and microbial profile (3.77 log CFU g⁻¹ and 3.14 log CFU g⁻¹) compared with control. Sensory analysis showed a no significant (P > 0.05) impact on the overall acceptability of functional Kulfi (7.25) compared with the commercial Kulfi (7.20), which was further confirmed by a bi-plot of principal component analysis. Overall, the encapsulated betalains improved the quality characteristics of functional Kulfi and could be used for the development of frozen dairy products.     

Prediction,molecular docking and identification of novel umami hexapeptides derived from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

This paper investigated umami hexapeptides derived from myosin of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using homology modelling, molecular docking, taste evaluation and e-tongue verification. After hydrolysing and prediction in silico, potential bioactivity, toxicity and physicochemical properties of 48 hexapeptides were predicted. Five hexapeptides were selected to dock with the T1R1–T1R3 homology model which was built with SWISS-MODEL. Docking results showed that the five hexapeptides could enter the docking region, and INKPGL, SDSCIR and GPDPER had the lowest CDOKER_ENERGY. E-tongue result showed that the umami and richness value of all the three hexapeptides in 0.4 mg mL⁻¹ were higher than a 0.1% MSG solution. Sensory evaluation result showed that INKPEL had the strongest umami taste among the three hexapeptides and the umami threshold value was 0.25 mg mL⁻¹. These results suggested that homology modelling can be used for predicting umami peptides, and three umami hexapeptides were identified by in silico screening.     

Evaluation of various Bacillus coagulans isolates for the production of high purity L-lactic acid using defatted rice bran hydrolysates

Defatted rice bran (DRB) constitutes an abundant by-product stream, generated during rice milling and subsequent bran oil extraction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and protein content in DRB was optimised in terms of solid loading. Among the four solid loadings evaluated (10%, 15%, 20% and 25%), the hydrolysate derived from 20% solids resulted in the highest concentration of glucose (82.3 g L⁻¹) and free amino nitrogen (234.8 mg L⁻¹). The fermentability of the hydrolysate was evaluated via screening of sixteen isolates. All the strains were able to grow and produce high purity L-lactic acid, utilising the DRB as sole carbon and nutrient source. Among the studied strains, the Bacillus coagulans A107 isolate presented the most promising results in terms of final lactic acid concentration (75.9 g L⁻¹), yield (0.90 g g⁻¹) and productivity (2.7 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹). The results of this study indicate that DRB could be employed as an inexpensive, alternative substrate for L-lactic acid production.     

Oral sterol intake in The Netherlands: evaluation of the results obtained by GC analysis of duplicate 24-h diet samples collected in 1994

In the spring and autumn of 1994, a total diet study, in which 123 participants collected duplicates of their 24-h diets, was carried out. One of the goals of this study was to determine the amount of sterols in the duplicates of 24-h diets so that we could establish the oral daily intake of these analytes. Lyophilised samples were analysed for cholesterol, coprosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol content. The mean intake of all participants was: for cholesterol, 202 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; for campesterol, 27 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; for stigmasterol, 15 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; and for β-sitosterol, 102 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹. The median intake of all participants was: for cholesterol, 160 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; for campesterol, 26 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; for stigmasterol, 14 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹; and for β-sitosterol, 98 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹. The mean and median intake for brassicasterol could not be calculated because too many values were below the limit of determination. The coprosterol intake was below the limit of determination for all samples. The mean intake for the plant sterols was 146 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹, and the mean total sterol intake was 348 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹. The median intake for the plant sterols was 138 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹ and the median total sterol intake was 313 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹. On the day of sampling the cholesterol intake of 32 participants was above the recommendation of the Dutch Food and Nutrition Council (Voedingsraad) of a maximum of 33 mg MJ⁻¹. The overall mean intake of cholesterol of 25 mg MJ⁻¹, however, is below this recommendation. The total sterol intake found in this study corresponds well with the results found in the 1984/1985 duplicate diet study. The sterol intake in mg MJ⁻¹ found in this study corresponds well with the results from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey and the Market Basket study.     

Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy technique–based immunosensor development for deoxynivalenol determination in wheat samples

Contamination by deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, occurs in cereals worldwide; therefore, efforts have been made toward the development of rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of this compound. In our investigation, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) technique has been applied to label-free detection of DON in both competitive and in direct immunoassay formats using DON-specific polyclonal antibodies. After immobilizing the antibody or the antigen conjugate for the direct or indirect measurement, the sensor chip was used in a flow-injection analyzer system. The direct method was found to result in an unstable sensor response and sensitivity insufficient to determine DON in different grains. In contrast, a competitive immunosensor format provided reproducible quantitative detection in the sub-ppt range. For competitive sensor investigation with the sensitized chip, first the optimal dilution rate of polyclonal antibodies was determined. For the measurements, antibody stock solution was diluted to 8 μg mL⁻¹. During the competitive measurement, standard solutions were mixed with the antibodies at the appropriate concentration, and the mixture was incubated for 1 min and injected into the OWLS system. The sensitive detection range of the competitive detection method was between 0.01 and 50 ng mL⁻¹. After the establishment of the indirect method, spiked wheat flour samples were investigated. Results obtained with spiked samples showed that OWLS detection has a potential for quick determination of DON in wheat samples.     

Incorporation of microbial transglutaminase into non-fat yogurt production

This study investigated the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of non-fat yogurts treated with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) at varying concentrations from 0 to 0.5 g L⁻¹. Also, the effect of enzyme inactivation prior to fermentation on the selected properties of the yogurts was studied. Acid development rate was reduced with increasing MTGase doses. Cross-linking of milk proteins by MTGase had a growth-slowing effect on yogurt starter bacteria, which was more pronounced at higher concentrations. Physical properties of the yogurts were improved by MTGase throughout 21-day storage; on the contrary, the production of acetaldehyde was slowed down by increasing MTGase concentrations during the same period. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchial cluster analysis (HCA) clearly differentiated the samples with added MTGase at lower (⩽0.3 g L⁻¹) and higher (0.4–0.5 g L⁻¹) concentrations regarding the physical and sensory properties. The physical and sensory properties of non-fat set yogurt could be improved by incorporating MTGase up to a level of 0.3 g L⁻¹.     

Rapid evaluation of frying oil degradation using ultrasonic technology

The quality of frying oils covering a wide range of oil degradation and degree of unsaturation was analyzed using ultrasonic techniques. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation decreased with temperature, and the average velocity temperature coefficients were −3.59 and −3.51 m s⁻¹ °C⁻¹ for monounsaturated (MUO) and polyunsaturated (PUO) oils, respectively. Velocity was linearly related to viscosity, showing higher values for PUO than for MUO. Velocity was also related to the percentage of polar compounds (R² = 0.77 and 0.86 for PUO and MUO, respectively) and polymers (R² = 0.86 for PUO and MUO together). The use of velocity and viscosity in a single prediction model allowed to classify 97.5% of the samples correctly, according to the 25% polar compounds limit. Therefore, ultrasonic techniques can be used to characterize thermal degradation of oils when subjected to different frying conditions, which could be useful for frying operators or inspection services.     

Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Galotyri,a traditional Greek soft acid-curd cheese,stored aerobically at 4°C and 12°C

Galotyri is a traditional Greek soft acid-curd cheese, which is made from ewes’ or goats’ milk and is consumed fresh. Because cheese processing may allow Listeria monocytogenes post-process contamination, this study evaluated survival of the pathogen in fresh cheese during storage. Portions (0.5 kg) of two commercial types (<2% salt) of Galotyri, one artisan (pH 4.0±0.1) and the other industrial (pH 3.8±0.1), were inoculated with ca. 3 or 7 log cfu g⁻¹ of a five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes and stored aerobically at 4°C and 12°C. After 3 days, average declines of pathogen's populations (PALCAM agar) were 1.3–1.6 and 3.7–4.6 log cfu g⁻¹ in cheese samples for the low and high inocula, respectively. These declines were independent (P>0.05) of the cheese type or the storage temperature. From day 3, however, declines shifted to small or minimal to result in 1.4–1.8 log cfu g⁻¹ of survivors at 28 days of storage of all cheeses at 4°C, indicating a strong “tailing” independent of initial level of contamination. Low (1.2–1.7 log cfu g⁻¹) survival of L. monocytogenes also occurred in cheeses at 12°C for 14 days, which were prone to surface yeast spoilage. When ca. 3 log cfu g⁻¹ of L. monocytogenes were inoculated in laboratory scale prepared Galotyri of pH ≅4.4 and ≅3% salt, the pathogen died off at 14 and 21 days at 12°C and 4°C, respectively, in artisan type cheeses fermented with the natural starter. In contrast, the pathogen survived for 28 days in cheeses fermented with the industrial starter. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes cannot grow but may survive during retail storage of Galotyri despite its low pH of or slightly below 4.0. Although contamination of Galotyri with L. monocytogenes may be expected low (<100 cfu g⁻¹) in practice, that long-term survival of the pathogen in commercial cheeses was shown to be unaffected by the artificial contamination level (3 or 7 logs) and the storage temperature (4°C or 12°C), which should be a concern.     

Flavanone glycosides in Brazilian orange juice

Authentic samples of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice and pulp-wash, and retail samples of freshly squeezed orange juice and frozen concentrated orange juice have been collected in Brazil and analysed for the flavanone glycosides (FG) narirutin and hesperidin by reversed phase HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm. The juice from hand-squeezed fruit gave narirutin and hesperidin concentrations of 16–142 mg l⁻¹ and 104–537 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The ratio of hesperidin to narirutin showed varietal difference with Pera having the highest ratio (mean 8.4) and Baı́a the lowest (3.6). Frozen concentrated orange juice contained higher quantities of FG with narirutin ranging from 62 to 84 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 531 to 690 mg l⁻¹ (after dilution to 12 °Brix). In frozen concentrated orange juice pulp-wash, the narirutin level ranged from 155 to 239 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 1089 to 1200 mg l⁻¹. The analysis of 23 samples of freshly squeezed juice from the Brazilian market place showed that the FG content of most samples (9.1 to 94.8 and 105.8 to 586.6 mg l⁻¹, respectively, for narirutin and hesperidin) was similar to those found for authentic ones, indicating that these orange juices were not adulterated.     

ATR-FTIR在小麦及其制品呕吐毒素污染水平快速测定中的应用

为快速测定小麦及其制品呕吐毒素（deoxynivalenol,DON）污染情况,搜集小麦、面粉及面粉制品共98?份,利用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱（attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,ATR-FTIR）获取样品在4 000～600 cm－1的光谱信息,对样品中的DON含量建立了基于偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）分析和逐步多元性回归（stepwise multiple linear regression,SMLR）分析方法的定量分析模型。结果显示,不同DON含量样品在1?740、1?648、1?549?cm－1和1?300～900?cm－1等波段处的吸收值存在显著差异。PLSR和SMLR均能较好预测样品中的DON含量,其中PLSR模型的预测集决定系数RP2、预测均方根误差（root mean squared error of prediction,RMSEP）和相对分析偏差（residual predictive deviation,RPD）值分别为0.86、0.438?mg/kg和2.6。SMLR结合9?个波长所建模型的RP2、RMSEP和RPD值分别为0.86、0.426?mg/kg和2.6。结果表明,ATR-FTIR用于小麦及其制品DON污染快速分析具有可行性。