能量代谢工程促地衣芽胞杆菌DW2高效合成杆菌肽

杆菌肽是一种主要由芽胞杆菌产生的广谱性环肽类抗生素,目前广泛应用于兽药领域。能量代谢在微生物高效合成目的代谢产物中具有重要作用。文中以杆菌肽工业生产菌株地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus licheniformis DW2为出发菌株,首先构建了呼吸链分支途径细胞色素bd泛醇氧化酶基因cydB缺失菌株,发现cydB缺失后杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度相比于对照菌株分别提高了10.97%和22.96%。接着,证实了强化表达另外一条呼吸链分支途径——细胞色素aa3氧化酶基因qoxA能够提高杆菌肽合成水平,其杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度相比于对照菌株分别提高了18.27%和34.00%。强化ADP合成供给也是促进胞内ATP积累的有效策略,结果表明强化表达腺苷激酶DcK和腺苷酸激酶AdK均可以提高杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度,其中强化表达DcK效果较好,其杆菌肽效价相比对照提高16.78%。最后,通过组合代谢工程育种,在基因cydB缺失菌DW2ΔcydB基础上整合表达了qoxA和dck,得到工程菌株DW2-CQD(DW2ΔcydB::qoxA::dck),发酵结果表明,DW2-CQD杆菌肽效价达到954.25 U/mL,相比于对照菌株提高了21.66%,单位菌体杆菌肽效价为2.11 U/CFU,相比对照提高了11.05%。此外,DW2-CQD胞内ATP浓度为39.54 nmol/L,相比于对照提高了49.32%。结果证实能量代谢工程是提高杆菌肽发酵水平的有效策略,提供了一株具有工业化应用前景的杆菌肽生产菌株。     

地衣芽胞杆菌DW2中敲除氨基酸转运蛋白基因yhdG提高杆菌肽产量

杆菌肽是微生物产生的由11种氨基酸残基组成的广谱性抗生素,前体物的供应可能是限制杆菌肽高产的重要因素。文中通过支链氨基酸(异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸)的添加实验考察了前体物质支链氨基酸对杆菌肽高产的影响,证实了异亮氨酸(Ile)和亮氨酸(Leu)的添加可以提高杆菌肽的效价,其中Ile的添加对杆菌肽效价提高的效果较为明显。随后,文中以地衣芽胞杆菌DW2为出发菌株,分别构建了支链氨基酸转运蛋白Yhd G的缺失和强化表达菌株。发酵结果表明,转运蛋白Yhd G缺失工程菌DW2△yhd G的杆菌肽效价达到917.35 U/m L,与原始菌DW2相比提高了11%,而强化Yhd G则会使杆菌肽效价下降25%。最后通过分析胞内胞外支链氨基酸含量,发现缺失转运蛋白Yhd G能够在发酵中后期显著提高胞内支链氨基酸含量,表明氨基酸转运蛋白Yhd G在地衣芽胞杆菌DW2中可能发挥着氨基酸输出的功能。综上,文中通过缺失转运蛋白Yhd G显著提高了地衣芽胞杆菌胞内支链氨基酸的供给水平,从而提高了杆菌肽效价,为杆菌肽高产菌株的构建提供了一种新的策略。     

DegU负调控地衣芽胞杆菌普切明酸的合成及分泌

普切明酸是地衣芽胞杆菌合成并分泌的一种铁离子螯合剂,是细胞维持铁稳态的重要介质。【目的】揭示转录调控因子DegU在调控普切明酸的合成及分泌过程中的作用。【方法】以地衣芽胞杆菌DW2为出发菌株,构建degU缺失菌株DW2ΔdegU和过表达菌株DW2::Pbay-degU,通过产物检测、转录水平检测、凝胶阻滞分析和GFP报告蛋白表达分析等方法分析DegU对普切明酸合成、分泌及调控因子基因的转录调控机制。【结果】DW2ΔdegU的普切明酸产量相比于DW2提高了56.8%,而DW2::Pbay-degU相比于DW2菌株则下降83.7%。同时,degU缺失后,普切明酸合成酶基因yvm C和转运蛋白基因yvm A的转录水平分别上升为DW2的2.85倍和2.71倍,yvmC和yvmA的负调控因子基因yvmB的转录水平则下降为DW2的0.35倍;而在DW2::Pbay-degU菌株中,yvmC和yvmA的转录水平分别下降为DW2的0.47倍和0.24倍,yvmB的转录水平则上升为DW2的1.78倍。凝胶阻滞分析和GFP报告蛋白表达分析表明,DegU可以直接与PyvmC和PyvmB启动子结合,但是与yv...     

枯草芽胞杆菌蛋白质表达分泌系统发展及展望

枯草芽胞杆菌作为革兰阳性模式菌株是基础研究和工业应用的常用宿主细胞。介绍了枯草芽胞杆菌中蛋白合成和分泌过程中的重要步骤及重要调控位点。在枯草芽胞杆菌蛋白表达及分泌系统中,可以针对目标基因在体内的转录、翻译、折叠、转运和菌株改造等方面对表达分泌系统进行优化改良,针对不同的目标蛋白,可进行不同优化模块的组装和拼搭,以达到针对目标蛋白产物定制化地提高产量和分泌量的目的。在未来,随着基因编辑和合成生物技术的发展,菌株改良策略的不断优化,枯草芽胞杆菌将会在工业生产蛋白质制品领域发挥更大的应用价值。     

一株产低温蛋白酶地衣芽胞杆菌NWMCC0046全基因组测序及分析

地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)NWMCC0046是从西藏日喀则地区屠宰场废弃血污放置土壤中分离得到的一株益生菌,产生的碱性蛋白酶在低温下有作为洗涤剂添加酶的潜力。深入分析菌株NWMCC0046的基因组序列信息,并挖掘该菌株功能特性基因及潜在应用价值。使用PacBio RS II平台和Illumina HiSeq 4000平台对菌株NWMCC0046的基因组进行测序,并对测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测与功能注释、共线性分析、进化分析及次级代谢产物合成基因簇预测。菌株NWMCC0046全基因组大小为4 321 565 bp,平均GC含量为46.78%,共编码4 504个基因。基因注释揭示了其益生菌特性,如胃肠道内独特的适应性、抗氧化活性和抗菌活性。此外,菌株NWMCC0046还编码工业上许多重要的酶。进化树及共线性结果表明,菌株NWMCC0046属地衣芽胞杆菌且与地衣芽胞杆菌ATCC 14580具有较好的共线性。同时,预测到菌株NWMCC0046中有11个次级代谢产物合成基因簇,编码地衣素、丰原素、杆菌肽和丁酰苷菌素等生物活性物质。基因组信息存储于GenBa...     

苏云金芽胞杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白基因vip3A在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis常被用于表达杀虫和抗菌蛋白.为了探讨苏云金芽胞杆菌B. thuringiensis营养期杀虫蛋白基因（vip3A）在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达情况,促进杀虫防病工程菌构建,将枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株核糖体小亚基S4蛋白基因的启动子与苏云金芽胞杆菌WB7菌株vip3A基因的编码序列连接,插入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli与枯草芽胞杆菌穿梭载体pAD123,得到重组原核表达质粒pADpvip,将重组质粒转化枯草芽胞杆菌标准菌株168和分离自辣椒体内的生防内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2菌株中,获得工程菌株.SDS-PAGE分析表明在枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株的部分工程菌株中有约88 kDa大小的VIP条带,而BS-2的工程菌株中未见相应的条带,表明Vip3A蛋白仅在168菌株中表达.生物测定表明有5株168的工程菌株（168vip1-4,6）表现较高的杀虫活性,工程菌株发酵稀释液（约10⁷CFU/mL）处理的小白菜叶片饲喂斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的杀虫效果可达87.64%~92.13%,但vip3A基因转入内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2中不表现杀虫作用.毒力测定表明168vip2菌株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为0.0194 mL/mL.这些结果为进一步研究基因在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达构建杀虫防病工程菌打下了基础.     

地衣芽胞杆菌乙醛酸循环对聚谷氨酸合成的影响

[目的]了解乙醛酸循环在地衣芽胞杆菌WX-02生物合成聚谷氨酸中作用,为聚谷氨酸生产提供新的解决方法。[方法]采用基因工程手段,以地衣芽胞杆菌WX-02为原始菌株,分别增强表达和敲除异柠檬酸裂解酶ace A基因,检测发酵过程中聚谷氨酸产量、生物量、胞内外代谢物和相关基因转录量。[结果]增强表达异柠檬酸裂解酶ace A基因后,胞内谷氨酸浓度显著升高(483.42 ng/m L/Log(CFU)),溢流代谢产物减少(乙酸5.41 g/L、乙偶姻5.82 g/L、2,3-丁二醇7.31 g/L),聚谷氨酸生物合成产量为11.74 g/L,相比原始菌株提高15%。谷氨酸脱氢酶roc G基因、谷氨酸消旋酶glr基因和聚谷氨酸合成酶复合体中pgs B基因转录水平相对原始菌株分别提高1.61倍、1.32倍和1.24倍。[结论]增强乙醛酸循环可以降低地衣芽胞杆菌WX-02乙酸等溢流代谢产物合成,提高胞内谷氨酸合成能力,并上调聚谷氨酸合成酶基因转录水平,最终提高聚谷氨酸生物合成产量。     

地衣芽胞杆菌dif序列的功能鉴定

地衣芽胞杆菌是重要的工业菌株,如何为其建立一种有效的基因删除技术是对该菌株进行遗传改良的基础。枯草芽胞杆菌difB8序列已经被成功用于枯草芽胞杆菌多基因的删除。在分析地衣芽胞杆菌基因组序列并获得与枯草芽胞杆菌difB8以。序列十分相似的一段序列difBLi的基础上,构建了在庆大霉素抗性基因两侧具有difBLi的重组质粒pMD19-difGm和pHY-XI’：：difGm,通过电击转化法将质粒pHY-XI’：：difGm导入B．1icheniformis ATCC14580中,筛选获得了具有庆大霉素抗性的转化子。在转化子的传代过程中,重组质粒的庆大霉素抗性基因在体内Xer／dif／f位点特异性重组系统的介导下通过其侧翼的dif位点进行同源重组而被准确删除。确证了地衣芽胞杆菌中dif序列的功能,为地衣芽胞杆菌基因组中多基因的删除提供了一种新的实验途径。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌sigK 基因插入失活突变体的特点及其对cry3A基因启动子活性的影响

摘要: 【目的】构建苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt) sigK 基因插入失活突变体,分析突变体特点并明确其对cry3A 基因启动子的影响。【方法】采用同源重组技术在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73 菌株sigK 基因中插入卡那霉素抗性基因,构建了sigK 基因插入失活突变体。通过生长曲线测定、扫描电子显微镜观察晶体、芽胞形成情况和芽胞计数及SDS-PAGE 等方法分析了突变体的特点; 构建了遗传恢复菌株对上述性状进行了功能验证; 利用启动子融合lacZ 技术检测了cry3A 基因启动子的转录活性。【结果】获得了苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73 菌株sigK 基因突变体,生长曲线测定表明,突变体较出发菌株在稳定期后期生长较慢; 扫描电子显微镜观察和芽胞计数分析显示,突变体丧失了形成芽胞和晶体的能力; SDS-PAGE 分析表明突变体中伴胞晶体蛋白的表达量明显低于出发菌株和恢复菌株。利用载体pHT315 携带sigK 基因及其启动子在突变株中表达,所获得的遗传恢复菌株恢复了突变株产生芽胞和晶体的能力; sigK 基因的突变可以提高cry3A 基因启动子在产胞后期的转录活性,对cry3A 启动子指导的Cry 蛋白表达量没有显著影响。【结论】本研究证明sigK 基因为苏云金芽胞杆菌芽胞形成所必需,并影响伴胞晶体蛋白的产量; sigK 基因功能的丧失有利于cry3A 基因启动子在产胞后期的转录。     

基于表达元件和宿主优化促地衣芽胞杆菌高效表达L-天冬酰胺酶

L-天冬酰胺酶(L-asparaginase, L-ASN)广泛用于恶性肿瘤治疗及低丙烯酰胺食品生产,然而其较低的表达水平限制了应用推广。异源蛋白表达是提高目标酶表达水平的有效策略,芽胞杆菌广泛用于酶蛋白的高效生产,本研究拟通过表达元件及宿主优化提高芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)中L-天冬酰胺酶产量。首先,筛选了5种信号肽(SP_SacC、SP_AmyL、SP_AprE、SP_YwbN、SP_WapA)用于L-天冬酰胺酶的分泌表达,其中SP_SacC介导下L-天冬酰胺酶分泌效果最好,酶活达到157.61 U/mL。随后,选取了4种芽胞杆菌强启动子(P43、P_ykzA-P43、P_Ubay、P_{bac A}),其中串联启动子P_ykzA-P43介导的L-天冬酰胺酶表达量最高,较对照菌株提高了52.94%。最后,筛选了3种芽胞杆菌表达宿主：地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformi...     

Cloning of the genes controlling the biosynthesis of bacitracin in Bacillus licheniformis

The DNA fragment from bacitracin-producing Bacillus licheniformis strain is cloned on pMX39 vector plasmid in Bacillus subtilis cells. Bacillus subtilis cells carrying the cloned fragment inhibit the growth of bacitracin-sensitive tester strain. The observed inhibition of growth is due to the production by Bacillus subtilis of bacteriocin substance that is identified as bacitracin by TLC-chromatography. In contrast to the data published earlier it is shown that Bacillus subtilis can in fact produce the small amounts of bacitracin. Introduction of the cloned Bacillus licheniformis DNA into Bacillus subtilis cells stimulates this bacitracin production. The restriction site map of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosomal region bearing the cloned fragment is constructed.     

强化底物利用酶系表达,提升地衣芽孢杆菌生产碱性蛋白酶性能

地衣芽孢杆菌2709由于易于培养、GRAS状态和完善的蛋白质分泌能力,是已经投入工业生产碱性蛋白酶的菌株.为改善该菌株的发酵生产性能,提高菌体对培养基成分的利用和碱性蛋白酶产量,对菌株的胞外分泌酶系进行完善.利用同源重组机制,在基因组复制起始位点附近引入了来源于短小芽孢杆菌的木聚糖酶基因xynA和在复制起始位点中心对称...     

通过优化表达元件及培养基组分提高地衣芽胞杆菌中碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶产量

【背景】碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶(Subtilisin)是一种具有广泛用途的工业酶制剂。【目的】旨在通过优化启动子、信号肽及培养基组分来提高地衣芽胞杆菌中碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶产量。【方法】以地衣芽胞杆菌BL10为出发菌株,构建了含有4种不同类型启动子(PbacA、P43、PaprE和PsrfA)及4种不同类型信号肽(SPVpr、SPSacB、SPSacC和SPAprE)的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶表达菌株,并在获得高产菌株的基础上进行培养基优化。【结果】4种启动子的表达水平为PbacAPaprEP43PsrfA,4种信号肽的分泌效率为SPAprESPSacCSPSacBSPVpr。其中,菌株BL10/pPbacA-aprE产生最高的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活(275.21 U/mL),相比于出发菌株BL10/pHY-aprE (167.98 U/mL)提高了64%。随后,通过对发酵培养基成分进行优化并结合正交优化,获得了一种高产碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶的培养基(g/L):玉米淀粉40.0,豆粕50.0,(NH4)2SO4 4.0,K2HPO4 3.0,CaCO3 1.0。最后,碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活提高到747.37 U/mL,是初始酶活的4.45倍。【结论】为工业化高产碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶提供了一种有效策略。     

Cloning and expression of keratinase gene in Bacillus megaterium and optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of keratinase by recombinant strain

AIMS: Cloning and expression of keratinase gene in Bacillus megaterium and optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of keratinase by recombinant strain. METHODS AND RESULTS: The keratinase gene with and without leader sequence from the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus licheniformis MKU3 was amplified by PCR and cloned into pET30b and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21. The ker gene without leader sequence only expressed in E. coli and the recombinant strain produced an intracellular keratinase activity of 74.3 U ml(-1). The ker gene was further subcloned into E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector, pWH1520. Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 carrying the recombinant plasmid pWHK3 expressed the ker gene placed under xylA promoter and produced an extracellular keratinase activity of 95 U ml(-1). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the fermentation condition and to improve the level of keratinase production by the recombinant strain. A maximum keratinolytic activity of 166.2 U ml(-1) (specific activity, 33.25 U mg(-1)) was obtained in 18 h of the fermentation carried out with an initial inoculum of 0.4 OD600 nm and xylose concentration of 0.75% w/v. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus licheniformis keratinase was cloned and successfully expressed using T7 promoter in E. coli and xylose inducible expression system in B. megaterium. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process parameters, which resulted in a three-fold higher level of keratinase production by the recombinant B. megaterium (pWHK3) than the wild type strain B. licheniformis MKU3. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests that B. megaterium is a suitable host for the expression of cloned genes from heterologous origin. Optimization of fermentation conditions improved the keratinase production by B. megaterium (pWHK3) and suggested that this recombinant strain could be used for the production of keratinase.     

Engineered biosynthesis of the peptide antibiotic bacitracin in the surrogate host Bacillus subtilis.

Nonribosomal peptides are processed on multifunctional enzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), whose modular multidomain arrangement allowed the rational design of new peptide products. However, the lack of natural competence and efficient transformation methods for most of nonribosomal peptide producer strains prevented the in vivo manipulation of these biosynthetic gene clusters. In this study, we present methods for the construction of a genetically engineered Bacillus subtilis surrogate host for the integration and heterologous expression of foreign NRPS genes. In the B. subtilis surrogate host, we deleted the resident 26-kilobase srfA gene cluster encoding the surfactin synthetases and subsequently used the same chromosomal location for integration of the entire 49-kilobase bacitracin biosynthetic gene cluster from Bacillus licheniformis by a stepwise homologous recombination method. Synthesis of the branched cyclic peptide antibiotic bacitracin in the engineered B. subtilis strain was achieved at high level, indicating a functional production and proper posttranslational modification of the bacitracin synthetases BacABC, as well as the expression of the associated bacitracin self-resistance genes. This engineered and genetically amenable B. subtilis strain will facilitate the rational design of new bacitracin derivatives.     

Improvement of acetoin reductase activity enhances bacitracin production by Bacillus licheniformis

Bacitracin fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis in this work showed three characteristics: (1) the extracellular propionate, butyrate, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol accumulates under conditions of low dissolved oxygen (zero after 4 h cultivation), reaching a total content of approximately 11.1 g/L; (2) cell growth occurs quickly subsequent to cell autolysis and the second growth; and (3) there is a low content of 2,3-butanediol, a reduced product of acetoin catalyzed by acetoin reductase, in the culture process. In this study, addition of MnCl₂ (0.3 mg/L) to the production medium increased the acetoin reductase activity, redirected the NADH oxidation partly from the propionate- and butyrate-production pathways to the 2,3-butanediol synthesis pathway, reduced the intracellular NADH/NAD⁺ ratio, and facilitated cell growth, ultimately achieving a 11.6% increase in bacitracin production (1076 U/mL) versus the control. The results provide useful information regarding large-scale bacitracin production by B. licheniformis.     

The two-component regulatory system BacRS is associated with bacitracin 'self-resistance' of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716.

Bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic produced by several Bacillus licheniformis strains that is most active against other Gram-positive microorganisms, but not against the producer strain itself. Recently, heterologous expression of the bacitracin resistance mediating BcrABC transporter in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was described. In this study we could determine that the transporter encoding bcrABC genes are localized about 3 kb downstream of the 44-kb bacitracin biosynthetic operon bacABC. Between the bac operon and the bcrABC genes two orfs, designated bacR and bacS, were identified. They code for proteins with high homology to regulator and sensor proteins of two-component systems. A disruption mutant of the bacRS genes was constructed. While the mutant displayed no effects on the bacitracin production it exhibited highly increased bacitracin sensitivity compared to the wild-type strain. Western blot analysis of the expression of BcrA, the ATP-binding cassette of the transporter, showed in the wild-type a moderate BcrA induction in late stationary cells that accumulate bacitracin, whereas in the bacRS mutant cells the BcrA expression was constitutive. A comparison of bacitracin stressed and nonstressed wild-type cells in Western blot analysis revealed increasing amounts of BcrA and a decrease in BacR in the stressed cells. From these findings we infer that BacR acts as a negative regulator for controlling the expression of the bcrABC transporter genes.     

一株产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的地衣芽孢杆菌的选育、产酶条件及酶学特性

从土壤分离物中筛选到一株环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶 (CGTase)产生菌 4 0 3,96h发酵酶活为 0 95U mL。经紫外辐射和硫酸二乙酯复合诱变而获得突变株CLS4 0 3,96h发酵酶活达 1 36U mL ,提高 4 3%。该突变菌株被鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluslicheniformis) ,产CGTase的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉 ,最佳氮源为硝酸铵 ,最适初始pH为 6 5 ,最适培养温度为 35℃ ,发酵期间CGTase的产生高峰 (第 96h)滞后于菌体生物量高峰 (第 4 8h) 2d。菌株所产CGTase的最适反应pH为 6 0 ,最适温度为 5 5℃ ,在pH 6 0～ 7 5间和 5 0℃下保持 1h后的剩余酶活均达 90 %以上 ;酶液中适量添加Ca2 能大幅提高CGTase在 5 5℃下的稳定性。经高效液相色谱分析 ,CGTase作用于淀粉后的产物以α 环糊精为主 ,β 环糊精为次 ,二者比例为 2 4 7∶1,环糊精总产率达 2 9 8% ,但产物中不含γ 环糊精     

Enhancement of bacitracin biosynthesis by branched-chain amino acids in a regulatory mutant ofBacillus licheniformis

DL-4-Azaleucine-resistant mutant of Bacillus licheniformis azlr-1 isolated after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, was a better bacitracin producer than the parent strain. In the minimal medium, the antibiotic biosynthesis was 4 times higher in the mutant than in the parent strain and less dependent on L-leucine addition. In the complex fermentation medium, the yield was 18-20% higher in the mutant strain. Transaminase B activity measured in the crude extract revealed that the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzymes were 5-10 times derepressed supplying bacitracin synthetase with enhanced quantity of isoleucine and leucine, the building units of bacitracin molecule.