西北民族地区环境保护的法律探析

本文从西北民族地区环境的现状及发展趋势 ,分析了制约西北民族地区发展的主要环境问题 ,并针对这些问题 ,从法律的角度 ,提出了解决的对策     

西部民族地区构建和谐社会的思考

本文分析了西部民族地区在构建和谐社会中的重要地位,并就影响民族地区构建和谐社会的主要因素作了分析,提出了建议.     

加强西部民族地区生态环境保护法制建设促进西部可持续发展

我国是一个幅员辽阔，多民族的社会主义国家。西部地区主要为少数民族聚居区，少数民族人口占全国总人口的8．04％。在全国960万平方公里的国土面积中，民族地区达612万平方公里，占国土总面积的64。3％。民族地区有着丰富的自然资源和物产资源。在我国具有极其重要的战略地位。实施西部大开发，是新形势下进一步维护国家统一、社会稳定和安全，缩小东西部差距，     

西部民族地区经济与生态协调发展的理念转换与制度建构

在选择处理西部生态维护与经济发展之关系的策略和路径时,应当深入到西部民族地区内部研究相关问题,进而根据某一特定区域的经济、环境与社会发展的现状以及自然环境的承载力,确定适当的发展目标,适宜于发展经济的就将经济价值追求作为主要目标,否则,就应将环境价值作为发展的主要目标;应当将生态问题作为经济发展的内生因素,将生态维护纳入到经济发展规划之中,制定统一的生态经济发展规划,建立合理的生态经济核算体系;应当从全国性的战略高度来认识西部民族地区的生态与经济的协调发展问题,重视其生态屏障地位及其对整体的生态价值贡献,使西部民族地区尤其是生态脆弱区能依据其生态价值贡献而获得应有的经济收益。     

西部民族地区企业生态产业链构建与发展循环经济研究

西部民族地区是我国重要的生态涵养区,循环经济发展模式对该地区企业来说至关重要.本文以西部民族地区的271家上市企业为研究样本,分析了该地区企业构建生态产业链,发展循环经济的现状、存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策措施.     

论西部民族地区生态补偿机制的建构

西部民族地区是我国的生态屏障,但落后的产业结构、大规模的基础设施建设、国家重点项目的建设等不断给该地区生态环境恶化增量,使西部民族地区难以可持续发展,建构完善的全方位的生态补偿机制迫在眉睫。     

西部民族地区生态补偿的新思维——碳汇交易的视角

西部民族地区按照国家主体功能区划属于禁止开发区,不但失去了依靠工业发展的机会,还要为下游地区的可持续发展提供生态屏障,为此而得到的补偿仅来自于政府的财政转移支付,而且补助标准偏低,市场化补偿长期缺位,历史欠账太多,生态产品输出人群后续发展及环境保护乏力。碳汇交易的缘起与快速发展,无疑加快了生态补偿的市场化进程,为西部民族地区生态保护,富边强民提供了新思路。     

西部大开发与四川民族地区生态经济建设

四川民族地区处于长江、黄河上游的特殊地理位置,这决定了它在西部大开发中以生态环境治理为目标的发展方向。本文从四川民族地区在西部大开发中的这一特殊地位出发,分析了国家区域经济分工中四川民族地区的地位变化对四川民族地区的影响,指出四川民族地区的发展方向是建立生态经济体系,并提出了为四川民族地区的生态公共产品定价、建立生态公共产品价格支付方式的建议。     

关于西部民族地区科技跨越式发展的法律思考

依靠科技力量实现西部民族地区跨越式发展 ,就需要实施科技创新工程 ,以增强西部民族地区造血功能 ,运用高新技术改造和转化传统产业 ,加快西部民族地区信息化进程。在措施上 ,尤其要加强对西部民族地区科技创新的投入 ,为西部民族地区营造良好的法治环境 ,依法开发西部人力资源 ,着力加强西部民族地区的科技普及工作。     

西部民族地区城镇化建设中多元投资的法律经济学研究

西部民族地区城镇化建设应开辟多元投资渠道,开放城镇化建设市场,清理对非国有资本的市场准入障碍,通过项目融资、金融融资、地方政府债券融资等途径,优化资金的来源模式,并且必须从法律经济学效益最大化的思想出发,设计相应的法律制度进行保障.     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

西部民族地区生态建设的经济学思考

本文从社会、经济、自然组成的复合生态系统互动过程的角度 ,阐述了西部民族地区生态环境问题的主要类型及后果影响 ,并在此基础上进一步分析了产生生态环境问题的经济、社会原因。文章对西部民族地区在实施以退耕还林、还草为主的生态建设过程中存在的农牧民应得收入漏损、收入稳定增长预期模糊等两大问题进行了分析。文章认为 ,全面推进西部民族地区生态建设 ,必须坚持标本兼治、生态效益和经济效益兼顾的方针 ,努力做到四个创新 :经济发展思路创新、经济社会结构创新、经济体制创新和管理制度创新     

西部民族地区乡村振兴的人本价值实现研究

实施乡村振兴战略是迈向共同富裕和铸牢中华民族共同体意识的国家重大部署,具有以人为本的价值目标。本文以马克思的人本管理思想为指导,分析西部民族地区乡村振兴的人本逻辑;基于人本价值实现的物质基础和内生发展能力,梳理西部民族地区乡村振兴的主要路径。依据西部民族地区乡村振兴的投入特征与产出效果,将国家重大政策支持作为培育人本价值实现能力的投入因素,提出落实重大政策的对策建议;将服务国家需要作为提升人本价值实现能力的产出效果,从质性研究分析服务国家需要的主要效果。     

民族地区生态环境保护的法治探讨

民族地区已初步建成生态环境保护法治体系,但是生态环境监察执法体系不完善,生态环境法治建设仍存在诸多问题。完善民族地区生态环境保护的法治举措是：构建自然资源资产产权制度,建立生态环境效益补偿制度,健全生态环境损害赔偿制度,完善生态环境治理公益诉讼制度,强化生态环境治理督察制度。     

西部大开发与民族高等教育的发展问题

西部大开发是我国面向21世纪作出的重大战略决策。本文分析了西部地区民族高等教育在现代市场经济和知识经济条件下实施的西部大开发中面临的发展机遇与挑战,认为西部大开发和西部地区民族高等教育应该相互促进和协调发展,并根据实施西部大开发的基础、根本、关键和重要条件,提出了发展民族高等教育的一些对策和建议。     

民族地区自然生态利益探析

本文认为 ,自然生态利益是民族地区的一种重要利益。维护民族地区的自然生态利益 ,是发展民族经济 ,提高少数民族群众物质文化生活水平 ,加强民族团结 ,保持社会稳定 ,全面推进民族地区小康社会建设的需要 ,是代表少数民族群众根本利益的表现。目前 ,民族地区自然生态利益正受到严重威胁 ,必须采取有效措施予以保护。要从提高思想认识、加大经费投入、调整产业结构、实行制度创新、运用现代科技、加强法治等方面来维护民族地区的自然生态利益     

论西北少数民族地区生态环境与民族关系问题

本文在论述西北少数民族地区生态环境恶化状况的基础上 ,阐述因生态环境恶化导致的民族关系问题 ,并提出解决对策     

西部民族地区政府与企业社会责任的经济伦理学思考

在现实经济生活中,民族地区政府与企业和东部发达地区有着截然不同的行为边界和利益目标,如何强化政府对地区经济发展的主导责任,明晰民族地区政府行为的利益边界,构建适用于民族地区的经济伦理是现阶段理论研究的要务。     

论西部大开发中的民族法制建设

本文分析了西部大开发中民族法制建设的必要性、原则 ,提出了加强民族法制建设的几个方面。作者认为 ,必须重视和加强西部大开发中的民族法制建设 ,特别要加强少数民族政治权利、少数民族文化、少数民族风俗习惯、少数民族宗教 ,以及民族地区生态、民族地区市场经济方面的法制建设。惟其如此 ,才能顺利实施西部大开发的战略 ,才能真正实现民族平等、团结和共同繁荣 ,才能帮助少数民族走上现代化的发展道路。