烧伤病区病原菌分布及其耐药性调查

目的了解烧伤病区病原菌分布特点及其耐药情况，为临床治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析笔者单位烧伤病区348例住院患者的创面、血液、静脉导管、痰液、尿液及脓液等标本分离而得的菌株，统计其病原菌分布情况及耐药性。结果共检出464株病原菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌244株占52、6％、革兰阳性球菌188株占40．5％、真菌32株占6．9％。主要检出菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌。甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对环丙沙星、青霉素G、苯唑西林等的耐药率已达100、0％，只对万古霉素敏感。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为15、8％、36、8％、33、3％。结论金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌是烧伤病区感染的主要病原菌；金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对抗生素的耐药率较高。     

烧伤早期创面细菌菌种分布及临床意义

目的 探讨近年来笔单位烧伤早期创面细菌菌种分布和临床意义。方法 215例严重烧伤患，在烧伤后6d内作首次创面细菌培养和药物敏感试验。结果(1)检出细菌122株，其中革兰阴性菌62株，革兰阳性菌60株；这些细菌包括凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌28株(占23％)，金黄色葡萄球菌27株(22％)，铜绿假单胞菌17株(14％)，大肠埃希菌11株(9％)，肠杆菌属10株(8％)，肠球菌属9株(7％)，霉菌3株(2．5％)，其他17株(14．5％)；(2)对氨苄青霉素、苯唑青霉素钠、羟氨苄青霉素／克拉维酸耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率分别为81％、38％和31％，对亚胺培南和头孢他啶耐药的铜绿假单胞菌分别占11％和16％；(3)革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素及去甲万古霉素、氯霉素、替考拉宁(Teicoplanin)、甲氧苄啶／磺胺甲基异恶唑、利福平的敏感率分别达到100％、100％、100％、94％和88％；革兰阴性杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶的敏感率分别为91％、90％、81％、78％、71％和70％；铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、妥布霉素、美罗培南、环丙沙星、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢吡肟的敏感率在82％—91％之间；MRSA对万古雷素及去甲万古霉素全部敏感。结论 本单位近年来烧伤早期创面细菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主，铜绿假单胞菌为次，这些细菌的耐药菌株明显增加；过去在烧伤早期创面较少见到的肠球菌属和霉菌亦有所增加。提示在烧伤早期必须正确使用抗生素，不宜滥用广谱抗生素。     

骨科患者伤口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性

目的 分析骨科患者伤口感染病原菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 连续收集2010年7月至2012年6月河北医科大学第三医院骨科999例住院患者伤口分离出的病原菌,进行菌株鉴定,并采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.采用双向纸片法确证超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检测以头孢西丁纸片法判定.采用WHONET 5.4软件作耐药率统计.结果 999例患者的感染伤口中共分离出无重复病原菌1056株,其中革兰阴性菌739株(69.98％),革兰阳性菌304株(28.79％),真菌13株(1.23％).主要病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌(265株,25.09％),铜绿假单胞菌(245株,23.20％),鲍曼不动杆菌(199株,18.84％)和大肠埃希菌(86株,8.14％)等.革兰阴性菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率较低,分别为13.58％,21.25％,21.67％和22.45％,但对复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑的耐药率较高,为98.04％.鲍曼不动杆菌除对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为14.29％外,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,其泛耐药菌株的检出率为5.53％(11/199).肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南全部敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星的敏感性亦较高,耐药率介于1.16％～28.12％.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为48.84％ (42/86)和34.38％(11/32).革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺均敏感,但对氨苄西林、青霉素G和红霉素的耐药率很高,分别为100.00％,99.25％和80.06％；MRSA的检出率为41.51％(110/265).肠球菌对红霉素、利福平、左氧氟沙星、高浓度庆大霉素、米诺环素和呋喃妥因的耐药率较高,对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺全部敏感,万古霉素中介株的检出率为4.55％ (1/22).结论 骨科患者伤口感染病原菌种类复杂,以金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌等为主,且多为多重耐药菌株.     

外科感染患者细菌分布及耐药性的单中心研究

目的 分析外科感染患者细菌分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为外科感染的规范化治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性调查分析2008年1月至201 1年12月外科感染患者送检标本的细菌鉴定及药物敏感性检测结果.结果 3257份临床标本共分离菌株3829株,革兰阴性杆菌占62.4％(以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主);革兰阳性球菌占37.6％(以肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主),其中金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌检出率呈升高趋势.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等抗菌药物耐药率较低;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢类、碳青霉烯类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较高,呈多药耐药性;所有葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感(100％),但耐万古霉素屎肠球菌检出率呈上升趋势(1.9％～7.5％).产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌检出率为45.6％ ～61.5％;产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌检出率呈波动表现;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率较高(21.1％ ～55.8％),耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌检出率明显高于其他阳性球菌.结论 我院外科临床感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌药物耐药率较高.     

2014-2015年烧伤科细菌耐药情况及临床对策分析

目的:分析2014-2015年湖南省浏阳市人民医院烧伤科细菌流行变迁及耐药的相关因素,从而指导临床合理用药.方法:对2014年1月-2015年12月于湖南省浏阳市人民医院住院治疗的烧伤患者创面培养病原菌(943株)以及药敏试验结果进行分析比较.结果:2014年铜绿假单胞菌为绝对优势菌,2015年优势菌群不明显,但鲍曼不动杆菌所占构成比增加.鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青酶烯类耐药率并没有随着药物用量下降而下降;铜绿假单胞菌随着碳青酶烯类抗生素使用量的下降,耐药率在下降;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对阴沟肠杆菌依然敏感,头孢类、半合成青霉素、喹诺酮耐药率在上升;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对肺炎克雷伯菌依然敏感,头孢类变化不大,喹诺酮耐药率在下降;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌依然敏感.结论:2014年耐药菌以铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等为主,2015年耐药菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌等菌分布为主.鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星耐药率有差异,铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗生素耐药率有差异,大肠埃希菌对大部分抗生素耐药无明显差异.2015年较2014年治愈好转率高.     

热带海岛地区某医院烧伤感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的 了解热带海岛地区烧伤感染病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法 回顾性调查分析2000-2005年笔者单位烧伤病区392例住院患者的病原菌分布情况及其耐药性特点。结果 （1）共检出671株病原菌，其中铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、不动杆菌是主要菌种。最常见的铜绿假单胞菌检出率为27．7％，较20世纪90年代（33．6％）有下降趋势。（2）铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南／西司他丁及头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为32．2％和36．7％，对其余10种常用抗生素的耐药率均在80．0％以上。（3）141株金黄色葡萄球菌中，共检出89株甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌，检出率为63．1％；未检出对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、不动杆菌等是热带海岛地区烧伤感染的主要病原菌；前两者的抗生素耐药率较高。     

烧伤患者2748株病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 提供近年烧伤患者病原菌分布及耐药性状况的流行病学资料,以指导临床合理使用抗生素. 方法 选择2003年3月-2011年6月西南医院全军烧伤研究所478例患者1977份临床标本(血液、导管、创面分泌物等),共分离出病原菌2748株.用API细菌鉴定板条鉴定菌株;采用K-B纸片扩散法,选择庆大霉素、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、阿米卡星等55种常用抗生素进行药物敏感试验.采用WHONET 5.3软件统计分析如下项目:各年度不同类型、不同标本来源的病原菌分布情况,主要革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、真菌对多种抗生素的耐药率变化情况,铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、白色念珠菌对多种抗生素的敏感率变化情况. 结果 2748株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌1879株占68.38％、革兰阳性球菌628株占22.85％、真菌241株占8.77％.创面分泌物标本病原菌检出率最高(1022株占37.19％),其次是呼吸道(995株占36.21％)和血液(421株占15.32％),其他类型标本检出率较低.铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高,共996株占36.24％,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,依次为495株占18.01％、395株占14.37％.鲍氏不动杆菌检出率呈逐年增加趋势,金黄色葡萄球菌呈逐年下降趋势,铜绿假单胞菌检出率较稳定.检出的葡萄球菌中以甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌为主,共484株占17.61％.铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对多黏菌素E、多黏菌素B的耐药率低于30.00％,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素的耐药率仅为39.68％,除此之外,这2种细菌对其他抗生素如第三代头孢菌素、β内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类等抗生素呈多药耐药,耐药率为57.91％～100.00％.2004-2011年,铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类抗生素敏感率呈逐年增加趋势,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素、奈替米星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、妥布霉素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率呈逐年下降趋势.粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率低于10.00％.金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率均为0.金黄色葡萄球菌对奎奴普丁/达福普汀、米诺环素、夫西地酸和复方磺胺甲(晤)唑的耐药率较低,分别为0.82％、9.35％、2.21％和31.85％;该菌对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲(恶)唑、四环素和米诺环素的敏感率呈逐年增加趋势.真菌感染率很低,且对药物的耐药率不高;白色念珠菌对5种抗生素的耐药率均低于15.00％,除对5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感率略呈下降趋势外,对其他4种抗生素的敏感率均呈逐年上升趋势. 结论 近年引发西南医院烧伤研究所患者感染的病原菌中,居前3位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍氏不动杆菌.所有分离菌株中铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的多药耐药性尤为突出,鲍氏不动杆菌将可能取代铜绿假单胞菌成为烧伤感染死亡的主要致病菌.     

烧伤中心细菌耐药性分析

目的研究烧伤中心广泛应用第三代头孢菌素背景下细菌耐药性。方法采用纸片扩散法。结果 259株革兰氏阴性杆菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮和头孢他啶全部耐药的菌株占31％,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可使52％耐药菌株恢复敏感性,伊米配能和环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌、无硝不动杆菌、肠杆菌科耐药率分别为23.8％和51.2％,28.6％和21.4％,9.9％和20.4％。MRSA对伊米配能和环丙沙星耐药率分别为26.9％和73％,未发现去甲万古霉素耐药菌株。粪肠球菌对去甲万古霉素耐药率为2.7％。结论革兰氏阴性杆菌对第三代头孢菌素耐药机理除质粒介导的超广谱β-内酰胺酶外,部分菌株可能产生染色体介导的Ⅰ型β-内酰胺酶。     

2003-2005年积水潭医院烧伤感染常见细菌及耐药性分析

目的 了解笔者单位近期的烧伤感染细菌分布及耐药情况。方法 收集2003年1月-2005年12月从笔者单位492例烧伤住院患者创面分泌物、静脉导管、血液、尿液、粪等标本分离而得的菌株，对其菌种分布特点及耐药性进行分析。结果 送检标本中革兰阴性菌多于革兰阳性菌。革兰阳性菌292株，分离率最高者为金黄色葡萄球菌（16．7％），其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌在金黄色葡萄球菌中占82．5％；革兰阴性菌372株，分离率较高的分别为铜绿假单胞菌（12．5％）、大肠埃希菌（11．1％）。3年中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对超广谱β内酰胺酶的耐药率分别为60．8％和42．9％。结论 笔者单位烧伤病区细菌耐药问题严重，仍需不断监测病区菌种变化及药物敏感情况，以有效地控制细菌感染和耐药菌株的播散。     

肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱与耐药性分析

目的 研究肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的主要致病菌谱及致病菌对常用抗生素的耐药特点.方法 取226例肠外瘘并发腹腔感染患者的腹腔脓液进行细菌培养和抗生素药物敏感试验.结果 获取菌株520株,其中革兰阴性菌333株,革兰阳性菌180株,真菌7株.前10位的为大肠埃希菌131株,金黄色葡萄球菌62株,肠球菌59株,铜绿假单胞菌50株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌23株,鲍曼不动杆菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌17株,奇异变形杆菌15株,摩氏摩根菌15株,粪肠球菌12株.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌中表达超广谱13内酰胺酶阳性菌株分别为102株和17株.甲氧两林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌60株.结论 肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱以革兰阴性菌为主,超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌则基本对甲氧西林耐药.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.