Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid contents,and the GAD activity in germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.): Effect of rice cultivars

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid (Glu) contents, and the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity in brown rice (BR) and germinated BR (GBR) of the 5 Thai rice cultivars KDML105, PT1, CN1, SP1, and PL2 were investigated. BR was soaked at 35°C for 12 h and then germinated for 24 h to produce GBR. Amounts of GABA and Glu, and the GAD activity in samples were determined. The GABA content and GAD activity in GBR samples of all cultivars were increased 7–50× and 10–100× over levels in BR. The GABA content in BR had no effect on GABA accumulation in GBR. There was no trend in changes in the Glu content for different cultivars after soaking and germination. Variation in the GABA amount in GBR was due to both the GAD activity and the amount of Glu. These two parameters affected accumulation of GABA in all cultivars.     

Effects of germination time on the structural,physicochemical and functional properties of brown rice

Germinated brown rice (GBR) is a gluten-free food raw material. Its tissue structure, physicochemical properties and functional properties depend on the germination time. In this study, rapid viscosity analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction et al were used to analyse the structural, physicochemical and functional changes in brown rice (BR) during germination. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compound, glutathione (GSH) and amino acid contents increased during germination. GBR exhibited the highest GSH (22.70 mg per 100 g) and amino acid (8.02 mg per 100 g) contents at 24 h and the highest GABA content (253.35 mg per 100 g) at 36 h. Furthermore, BR germinated for 36 h showed greater enthalpy (ΔH) than ungerminated BR. Although GBR showed less crystallinity than ungerminated BR, germination did not change the crystalline structure type of starch (A-type). These results inform choices of the appropriate applications of GBR to promote its utilisation in the food industry.     

Germinated high-resistant starch rice: A potential novel functional food

High-resistant starch rice has been showing great potent in preventing diabetes but with inferior eating quality. Germinated brown rice (GBR) shows improved eating quality, GBR intake can reduce the risk of some chronic diseases and is beneficial for human health. Germination treatment might be a good solution to the dilemma between nutrition and sensory qualities. To deepen the understanding on the physiochemical properties of high RS rice during germination and widen the applications of high RS rice in functional food industry. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant RS4 (RS ca.10.3%), GZ93 (RS ca.0.1%) and the wild-type R7954 (RS ca.1.6%) were used to investigate the primary physicochemical properties, antioxidant and functional substances after germination. After germination, though the contents of RS were decreased in R7954, GZ93 and RS4, the RS content in RS4 was still as high as 4.09%. Meantime, RS4 exhibited pronouncedly enhanced lipids, free glucose, polyphenolic compositions, flavonoid, GABA and β-glucan contents after germination. Germination treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of RS4, made RS4 cooked easier but maintained lower digestibility and higher nutrients. Germinated RS4 with high RS content might be potent in food industry as antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and immune-enhancing ingredients.     

发芽糙米铁生物强化的正交试验优化及其形态分析

研究稻谷品种、铁营养剂、Fe2＋浓度、浸泡温度、浸泡时间、培育温度、培育时间对发芽糙米有机铁和γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量的影响,优化了糙米发芽过程中有机铁生物强化的生产工艺,并对发芽糙米铁形态进行分析。结果表明,以0.005 mol/L FeSO4溶液为铁营养剂对‘绿旱1号’品种糙米进行铁强化发芽处理时,有机铁和GABA含量显著提高。获得铁强化发芽糙米最优生产工艺条件为：浸泡温度30 ℃、浸泡时间10 h、培育温度32 ℃、培育时间44 h。在此条件下获得的铁强化发芽糙米的有机铁含量为（405.48±9.18）mg/kg,是普通发芽糙米的51 倍, 其中铁主要是与蛋白结合的形态, 占总铁含量的53.74%;GABA含量为（508.04±13.50）mg/kg,是普通发芽糙米的14 倍。     

纤维素酶预处理糙米发芽工艺优化

为解决发芽糙米蒸煮后口感差的问题,提出酶溶液浸泡糙米提供发芽条件的同时适当降解皮层粗纤维预处理工艺.研究酶浓度、酶解温度以及酶解时间对糙米发芽率及发芽糙米硬度的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验.并以GABA含量为考核指标,将酶预处理工艺与传统浸泡工艺进行了对比试验.结果表明:试验因素对糙米发芽率及发芽糙米硬度变化影响显著;酶预处理工艺优化参数组合为:酶浓度为0.4mg/mL、酶解温度为33℃和酶解时间为110min,在此条件下,糙米发芽率可达到传统浸泡处理的90％以上,其硬度降低14.1％.最优酶解条件下得到的发芽糙米GABA含量略低于未经酶浸泡得到的发芽糙米GABA含量.并通过扫描电镜分析证实了发芽糙米皮层粗纤维降解是其硬度下降的原因.     

Utilization of germinated and heat-moisture treated brown rices in sugar-snap cookies

Utilization of germinated brown rice (GBR) in sugar-snap cookies and effect of heat-moisture treatment of the GBR were investigated. Brown rice was germinated at 30 °C for 48 h and then a heat-moisture treatment was conducted for the moistened GBR (17 g/100 g moisture content) at 100 °C for 4 h. Sugar-snap cookies were prepared with white rice, brown rice, GBR and the treated GBR flours, as substitutes for wheat flour (30–100 g/100 g). All cookies containing rice flours, regardless of germination and heat-moisture treatment, required significantly less force to compress than did the wheat flour cookie, and this softening effect was increased as the level of rice flour substitution increased. The cookies made with the GBR flour displayed inferior physical characteristics compared to those with wheat flour, but the cookies containing the treated GBR flour showed improved physical properties with lower moisture content and higher spread factor than those containing untreated GBR flour. The cookies containing the treated GBR flours showed relatively a low degree of firming during the ambient storage. The overall results showed that the cookies with acceptable quality and improved nutrition could be prepared by partial or complete replacement of wheat flour with the heat-moisture treated GBR flour.     

未熟粒糙米低氧胁迫发芽期间生理生化变化研究

以未熟粒糙米为试材,研究其低氧胁迫发芽期间主要生理生化变化。结果表明：经低氧胁迫发芽48 h,未熟粒糙米的发芽率达79.3%,芽长为1.92 mm,呼吸强度提高5.6 倍,容重达0.79 g/mL;发芽期间其含水量快速增加后趋于平缓,淀粉含量持续下降,还原糖和游离氨基酸含量则逐渐增加,均与完熟粒糙米变化趋势一致且无显著性差异;未熟粒糙米中γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量随发芽时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,发芽48 h时GABA含量增加1.08 倍,且谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamate decarboxylase,GAD）活力和谷氨酸（glutamic acid,Glu）含量与对照组无显著差异。低氧胁迫下未熟粒发芽糙米中GABA含量与芽长、呼吸强度、游离氨基酸和GAD活力均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与淀粉和谷氨酸含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。低氧胁迫发芽改善了未熟粒糙米营养品质,是富集GABA的良好原料。     

超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米营养及食用品质的影响

本研究采用超声波技术辅助加工发芽糙米,探究超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米总黄酮、基本营养成分、米糠皮层微观结构及质构等的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助处理工艺顺序对发芽糙米总黄酮的含量有一定影响,其中糙米先浸泡13 h,再用160 W超声处理25 min后发芽,发芽糙米的总黄酮含量达到最大值218.17 mg/100 g。在此工艺条件下,与未超声处理组相比,发芽糙米的发芽势和发芽率分别升高了19.60%（P<0.01）和4.66%（P<0.05）;蛋白质、维生素B₂及矿物质元素（钾、磷、锰、锌）的含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;糙米皮层变得更加疏松多孔;硬度、黏着性、弹性和粘度均下降。热物性方面,发芽糙米淀粉糊化相关热物性参数无显著性变化（P?0.05）,可见超声波辅助加工能在一定程度上改善发芽糙米的功能营养特性及食用品质。     

The impact of germination on the characteristics of brown rice flour and starch

BACKGROUND: In recent years, germinated brown rice as a functional food has received great attention with its improved sensory and nutritional properties. Particularly of interest are the high levels of γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) which can be obtained during germination. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the effect of germination on the physicochemical properties of brown rice. RESULT: Germination altered the chemical composition of brown rice, resulting in an increase in reducing sugar and ash content, and a reduction in amylose. Solubility, paste viscosity, transition temperatures (T_o, T_p and T_c) and percentage of retrogradation (%Retrogradation) were decreased, while swelling power and turbidity were significantly increased. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that starch granules from germinated brown rice became smaller and less homogeneous. Moreover, germination shortened the chain length of amylopectin and amylose molecules. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides information on changes in the characteristics of rice flour and rice starch during germination, leading to a better understanding on the chemistry of brown rice germination. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Microwave drying of germinated brown rice: Correlation of drying characteristics with the final quality

Drying characteristics influence the formation of quality including visual color and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of germinated brown rice (GBR) subjected to microwave drying. In microwave drying, microwave intensities induced microscopic pores inside GBR to enhance the drying rate in initial stage, while rising temperatures caused gelatinization of starch granules to hinder the drying rate in later stage. The higher microwave intensity resulted in the greater non-uniformity of temperature inside the grain layer, which dominated the moisture content and final quality indexes of GBR. However, the coupling effects of temperature rising and moisture reducing failed to stimulate the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity for the GABA synthesis, but may cause the degradation of GABA. The non-uniformity of microwave drying influenced the evaluation of GABA content in the dried GBR, and the suitable average grain temperature of 64–67 °C may retain relatively high GABA content. The critical temperature for preventing the serious browning and charred kernels inside the grain layer was 132 °C and 170 °C, respectively. Microwave intensity of 3–4 W/g may be suitable for drying of GBR considering high drying efficiency and product quality.     

糙米发芽的制备技术研究

以重庆主要种植的稻米为试材,研究了其糙米制备发芽糙米的工艺技术和主要成分变化。结果表明,制备发芽糙米的最适稻米品种为丰优香粘,其最适工艺技术条件为浸泡温度30℃、浸泡时间15 h、发芽温度35℃、发芽时间25 h;发芽糙米中淀粉含量低于精白米和糙米,还原糖、蛋白质、γ-氨基丁酸和游离氨基酸含量均高于精白米和糙米。     

富氢水发芽糙米加工工艺及其品质研究

本研究利用富氢水（HRW）加工发芽糙米,以富氢水浓度、发芽温度和浸泡时间为主要影响因素,以发芽势、发芽率和总黄酮含量为考核指标,在利用单因素和响应面试验建立和优化发芽工艺条件的基础上,进一步分析富氢水对糙米米糠超微结构及部分热物性参数的影响。结果表明,富氢水加工发芽糙米的最佳工艺条件为:浸泡时间13 h、发芽温度29 ℃、富氢水浓度1.5 mg/L,在此条件下糙米发芽势为67%、发芽率为84%、总黄酮含量为186.5 mg/100 g,极显著（P<0.01）高于普通纯水发芽糙米的发芽势（46%）、发芽率（70%）及总黄酮含量（130.3 mg/100 g）;此外,与普通纯水处理相比,富氢水发芽糙米米糠结构更疏松;发芽糙米糊化热焓值显著（P<0.05）低于未发芽糙米及普通纯水发芽糙米。表明利用富氢水加工发芽糙米可有效提高发芽效率、改善糙米功能活性及糊化特性,具有较好的转化应用价值。     

浸泡工艺对糙米发芽率的影响

以早籼稻为原料,研究了其糙米的浸泡工艺对其发芽率的影响。浸泡工艺因素选取用水量、浸泡温度、浸泡时间以及浸泡液添加剂。结果表明,浸泡时用水量为糙米质量的8倍以上适宜糙米发芽,吸水率在24%～29%;适宜发芽的浸泡温度和时间组合分别为35℃浸泡6h,30℃浸泡8h;浸泡温度与时间组合在30℃浸泡8～10h,此时发芽率最高;在浸泡液中添加赤霉素或Ca2+,当浸泡液中赤霉素浓度为0.1mmol/L时,糙米发芽率最高;当浸泡液中Ca2+浓度为1.0mmol/L时,糙米发芽率最高。同时还测定了糙米和发芽糙米中主要物质还原糖、总糖、蛋白质、γ-氨基丁酸含量,并进行对比。     

Effects of parboiling and fluidized bed drying on the physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice

Changes in physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice (GBR) and parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) dried in a fluidized bed dryer at 110–150 °C were investigated. Results indicated that parboiling altered the properties of GBR owing to starch gelatinisation. The moisture content, yellowness, peak viscosity and hardness of PGBR increased, but internal fissured kernel, cooking time, water absorption and total solids loss decreased when compared to GBR. γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in GBR was 23.31 mg per 100 g and was reduced to 17.91 mg per 100 g in PGBR. The drying times required to reduce the moisture content of GBR and PGBR to 16% d.b. were 4.01–7.65 min and 5.11–9.50 min, respectively. Final moisture content, which is optimum to prevent internal fissures of dried GBR and PGBR, was 27–29% and 25–28% d.b., respectively. The same trend was observed in the physicochemical properties of GBR and PGBR when increasing drying temperature and time.     

Effects of heating method and temperature in combination with hypoxic treatment on γ-aminobutyric acid,phenolics content and antioxidant activity of germinated rice

Heat and hypoxic treatments were combined with soaking to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in germinated paddy (GP). Effects of heating temperature, heating techniques, that is, impinging stream drying (ISD) and tray drying (TD), and germination time on the GABA content, phenolics content and antioxidant activity were also investigated. Heating temperature had a significant effect on the GABA content; both ISD and TD helped increase the GABA content when the post-treatment grain temperature was 38–40.5 °C. Within this grain temperature range, soaking in combination with heat and hypoxic treatments (S-ISD-H and S-TD-H) yielded GP with higher GABA content than soaking (S) and soaking in combination with hypoxic treatment (S-H). However, ISD was noted to be more suitable than TD. Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of GP prepared by S-ISD-H at different heating temperatures and S-H were not significantly different but were higher than those of the GP prepared by S.     

超声波辅助酶预处理对糙米发芽及发芽糙米理化特性的影响

结合超声波和外源酶对糙米进行预处理,利用中心组合试验模型,以超声温度、超声时间、酶质量浓度3 个因素为自变量,糙米预处理后处理液中总糖含量、糙米发芽率、发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸（γ-amiobutyric acid,GABA）含量为响应值,设计了三因素三水平的响应面分析试验,并对数据进行拟合和相关性分析。同时研究超声波辅助酶预处理对发芽糙米中GABA含量、总酚含量、内源淀粉酶活力以及发芽糙米糊化黏度、蒸煮后质构特性的影响。结果表明：超声辅助酶预处理的超声温度和超声时间对糙米发芽率和GABA含量均有显著的影响。通过响应面分析,超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度31.21 ℃、超声时间0.71 h、酶质量浓度0.28 g/L时,发芽率最高预测值为91.98%;超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度35.65 ℃、超声时间0.5 h、酶质量浓度0.22 g/L时,GABA含量最高预测值为38.25 mg/100 g。从发芽糙米的理化特性来看,超声波辅助酶预处理有利于GABA的富集,但不利于总酚的积累。超声波辅助酶预处理可以有效地提高内源淀粉酶的活力,相应地降低发芽糙米粉的糊化黏度以及发芽糙米蒸煮后的硬度。     

发芽糙米与稻谷的谷氨酸脱羧酶活力及γ-氨基丁酸含量比较

比较了糙米与稻谷发芽期间及培养结束后的静置过程中谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)活力、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)及谷氨酸(Glu)含量变化情况。结果表明,糙米和稻谷在(32±1)℃条件下,以1.2 L/min的通气量,用含有0.1%L-谷氨酸、0.1%抗坏血酸的培养液浸渍发芽,生长速率和呼吸速率均以糙米为快。培养结束时,发芽糙米中GABA含量和Glu含量分别比发芽稻谷增加64.05%和14.68%,空气中放置8 h后发芽糙米中GABA含量比发芽结束时增加了24.32%,整个发芽和静置期间发芽糙米中GAD活力始终高于发芽稻谷。     

浸泡处理对发芽糙米蒸煮食用品质的影响

探讨了浸泡处理温度、时间和pH对发芽糙米蒸煮食用品质的影响.结果表明,发芽糙米在50℃条件下浸泡后蒸煮可使出饭率、膨胀率和米汤固形物含量达最大值,分别为240.9%、269.2%和67.1mg/10 mL,γ-氨基丁酸含量在40℃浸泡处理时最高,随着浸泡pH上升糙米饭中γ-氨基丁酸含量呈下降趋势;经浸泡处理后的发芽糙米在蒸煮后口感能得到一定改善,米饭硬度和弹性分别降低262.6、0.1 g·s,黏着性、内聚性、咀嚼性分别增加112.7、0.1、11.8 g·s,在微碱性下浸泡的发芽糙米蒸煮后在感官品质和口感上有所提高,但由于γ-氨基丁酸的损失使糙米饭的营养价值下降.     

萌发对苦荞籽粒品质的影响及工艺优化

以苦荞籽粒为原料,分析了浸种和萌发温度及时间对苦荞籽粒总黄酮含量、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量、DPPH自由基清除率、发芽率及芽长的影响,并优化了其萌发工艺条件。结果表明,苦荞籽粒的最佳萌发条件为:浸种温度20℃、浸种时间8h、萌发温度26℃、萌发时间98h。该条件下,萌发苦荞的总黄酮含量为10.34mg/g,是对照组的2.27倍;GABA含量为2.86mg/g,是对照组的1.17倍。制茶后,萌发苦荞茶总黄酮质量浓度为7.678mg/100mL,是对照组的3.71倍;GABA质量浓度为13.142mg/100mL,是对照组的1.63倍;茶汤的颜色、透明度、香气、滋味、总分等感官评分均优于对照组。萌发处理可以提高苦荞茶的总黄酮含量、GABA含量及感官品质。     

富硒发芽糙米生产工艺的优化

目的：研究富硒发芽糙米的最佳生产工艺。方法：通过单因素试验及Box-Behnken 组合设计考察浸泡液中亚硒酸钠质量浓度、发芽时间、发芽温度以及它们之间的交互作用对糙米发芽率及重要营养物质γ- 氨基丁酸含量的影响,通过软件分析得到使发芽率及γ- 氨基丁酸含量均达到最大值的最佳生产工艺。结果：建立富硒发芽糙米发芽率与γ- 氨基丁酸含量的数学模型,富硒发芽糙米的最佳工艺参数为：浸泡液中亚硒酸钠质量浓度5mg/L,浸泡时间9h,浸泡温度28℃,培养时间21h,培养温度31.5℃。该条件下得到发芽率77.67%,GABA 含量330mg/kg,硒含量0.5mg/kg 的富硒发芽糙米。