成人人工耳蜗植入者音乐旋律和音色感知研究

目的评价成人人工耳蜗植入者对音乐旋律及音色的感知能力。方法对13例人工耳蜗植入者（男8例,女5例,平均年龄26．5±6．9岁）分别进行音乐聆听行为评估和旋律辨别、乐器辨别测试。实验使用慕尼黑音乐经验问卷MUMU（Munich music questionnaire）和人工耳蜗音乐评估软件Mu．S．I．C（musical sounds in cochlear implant）进行评估。对照组为40例听力正常受试者（男21例,女19例,平均年龄26．8±6．7岁）。结果①人工耳蜗组与听力正常组的年龄及音乐经验相互匹配。②人工耳蜗组旋律辨别平均正确率为69．3％,乐器辨别平均正确率为51．2％,听力正常组旋律辨别平均正确率为80．4％,乐器辨别平均正确率为85．3％。两组比较,差异存在统计学意义（P=0．000）。结论成人人工耳蜗植入者的旋律感知能力和音色感知能力明显落后于听力正常者。     

语后聋人工耳蜗患者音乐节奏与音色感知能力的评价

目的 评价成人语后聋人工耳蜗使用者感知音乐中节奏和音色的能力.方法 选取年龄与音乐经验相匹配的听力正常受试者与人工耳蜗使用者各12名,均为男5名,女7名.应用人工耳蜗音乐评估软件( Musical Sounds in Cochlear Implants,MuSIC)中的节奏辨别、乐器识别与乐器数辨别测试评价两组受试者的音乐节奏和音色感知能力.结果 12名人工耳蜗受试者平均节奏辨别率为84.4％,与听力正常受试者(85.1％)比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.116,P＞0.05);人工耳蜗受试者平均乐器识别率为72.3％、乐器数辨别正确率为39.2％,均低于听力正常受试者平均88.3％和73.5％的正确率,差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为2.498和4.673,P值均＜0.05).结论 成人语后聋人工耳蜗使用者的节奏辨别能力与听力正常人相似,但音色感知能力明显差于听力正常人群.     

人工耳蜗植入患者对西洋乐器和民族乐器感知研究

目的分析人工耳蜗植入患者对西洋乐器和我国民族乐器感知能力的差异，探讨人工耳蜗植入者与听力正常者在音乐音色感知的规律特征和听配能差异。方法耳蜗组和对照组受试者各20例，使用音乐感知评估平台对两组受试者进行音色识别能力测试，记录并比较两组音色识别正确率和总应答反应时间。结果①耳蜗组音色识别正确率（80.42±11.87）%，显著低于对照组正确率（96.67±4.19）%，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。②耳蜗组对我国民族乐器（琵琶、二胡）识别正确率82.50%，西洋乐器正确率80.00%，两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.664）。③耳蜗组对音色测试总应答反应时间（170.50±21.81）s，与对照组（161.85±18.18）s比较，差异无统计学意义（t=1.363，P＞0.05）。结论人工耳蜗植入患者对音乐音色的感知能力显著低于听力正常者，在测听任务过程中所需听配能增加，并且容易混淆管弦乐器。对比西洋乐器，人工耳蜗植入患者对我国民族乐器的感知无明显优势。     

人工耳蜗植入大龄青年听觉康复个案分析

目的通过1例人工耳蜗植入大龄青年听觉康复实践,探索成年听障患者人工耳蜗植入后听觉训练的方法,旨在为有一定听力语言基础大龄语前聋青年的人工耳蜗术后康复训练提供参考依据。方法采用业余指导的方法和技巧,以患者自主感受、反馈、纠错的康复训练形式为主,定时进行辅导和评估。结果经过4个月听觉康复训练,个案言语识别平均值从术前84．3%高到99．6％;选择性听取平均识别率从术前82％提高到100％。人工耳蜗与助听器同时配戴,听力补偿效果更佳。结论有一定听力语言基础、长期配戴助听器的大龄语前聋青年,在正确认识人工耳蜗期望值的基础上可植入人工耳蜗,经过正确的听力语言康复训练,可以达到听力重建的效果,提高其听辨能力和言语清晰度,增强适应社会环境及交往的能力。     

普通话单音节测听表在人工耳蜗植入者中的初步应用

目的采用新编普通话单音节测听表,评估人工耳蜗植入者的言语识别能力。方法选取8名语前聋儿童（甲组）及13名语后聋（乙组）人工耳蜗植入者作为研究对象,男12名,女9名。甲组植入年龄为1．6～11．9岁（中位数2．7岁）,使用年限〉3．4年。乙组植入年龄为3．2～30．9岁（中位数12．0岁）,使用年限〉0．7年以上。在声场中测试人工耳蜗日常使用状态下的啭音听阈,并55dB SPL言语强度下的单音节识别率。部分受试者还接受了65、80dB SPL言语强度下单音节识别率的测试。结果甲乙2组受试者的0．5、1、2、4kHz四频率平均（4 Frequency Average,4FA）声场啭音听阈分别为32．5±3．4dB HL、35．9±4．9dB HL,t检验显示P=0．1046。甲乙2组受试者55dB SPL下的单音节识别率分别为56．8±9．0％、31．41±7．1％,t检验显示P=0．001。结论新编普通话单音节测听表,可有效地用来评价人工耳蜗植入者的言语识别能力。使用年限较短的语后聋患者的单音节识别率尚不及使用年限较长的语前聋儿童。人工耳蜗植入者的单音节识别率一言语声强（Performance—Intensity,P—I）函数曲线较正常成人平均右移30dB以上,提示人工耳蜗使用者的言语听力补偿水平较正常人仍有差距。     

部分农村地区双侧重度聋患儿干预状况调查

目的了解部分农村地区双侧重度聋患儿的听力干预、语训及言语发育状况。方法研究对象为2004年6月～2008年7月在河南省安阳市妇幼保健院、江西省九江市妇幼保健院及山东省莱州市人民医院诊断为双侧重度聋的61例患儿（年龄2～72个月,中位数为14个月）。设计调查问卷表．通过电话随访,对患儿是否选配助听器或行人工耳蜗植入术及听力言语训练、言语发育和交流能力等情况进行调查。结果61例患儿中选配助听器者33例54．10％,33／61）．其中助听后语训者10例（30．30％,10／33）,助听后无语训者23例（69．70％,23／33）;人工耳蜗植入者2例（3．28％,2／61）;未选配助听器、未行人工耳蜗植入者26例（42．62％,26／61）。2例人工耳蜗植入者言语发育良好,33例配戴助听器的患儿中2例言语发育较好,31例存在不同程度的言语障碍。26例末行助听器配戴及人工耳蜗植入者均为聋哑状态。结论在农村地区,重度聋患儿未接受听力干预和语训者比例高,言语障碍明显,加强对聋儿家长进行佩戴助听器和言语训练必要性的宣传和教育至天重要。     

人工耳蜗植入者音乐感知能力的初步研究

目的　建立测试人工耳蜗植入者音乐感知能力的体系 ,研究语后聋成人和语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入后对音乐感知的能力。方法　构建测试用的标准钢琴音调和乐曲测试素材库 ,运用该素材库在CakewalkPro 8.0平台上进行音调和乐曲的感知能力测试 ,测试对象包括已植入多导人工耳蜗的 2名语后聋成人、8名语前聋儿童和各自的正常对照组。结果　建立了一个可用于人工耳蜗植入者音乐感知能力测试的系统。音调差异感知阈 (df/f)在植入人工耳蜗的语后聋成人和语前聋儿童分别为 7.78%± 6 .6 3%和 14 .4 9%± 11.2 0 % ,与各自正常人对照组比较有显著性差异 ;但两组间无显著性差异。植入人工耳蜗的语后聋成人在熟悉乐曲测试中 ,对正确乐曲的感知差异度为 - 2 .75± 0 .35 (半音 ) ,离散度为 1.5 0± 0 .71(半音 ) ,都与正常成人有显著性差异。结论　运用数字音乐技术和MIDI软件建立的这一测试系统能够方便的测试人工耳蜗植入者的音乐感知能力。人工耳蜗植入者音乐感知能力不及正常人     

语前聋成年患者接受人工耳蜗植入的手术效果评估

通过客观及主观听力学评估来确定人工耳蜗植入是否对语前聋成年患者言语发育有促进作用。采用回顾分析患者术后的开放式言语识别率等客观指标及患者生活质量等主观指标。结果是 1989～ 1999年共完成 198例成年患者人工耳蜗植入手术 ,其中4 4例为语前聋 ,分别植入美国Nucleus 2 2、Nucleus2 4或Clarion人工耳蜗装置。患者平均手术年龄 34岁 (14～ 6 2岁 ) ,通过开放式言语识别率测试 (包括字词、短语和短句识别 )可以发现自幼接受不同听力训练的语前聋患者之间存在显著性差异。结论 :接受人工耳蜗植入手术的语前聋患者手术效果的确不如语后…     

人工耳蜗咨询问题解答（3）

为什么人工耳蜗术前要进行听力康复训练？ 人工耳蜗植入后可使聋人获得听觉,但要达到识别语言,运用语言（语前聋儿童）,需要逐渐熟悉和学习人工耳蜗所提供的新的听觉信息,尤其是对于聋哑儿童需要一个长期的听力语言康复过程。因此,为了选择患者是否适合接受人工耳蜗植入,以及为使人工耳蜗植入后发挥更大的作用,需要进行术前听力康复训练。术前听力康复的重要内容就是佩带助听器训练。对于语前聋患儿,学会配合听力检测尤其重要。人工耳蜗手术有危险吗？ 人工耳蜗的手术主要是将人工耳蜗内植部件植入耳后的颅骨外皮下,将电极组插入耳…     

语前聋青少年人工耳蜗植入发音清晰度与嗓音声学参数的分析

目的探讨语前聋青少年人工耳蜗植入患者发音清晰度、嗓音特点及其影响因素，为研究影响人工耳蜗植入患者言语清晰度的机制提供相关资料。方法8例资料完整的语前聋青少年人工耳蜗植入患者，分别进行耳蜗听力测试、发音清晰度评估及嗓音声学参数测试。结果发音清晰度与嗓音声学参数中的基频标准差（FOSD）及耳蜗听力有统计学上的相关性。相关系数分别为-．767（P〈0．026）和-．726（P〈0．041）；多元回归分析只有FOSD对发音清晰度有影响。结论人工耳蜗植入患者对音调的控制能力是影响言语清晰度的因素之一。患者发声时基频的变化，能够客观地反映人工耳蜗植入带来的听力补偿及形成的听觉-发音环路对发音准确度的影响。对音调的控制能力是评价人工耳蜗植入效果的有效手段之一。     

Effects of training on timbre recognition and appraisal by postlingually deafened cochlear implant recipients

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of structured training on recognition and appraisal of the timbre (tone quality) of musical instruments by postlingually deafened cochlear implant recipients. Twenty-four implant users (Nucleus CI24M) were randomly assigned to a control or a training group. The control group experienced only incidental exposure to music in their usual daily routine. The training group participated in 12 weeks of training delivered via a laptop computer in which they were introduced to excerpts of musical instruments representing three frequency ranges and four instrumental families. Those implant recipients assigned to the training group showed significant improvement in timbre recognition (p < .0001) and timbre appraisal (p < .02) compared to the control group. Correlations between timbre measures and speech perception measures are discussed.     

Effects of frequency, instrumental family, and cochlear implant type on timbre recognition and appraisal

The purpose of this study was to compare postlingually deafened cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults on timbre (tone quality) recognition and appraisal of 8 musical instruments representing 3 frequency ranges and 4 instrumental families. The implant recipients were significantly less accurate than the normal-hearing adults on timbre recognition. The implant recipients gave significantly poorer ratings than did the normal-hearing adults to those instruments played in the higher frequency range and to those from the string family. The timbre measures were weakly correlated with speech perception measures, but were significantly correlated with 3 cognitive measures of sequential processing.     

The identification of musical instruments through nucleus cochlear implants

In this study, self-reported ability to recognize musical instruments was investigated by means of a questionnaire, which was sent to a group of adult Nucleus cochlear implant users and a group of normally hearing subjects. In addition, spectrograms and electrodograms were produced and analysed for samples of music played on 10 different musical instruments. Self-reported ability to recognize some instruments was poor in the group of implant users, particularly for the saxophone, tuba and clarinet. Electrodograms showed that these instruments could only be identified using distorted spectral information or reduced temporal information. Other instruments, such as the drum and piano, could be identified using temporal information. Limited spectral resolution makes the recognition of musical instruments difficult for Nucleus implant users.     

A cochlear implant user with exceptional musical hearing ability

Abstract

Although the perception of music is generally poor in cochlear implant users, there are a few excellent performers. Objective: The aim of this study was the assessment of different aspects of music perception in one exceptional cochlear implant user. Design: The assessments included pitch direction discrimination, melody and timbre recognition, relative and absolute pitch judgment, and consonance rating of musical notes presented through the sound processor(s). Study sample: An adult cochlear implant user with musical background who lost her hearing postlingually, and five normally-hearing listeners with musical training participated in the study. Results: The CI user discriminated pitch direction for sounds differing by one semitone and recognized melody with nearly 100% accuracy. Her results in timbre recognition were better than average published data for cochlear implant users. Her consonance rating, and relative and absolute pitch perception were comparable to normally-hearing listeners with musical training. Conclusion: The results in this study showed that excellent performance is possible on musical perception tasks including pitch perception using present day cochlear implant technologies. Factors that may explain this user's exceptional performance are short duration of deafness, pre- and post-deafness musical training, and perfect pitch abilities before the onset of deafness.     

Psychoacoustic performance and music and speech perception in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants

The number of pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients has increased substantially over the past 10 years, and it has become more important to understand the underlying mechanisms of the variable outcomes in this population. In this study, psychoacoustic measures of spectral-ripple and Schroeder-phase discrimination, the Clinical Assessment of Music Perception, and consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) word recognition in quiet and spondee reception threshold (SRT) in noise tests have been presented to 11 prelingually deafened CI users, aged 8-16 years with at least 5 years of CI experience. The children's performance was compared to the previously reported results of postlingually deafened adult CI users. The average spectral-ripple threshold (n = 10) was 2.08 ripples/octave. The average Schroeder-phase discrimination was 67.3% for 50 Hz and 56.5% for 200 Hz (n = 9). The Clinical Assessment of Music Perception test showed that the average complex pitch direction discrimination was 2.98 semitones. The mean melody score was at a chance level, and the mean timbre score was 34.1% correct. The mean CNC word recognition score was 68.6%, and the mean SRT in steady noise was -8.5 dB SNR. The children's spectral-ripple resolution, CNC word recognition, and SRT in noise performances were, within statistical bounds, the same as in a population of postlingually deafened adult CI users. However, Schroeder-phase discrimination and music perception were generally poorer than in the adults. It is possible then that this poorer performance seen in the children might be partly accounted for by the delayed maturation in their temporal processing ability, and because of this, the children's performance may have been driven more by their spectral sensitivity.     

Diskrimination musikalischer Tonhöhen bei Patienten mit Kochleaimplantat

Background

Numerous people with cochlear implants (CI) report difficulties in listening to music even though they understand speech quite well. One reason for this is a limited perception of pitch and timbre. In this study ability of adult CI subjects to discriminate musical pitch is investigated.

Patients and methods

In two psychoacoustic experiments, each conducted in 10 adult CI subjects provided with MED-EL Combi 40+ cochlear implant devices and a control group of subjects with normal hearing, individual discrimination abilities for musical pitch perception were determined. To investigate the influence of the group of instruments on discrimination ability, stimuli representing four different groups of instruments were used: woodwind (clarinet), brass (trumpet), strings (violin) and keyboard instruments (piano).

Results

The discrimination thresholds determined varied between individual CI subjects, and on average they were significantly higher for the piano than for the other three instruments.

Conclusions

The results show that in subjects with CI pitch perception differs from instrument to instrument and is in general worse than in persons with normal hearing.     

Cochlear Implantation With Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome

Objectives In this investigation, we report the outcomes of 14 adults (age >18 y) and 9 children (age <18 y) with radiographically proven large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) who received cochlear implants at Indiana University School of Medicine. Study Design This is a retrospective case‐control study detailing the outcomes of 23 patients with LVAS and 46 control patients implanted with Nucleus (Cochlear Corp., Englewood, CO), Clarion (Advanced Bionics Corp., Sylmar, CA), or Med‐El (MED‐EL Corp., Innsbruck, Austria) cochlear implants. Methods Performance data on pure‐tone averages, speech detection thresholds, and a variety of auditory and speech recognition tasks from these patients with LVAS were compared with performance data obtained from a matched group of 46 cochlear implant users who did not have LVAS. Specific patient characteristics used in matching included the age of the patient, the age at implant of the patient, and whether the patient was pre‐ or postlingually deafened. Data for the adult group was analyzed using the Student t test, and data for the pediatric patient group was compared using a χ² test. Results The results indicated positive outcomes for both pediatric and adult groups. With both adult and pediatric groups, auditory and speech recognition performance did not differ significantly between those patients with LVAS and control subjects. Conclusions This study adds further support for the use of cochlear implantation in patients with LVAS. Cochlear implantation is beneficial and can be offered as an eventual treatment of LVAS if hearing loss progresses to profound levels in these patients.     

Melodic, rhythmic, and timbral perception of adult cochlear implant users

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate adult Ineraid and Nucleus cochlear implant (CI) users' perceptual accuracy for melodic and rhythmic patterns, and quality ratings for different musical instruments. Subjects were 18 postlingually deafened adults with CI experience. Evaluative measures included the Primary Measures of Music Audiation (PMMA) and a Musical Instrument Quality Rating. Performance scores on the PMMA were correlated with speech perception measures, music background, and subject characteristics. Results demonstrated a broad range of perceptual accuracy and quality ratings across subjects. On these measures, performance for temporal contrasts was better than for melodic contrasts independent of CI device. Trends in the patterns of correlations between speech and music perception suggest that particular structural elements of music are differentially accessible to cochlear implant users. Additionally, notable qualitative differences for ratings of musical instruments were observed between Nucleus and Ineraid users.     

Performance over time of congenitally deaf and postlingually deafened children using a multichannel cochlear implant.

The speech perception performance of 10 congenitally deaf and 3 postlingually deafened children who received the Cochlear Corporation multichannel cochlear implant was examined and compared. The children were tested preimplant and at 6-month intervals up to 2 years using the Monosyllable-Trochee-Spondee test (MTS), the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test (WIPI), and Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten (PB-K) or Northwestern University List 6 (NU-6) word lists. The postlingually deafened children exhibited significantly improved performance on open- and closed-set tests of word recognition after 6 months of implant use, a pattern similar to that of postlingually deafened adult implant users. In contrast, the congenitally deaf children did not exhibit measurably improved performance on speech perception tests until after 12 months or more of implant use. With as much as 18-24 months of use, however, some congenitally deaf children demonstrated limited open-set word recognition.