A cache-based search algorithm in unstructured P2P networks

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network is an important component to implement next generation Internet, how to quickly and efficiently search the resources in P2P networks has become one of the most critical issues, at the same time, this is one of greatest concern to users. This paper describes the basic Flooding Peer-to-Peer network search method, followed by analysis of several new search methods pros and cons, and then further analysis of these algorithms is proposed based on a cache-based search algorithm: When a node of the remaining load capacity is high, it will become the center node, and form a joint topology area with the nearby nodes together, then the center node and ordinary nodes also need to store the index cache, at the local region the overheating resources will be copied to the local (that is, the contents cache). The simulation shows that the algorithm can effectively improve the hit rates of resources searching, reduce the query delay.     

D-Flooding：非结构化P2P网络中高效搜索策略

为了能够在保持高覆盖范围的前提下大大减少冗余消息的数量,提出了一种新的基于连接度的搜索机制D-Flooding。D-Flooding在搜索的不同阶段,依据连接度大小来选择消息的转发对象。分析和实验结果表明,D-Flooding能够提供较低负载的查询,高效地应用于P2P搜索。与标准洪泛机制相比,在跳数不变的情况下,冗余消息的数量可减少84.5%以上,而消息的覆盖范围基本不变。     

在非结构化P2P网络中的搜索算法研究

Peer-to-Peer系统已经引起了越来越多网络用户的关注。而这种系统的一个核心技术是搜索算法。洪泛是应用在非结构化P2P网络中的基本搜索方法。它具有响应时间短，搜索成功率高，可靠性好等优点；它的不足是会产生大量多余搜索消息，消耗带宽等。根据洪泛和随机漫步的特性，在此提出选择洪泛算法。该算法维持了洪泛的优点，同时又降低多余消息的产生。从模拟实验可以看出，算法有效地降低了多余消息的产生，改善了网络运行环境。     

非结构化对等网络中的信誉管理机制

针对因特网上网络资源共享中存在的恶意节点行为,提出并描述了一种非结构化对等网络中的信誉管理机制.该机制使用非集中式的策略,根据节点与应用的需求计算节点的信誉度,具有独立性,不需要其它节点的参入与辅助.把加入对等网络的节点行为划分为恶意行为与友好行为,既可以统计节点对系统的贡献,也可以根据恶意行为而减少节点的信誉度.描述了信誉管理机制的设计与实现,各种节点行为下的仿真实验结果表明,该信誉管理机制是对等网络中一种真实的,高效的、信誉机制良好的资源共享策略.     

非结构对等网络中一种有效的资源搜索策略

针对非结构化对等网络中资源搜索算法效率不高、搜索过程中产生的冗余消息数过大而造成的网络带宽消耗及网络拥塞等状况,提出一种基于路由搜索机制的改进算法.该算法利用邻节点之间的关系,生成邻节点的转发路由表.实验证明,该算法有效抑制了网络中冗余搜索消息数量,减小了网络带宽的消耗,有效避开了搭便车节点,从而提高了搜索效率.     

An effective simulation method for search strategy in unstructured P2P network

Modeling and Simulation Techniques focus on simulation modeling and analysis challenges to develop principles or gain in existing networking technologies, including simulation methodology or application in unstructured P2P network. In this paper, we focus on the simulation in the random unstructured P2P network.The correlation between topology and search algorithm is less paid attention to in unstructured P2P network, current techniques used in existing unstructured P2P system are often very inefficient because of the existence of large number of redundant messages. In this paper, we analyze the reason of engendering redundant data packet and focus on designing better search algorithm to adapt to the current network rather than to design the universal algorithm to adapt to a variety of network. Analyzing the characteristics that the flooding algorithm showing in different search stages in different network, we put forward the segment search algorithm. Furthermore, we present an effective simulation method in the random unstructured P2P network. Through simulation analysis, we find that our algorithm is better than the original flooding algorithm. In addition, we design our algorithm to be simple as a module, which can be easily applied to existing unstructured P2P systems for immediate impact.     

Cooperating with free riders in unstructured P2P networks

Free riding is a common phenomenon in peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to handle free riding—mostly to exclude free riders, few of them have been adopted in a practical system. This may be attributed to the fact that the mechanisms are often nontrivial, and that completely eliminating free riders could jeopardize the sheer power of the network arising from the huge volume of its participants. Rather than excluding free riders, we incorporate and utilize them to provide global index service to the files shared in the network, as well as to relay messages in the search process. The simulation results indicate that our mechanism not only can shift the query processing load from non-free riders to free riders, but can also significantly boost the search efficiency of a plain Gnutella. Moreover, the mechanism is quite resilient to high free riding ratio.     

分布非结构化P2P网络资源定位研究

P2P系统是一个分布式系统,其中的资源如何进行定位是一个重要的问题。通过对分布非结构化P2P系统的搜索机制以及现有的改进方法的研究,给出了一种基于语义路由改进算法,并对此算法进行了模拟仿真。     

Distributed search in P2P networks

Most Web content is invisible to current search engines. JXTA Search addresses this problem, providing a unique query routing protocol that makes content visible and facilitates its use     

Peer sampling gossip-based distributed clustering algorithm for unstructured P2P networks

Clustering, as an unsupervised learning method and an important process in data mining, is an aspect of large and distributed data analysis. In many applications, such as peer-to-peer systems, huge volumes of data are distributed between multiple sources. Analysis of these volumes of data and identifying appropriate clusters is challenging due to transmission, processing and storage costs. In this paper, a gossip-based distributed clustering algorithm for P2P networks called Efficient GBDC-P2P is proposed, based on an improved gossip communicative approach by combining the peer sampeling and CYCLON protocol and the idea of partitioning-based data clustering. This algorithm is appropriate for data clustering in unstructured P2P networks, and it is adapted to the dynamic conditions of these networks. In the Efficient GBDC-P2P algorithm, distributed peers perform clustering operation in a distributed way only through local communications with their neighbors. Our approach does not rely on the central server to carry out data clustering task and without the need to synchronize operations. Evaluation results verify the efficiency of our proposed algorithm for data clustering in unstructured P2P networks. Furthermore, comparative analyses with other well-established distributed clustering approaches demonstrate the superior accuracy of the proposed method.

     

An optimized strategy for update path selection in unstructured P2P networks

With the growth of P2P file sharing systems, people are no longer satisfied with the sharing of the read-only and static files, and thus the systems with mutually writable and dynamic files have emerged, resulting in the replica inconsistency problem. To maintain the replica consistency, too many update messages need to be redundantly propagated due to the lack of the sharing of globally updated path information in the existing strategies. To address this problem, we propose an optimized strategy for update path selection, which makes the nodes share the update path information by using clone, variation and crossover operations for the update paths. We also present a repeated update strategy to cope with the churn problem so as to maintain replica consistency as far as possible even if some nodes temporarily leave the network. The simulation results show that our strategy can significantly reduce the number of the redundant update messages without lowering the message coverage, thus improving the availability of the unstructured P2P networks.     

A hybrid approach for estimating document frequencies in unstructured P2P networks

Scalable search and retrieval over numerous web document collections distributed across different sites can be achieved by adopting a peer-to-peer (P2P) communication model. Terms and their document frequencies are the main components of text information retrieval and as such need to be computed, aggregated, and distributed throughout the system. This is a challenging problem in the context of unstructured P2P networks, since the local document collections may not reflect the global collection in an accurate way. This might happen due to skews in the distribution of documents to peers. Moreover, central assembly of the total information is not a scalable solution due to the excessive cost of storage and maintenance, and because of issues related to digital rights management. In this paper, we present an efficient hybrid approach for aggregation of document frequencies using a hierarchical overlay network for a carefully selected set of the most important terms, together with gossip-based aggregation for the remaining terms in the collections. Furthermore, we present a cost analysis to compute the communication cost of hybrid aggregation. We conduct experiments on three document collections, in order to evaluate the quality of the proposed hybrid aggregation.     

A traffic-efficient message forwarding approach in unstructured P2P networks

With more and more peer-to-peer (P2P) applications being utilized, the P2P traffic accounts for the majority in Internet, and thus leading to the network congestion problem. Reducing the redundant propagations of messages is an effective approach for solving such problem in unstructured P2P networks. In this paper, we first define a novel message structure which contains the information of message propagation path, and then three operations, including the inheritance, supplement and collection, on the message transmission paths are proposed, based on which a node could forward the message to the nodes who have not received the message yet purposefully by using the information of the past received messages and the characteristics of space and time of node activities, and thus eliminating the bandwidth consumption problem caused by the flooding-based message propagation approaches. The simulation results show that our strategy could effectively reduce the number of the redundant messages without lowering the message coverage ratio.     

Combining search and trust models in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Effectiveness of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems highly depends on efficiency and scalability of their search algorithms. Moreover, managing trust is a key issue for wide acceptance of P2P computing. Surprisingly, the majority of the available trust systems ignore the underlying search algorithm and assume it is preexisting. We claim that combining search and trust systems yields significant performance gains in terms of network traffic and query success rate. In this paper, we propose a robust and efficient trust based search framework for unstructured P2P networks. Our framework maintains limited size routing indexes combining search and trust data to guide queries to most reputable nodes. By dynamically selecting reputable nodes as score managers, our scheme tracks the reputation of participating peers. In an alternative approach, we aggregate partial reputation values obtained from reverse query paths to introduce a low overhead method for estimating reputation scores of peers. Through P2P network simulation experiments, we find significant performance gains in using our framework.     

MuON: Epidemic based mutual anonymity in unstructured P2P networks

A mutual anonymity system enables communication between a client and a service provider without revealing their identities. In general, the anonymity guarantees made by the protocol are enhanced when a large number of participants are recruited into the anonymity system. Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are able to attract a large number of nodes and hence are highly suitable for anonymity systems. However, the churn (changes in system membership) within P2P networks, poses a significant challenge for low-bandwidth reliable anonymous communication in these networks.This paper presents MuON, a protocol to achieve mutual anonymity in unstructured P2P networks. MuON leverages epidemic-style data dissemination to deal with churn. Simulation results and security analysis indicate that MuON provides mutual anonymity in networks with high churn, while maintaining predictable latencies, high reliability, and low communication overhead.     

Self-scaling cooperative discovery of service compositions in unstructured P2P networks

We propose an efficient technique for improving the performance of automatic and cooperative compositions in unstructured Peer-to-Peer networks during service discovery. The technique exploits a probabilistic forwarding algorithm that uses different sources of knowledge, such as network density and service grouping, to reduce the amount of messages exchanged in the network. The technique, analysed in several network configurations by using a simulator to observe resolution time, recall and message overhead, presents good performance especially in dense and large-scale service networks.     

基于非结构化的P2P信息检索关键技术研究

如何在缺少集中控制、大规模、分布式的P2P（peer-to-peer）网络中找到并定位信息是所有的P2P共享系统面临的一个难题．现有的P2P信息检索机制存在着种种不足：基于结构化P2P网络的检索效率很高,然而由于构造过于严格,难以在Internet上普及,而且仅能支持粗粒度的文件共享;非结构化P2P网络实现简单,是P2P共享系统的主要实现方式,但是由于搜索的盲目性,其检索效率又普遍低下．建立了一个新的非结构化P2P共享原型系统．该系统利用改进的蚁群算法进行检索路由,使检索总是倾向于有利的方向．同时,有针对性的推荐服务能够减少盲目搜索,提高文件共享水平．仿真实验的结果表明,该系统所采用的信息检索与信息推荐相结合的策略能够有效地提高P2P信息检索的成功率,降低网络负载．     

Intelligent neighbor selection for efficient query routing in unstructured P2P networks using Q-learning

Applied Intelligence - Over the last two decades, peer-to-peer systems have proven their vital role in sharing various resources and services to diverse user communities over the internet. The...     

A path-traceable query routing mechanism for search in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Unstructured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have become a very popular architecture for content distribution in large-scale and dynamic environments. Searching for content in unstructured P2P networks is a challenging task because the distribution of objects has no association with the organization of peers. Proposed methods in recent years either depend too much on objects replication rate or suffer from a sharp decline in performance when objects stored in peers change rapidly, although their performance is better than flooding or random walk algorithms to some extent. In this paper, we propose a novel query routing mechanism for improving query performance in unstructured P2P networks. We design a data structure called traceable gain matrix (TGM) that records every query's gain at each peer along the query hit path, and allows for optimizing query routing decision effectively. Experimental results show that our query routing mechanism achieves relatively high query hit rate with low bandwidth consumption in different types of network topologies under static and dynamic network conditions.