鹅观草和簇毛麦属间杂种的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

通过幼胚离体拯救培养,成功地获得鹅观草Roegneria kamoji Ohwi(2n=6x=42,StStHHYY)和 簇毛麦Dasypyrum villosum(L．)Candargy(2n=2x=14,VV)属间杂种,对这两个种及其杂种F_l的形 态学、繁育学和减数分裂配对行为进行了研究。结果表明：(1)鹅观草和簇毛麦形态差异极大,杂种F1 的形态特征介于父母本之间;(2)杂交结实率低,为11．63％;经幼胚组织培养,获2株杂种苗;杂种F_l高 度不育,表明亲本间存在极强的生殖隔离,是独立的生物学种;(3)杂种F_l体细胞染色体数目为稳定的 28条,减数分裂中期I染色体配对很低,其构型为：26．72Ⅰ+0．62Ⅱ+0．02Ⅲ。表明鹅观草的St、H、Y染色体组与簇毛麦的V染色体组部分同源性很低,它们的亲缘关系较远。     

大鹅观草与蛇河披碱草属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

为探讨大鹅观草(Roegneria grandis,2n=4x=28)的染色体组组成,为其正确的分类处理提供细胞学依据。该研究通过人工远缘杂交,成功获得3株大鹅观草与蛇河披碱草(Elymus wawawaiensis,2n=4x=28)属间杂种F1植株。杂种植株形态介于两亲本之间,不育。亲本及杂种经I2-IK溶液染色后进行花粉育性检测,结果显示Roegneria grandis和Elymus wawawaiensis的花粉可育,育性高达94.6%和90.5%;杂种F1不育。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对结果显示,亲本花粉母细胞配对正常,均形成14个二价体,以环状二价体为主,Roegneria grandis有频率很低(0.04/细胞)的单价体出现;杂种F1平均每个花粉母细胞形成6.46个二价体,变化范围为5~8;在观察的83个花粉母细胞中,有35.2%的花粉母细胞形成了7个二价体,形成6个二价体的细胞占42.59%,较少细胞形成8个二价体;平均每个细胞形成14.66个单价体,变化范围为10~18;平均每细胞观察到0.14个三价体;杂种花粉母细胞染色体构型为14.66 I+6.46 II+0.14 III;平均每细胞交叉数为9.83,C值为0.35。结果表明:(1)R.grandis与Elymus wawawaiensis有一组染色体组同源的St染色体组,另外一组染色体组不是St或者H染色体组,Roegneria grandis的染色体组组成不是St Stg;(2)较低频率的三价体(平均0.14个/细胞),可能是由于R.grandis的St和Y染色体组间具有一定的同源性,也可能是染色体易位等原因导致,对于Y染色体组的起源还需深入地研究;(3)在不同地理来源的披碱草属和鹅观草属物种中St染色体组同源性不同,R.grandis与来自于北美的Elymus lanceolatus与E.wawawaiensis的St染色体组较与分布于亚洲的E.sibiricus和E.caninus的St染色体组同源性反而更高,其原因还需要进一步地研究。     

大麦与小麦属间杂种的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

通过幼胚培养技术分别获得了大麦(Hordeum vulgare L., 2n=2x=14)与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L., 2n=6x=42)、硬粒小麦(T. durum d. sf., 2n=4x=28)以及栽培二粒小麦(T. dicoccum Schrank 2n=4x=28)之间的属间杂种,平均杂交结实率分别为3.0％、1.2％和0.8％。杂种在形态上偏向小麦,自交不孕,用父本作回交亲本获得了大麦×普通小麦杂种的回交一代。所有杂种均表现细胞学上的不稳定性。杂种减数分裂中期1 PMC染色体平均配对频率和交叉结频率分别为27.31Ⅰ 0.33Ⅱ 0.011Ⅲ,0.45;20.571 0.20Ⅱ 0.008Ⅲ,0.25和20.41Ⅰ 0.28Ⅱ 0.005Ⅲ,0.32,表明双亲染色体组间不存在同源关系。大麦×四倍体小麦杂种小孢子的染色体计数表明,杂种中未减数雄配子的频率在60％以上。     

苏联球茎大麦有利基因引入普通小麦的研究

本研究从1979年开始,用抗病性较强的苏联球茎大麦(4x)为父本,普通小麦品种中国春(6x)为母本进行属间杂交,经离体培养杂种幼胚,获得了属间杂种(F_1)。杂种自交不育,用秋水仙素加倍亦不成功,而以中国春5B单体与之回交,获得回交一代(BC_1F_1)。杂种F_1形态为两亲的中间型,其花粉母细胞染色体数在24—30条之间。BC_1F_1代杂种的形态与F_1相似,染色体数在45—49条之间(其中大多数细胞终变期有20—21个二价体和3—7个单价体)。BC_1F_1代自交或回交均有部分结实。以后各代继续自交分离;于1985—1986年,分离出6个异源二体附加系(2n=22Ⅱ)和异源八倍体(2n=28Ⅱ)以及若干个与母本形态有明显差异的整倍体杂种后代(2n=21Ⅱ)。这些整倍体和非整倍体后代中,有2个附加系的蛋白质含量较高(22.30％和20.37％);在整倍体后代中有两个株系与其父本一样对小麦黄花叶病(WYMV)具有抗性,而其母本与浙江省当前推广的小麦品种均不抗病,说明球茎大麦抗黄花叶病基因可能已导入母本中国春小麦。     

普通小麦与华山新麦草的杂交

华山新麦草是分布在秦岭山脉华山段的1个特有种,经细胞学鉴定为二倍体种(2n=14)。利用普通小麦与之杂交并通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.19%,幼胚培养出苗率为33.3%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型,杂种F_1体细胞染色体数为2n=28,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每细胞平均0.99个二价体,26.01个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育,以小麦花粉与杂种回交时获得了种子,回交结实率为2.5%。回交一代体细胞染色体数为2n=49,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型多数为2Ⅲ 7Ⅰ。     

纤毛鹅观草同阿拉善鹅观草、大丛鹅观草间杂种细胞学研究

为了探索阿拉善鹅观草RoegneriaalashanicaKeng、大丛鹅观草RoegneriamagnicaespesD .F .Cui与纤毛鹅观草Roegneriaciliaris (Trin .)Nevski间的相互关系 ,将其进行了远缘杂交 ,通过幼胚离体培养 ,两个组合均成功合成了杂种。对亲本及杂种F1 花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为及形态学进行了统计分析。结果表明 ,上述物种的种间杂交较难进行 ,杂种F1 减数分裂染色体平均构型分别为 :R ciliaris×R alashanica 10 6 2Ⅰ 8 17Ⅱ 0 32Ⅲ 0 0 2Ⅳ (c -值 =0 4 4 ) ,R ciliaris×R magnicaespes 18 0 0Ⅰ 4 76Ⅱ 0 16Ⅲ (c -值 =0 2 1) ;杂种穗部特征多数介于双亲之间。阿拉善鹅观草、大丛鹅观草与纤毛鹅观草间至少有一个基因组具有较高的同源性 ,即为S基因组 ,本文对它们在分类中的地位也进行了讨论。     

小麦族鹅观草属三种植物的生物系统学研究

本文研究了禾本科小麦族鹅观草属的3个种:缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina Neuski 2n=4x=28),纤毛鹅观草(R. ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski 2n=4x=28)和鹅观草(R. kamoji Ohwi 2n=6x=42)及其种间杂种的形态变异和染色体配对行为。各杂种F_1的减数分裂染色体配对数较高,但杂种高度不育。在杂种减数分裂中还观察到一定频率的多价体形成。以上结果充分表明该3种植物享有两个共同的基本染色体组,在S和Y染色体组之间发生过染色体相互易位,缘毛鹅观草的染色体组可拟定为S~PY~P。     

普通小麦与鹅观草属间杂种F1及BC1的分子细胞遗传学、育性和赤霉病抗性研究

通过胚拯救, 成功获得鹅观草Roegneria kamoji (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY)和普通小麦中国春Triticum aesti-vum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD)的正反交属间杂种F1, 并对这些杂种F1及其BC1的形态学、减数分裂配对行为、育性和赤霉病抗性进行研究。结果表明, (鹅观草×中国春)F1和(中国春×鹅观草)F1的形态介于双亲之间。杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体构型分别为40.33I + 0.78II + 0.03III和40.40I + 0.79II 。杂种F1高度雄性不育, 用中国春花粉与其回交可获得BC1代种子。(鹅观草×中国春) F1×中国春BC1植株的染色体数目主要分布在55~63之间, 单价体较多, 植株高度不育; (中国春×鹅观草)F1×中国春BC₁植株染色体数目也主要分布在55~63之间, 但其中部分植株拥有整套小麦染色体且能正常配对、分离, 可形成部分可育花粉粒, 能收到少量自交结实种子。在 (鹅观草×中国春)F1中有1株穗型趋向中国春, 其染色体数目为2n=63, 经染色体分子原位杂交(GISH)检测, 含有42条小麦染色体和21条鹅观草染色体。该杂种F1在减数分裂中期I平均每个花粉母细胞有26.40I+18.30II, 但植株高度雄性不育, 用中国春花粉回交能收到BC₁种子。(鹅观草×中国春) F₁ (2n=63)×中国春BC₁的染色体数目主要分布在40~59之间, 其中的外源染色体已经逐渐减少, 虽然该BC₁的穗型已接近中国春, 但仍然高度不育。赤霉病抗性鉴定结果显示, 所有杂种F1及大部分BC₁对赤霉病均表现出较好的抗性。     

大麦和小麦杂种胚的离体培养及杂种幼苗的形态和染色体观察

1978年3月至7月,我们研究了大麦与小麦远缘杂交杂种幼胚离体培养的技术,并获得了大麦与小麦属间杂种,现简要报道如下: 1.用六稜裸大麦天津1号品种(Hordeum vulgare,2n=14)与辐射育成品种、杂交育成品种以及含有偃麦草、黑麦血统的遗传性状已稳定的15个小麦品种(除小黑麦2n=56外,其余小麦品种2n=42,属于Triticum aestivum)进行正、反交。授粉后第二     

埃塞俄比亚芥与诸葛菜属间杂种的基因组原位杂交分析

用幼胚培养方法重新获得的埃塞俄比亚芥(Brassica carinata A.Braun,2n=34)与诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus (L.)O.E.Schulz,2n=24)的属间杂种仍为混倍体(2n=14～34),2n=34细胞的频率最高;绝大多数花粉母细胞(PMCs)表现正常的17个二价体配对和17：17的分离。基因组原位杂交分析结果表明,在所有体细胞和PMCs中不含有整条的诸葛菜染色体,2n=34的体细胞和PMCs中包含了来自黑芥(B．nigra (L．)Koch,2n=16)的16条染色体。这些具有完全或部分埃塞俄比亚芥染色体组成的细胞,可能来源于以前提出的杂种细胞在有丝分裂中完全或部分亲本染色体组分开和染色体复制,并伴随诸葛菜染色体的消除。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts

Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH <4 environments.