成都市饮用水中消毒副产物的变化研究

以成都市第六水厂的工艺出水和管网水为测试对象，研究了常规处理工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性，分析了消毒副产物在管网中的变化规律，并且提出了控制饮用水中消毒副产物的对策。研究结果表明：①成都市自来水中消毒副产物的主要成分为卤乙酸；②常规处理工艺对三卤甲烷前体物和卤乙酸前体物均有很好的去除效果(去除率为50％左右)，但对卤乙酸(HAAs)和三卤甲烷(THMs)却无去除作用；③预氯化产生的THMs、HAAs分别占管网中此类物质最高浓度的22％和50％；④应该以管网入口处三氯甲烷、卤乙酸的浓度作为整个管网的控制指标。     

供水管网中AOC、消毒副产物的变化规律

以西南L市的供水管网为研究对象,以可同化有机碳（AOC）、三卤甲烷（THMs)、卤乙酸（HAAs)为评价指标,研究了不同季节给水管网中水质的变化情况,结果表明：三卤甲烷在管网中只受余氯的影响,其含量一般随管道长度的增加而增加;卤乙酸和AOC在管网中的变化受余氯和微生物活性的影响,其含量一般随管网延伸而先增加后减少,温度越高则下降越快,温度和余氯是管网中控制消毒副产物和AOC浓度的重要因素。     

安全氯化消毒工艺的消毒副产物控制

在天津市某水厂进行了新型安全氯化消毒工艺——短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序消毒工艺的中试，结果表明，进水相同时安全氯化消毒工艺比传统的游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷减少了35.8％～77.0％，卤乙酸减少了36.6％～54.8％。消毒接触池进水水质越差，短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序消毒工艺在控制消毒副产物方面就越有优势。试验中还获得了含较高浓度溴离子原水的消毒副产物生成特性。     

两个中心城市饮用水中消毒副产物的调查

我国大多数水厂日常监测指标中无卤乙酸类消毒副产物,只对三氯甲烷进行一些分析。因此,我国饮用水中有关消毒副产物的信息较少。对两个水质相当好的中心城市饮用水中消毒副产物展开分析调查的结果表明,消毒副产物浓度满足国际上最先进的饮用水水质标准。建议对更多地区进行水质调查,争取早日将卤乙酸类消毒副产物列入国家水质标准。     

饮用水氯消毒副产物安全控制的研究现状

叙述了饮用水处理过程中消毒副产物（DBPs）的形成机制和变化情况,总结了DBPs的诱发因子,探讨了DBPs安全控制的基本对策,同时为饮用水高效安全消毒方案的进一步探究提出了建议。     

浅析饮用水中氯化消毒副产物的控制

从饮用水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的种类,及其对人体健康的影响方面,综述了DBPs的控制现状以及前景,分析了几种对DBPs前体物及其DBPs的去除方法,讨论了它们的运行效果,展望了今后饮用水安全消毒的前景,从而将其危害降至最低。     

O3/BAC对氯化消毒副产物的控制作用

采用臭氧化—生物活性炭(O3／BAC)深度处理工艺去除水中消毒副产物前质的试验结果表明，该工艺能够有效去除水中消毒副产物前质，可控制氯化消毒副产物的生成，其中主臭氧化对三卤甲烷前质和卤乙酸前质均具有很好的去除效果，生物活性炭对卤乙酸前质表现出较好的去除效果，但对三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有限；藻类、有机物等在滤层的累积使得砂滤池在同一工作周期中的不同阶段对水中三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有所不同，因而需要合理设置砂滤池的反冲洗周期。臭氧化—生物活性炭工艺充分发挥了臭氧化和生物活性炭两种技术的优点，并相互促进和补充，能够充分保障饮用水的安全性。     

消毒副产物前体物的指标体系

介绍了国外在消毒副产物前体物研究中所使用的主要指标：消毒副产物形成潜能、模拟配水系统测试、统一生成条件测试和紫外吸收,阐述了各种指标的测试原理、基本方法和适用条件.同时对我国供水行业实施消毒副产物前体物测试提出了建议.     

氯化与氯胺消毒生成消毒副产物的对比研究

通过小试试验,对比研究利用氯化和氯胺消毒对生成消毒副产物的影响。结果表明,随着次氯酸钠投加量的增加,氯胺消毒和氯化消毒产生的三卤甲烷均呈现逐渐增长的趋势,氯胺消毒产生的三卤甲烷明显比氯化消毒低,可降低76.58%;受限于前体物,氯化消毒产生的三氯乙醛随次氯酸钠投加量增加没有明显的变化趋势,氯胺消毒则呈现逐渐增长的趋势,氯胺消毒产生的三氯乙醛明显低于氯化消毒,可降低83.41%。     

Human health risk assessment of chlorinated disinfection by-products in drinking water using a probabilistic approach

The presence of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water is a public health issue, due to their possible adverse health effects on humans. To gauge the risk of chlorinated DBPs on human health, a risk assessment of chloroform (trichloromethane (TCM)), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromoform (tribromomethane (TBM)), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in drinking water was carried out using probabilistic techniques. Literature data on exposure concentrations from more than 15 different countries and adverse health effects on test animals as well as human epidemiological studies were used. The risk assessment showed no overlap between the highest human exposure dose (EXP(D)) and the lowest human equivalent dose (HED) from animal test data, for TCM, BDCM, DBCM, TBM, DCAA and TCAA. All the HED values were approximately 10(4)-10(5) times higher than the 95th percentiles of EXP(D). However, from the human epidemiology data, there was a positive overlap between the highest EXP(D) and the lifetime average daily doses (LADD(H)) for TCM, BDCM, DCAA and TCAA. This suggests that there are possible adverse health risks such as a small increased incidence of cancers in males and developmental effects on infants. However, the epidemiological data comprised several risk factors and exposure classification levels which may affect the overall results.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

长距离给水管网氯胺消毒的控制研究

以某市第二水源工程供水管网为研究对象,通过测定余氯和茵落总数,考察了氨、氯质量比和出厂水余氯浓度对长距离给水管网氯胺消毒效果的影响。结果表明,在氨、氯质量比为1：4．5时,通过适当提高出厂水余氯浓度,可以有效改善长距离输水管网中的水质,避免增加中途加氯设备,以及便于水厂管理。     

管网水力模型在城市供水规划中的应用

以中国某丘陵城市为例,提出了基于MIKE URBAN构建的供水管网水力模型,并将其应用于该城市的供水规划分析,对不同规划方案进行评估,为该城市的供水规划设计提供了科学依据。     

Multivariate distributions of disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water

Drinking water disinfection by-product (DBP) occurrence research is important in supporting risk assessment and regulatory performance assessment. Recent DBP occurrence surveys have expanded their scope to include non-regulated priority DBPs as well as regulated DBPs. This study applies a Box-Cox transformed multivariate normal model and data augmentation methods for left-censored and missing observations to US EPA Information Collection Rule (ICR) drinking water data to describe the variability in the trihalomethane (THM4), trihaloacetic acid (THAA), dihaloacetic acid (DHAA), and dihaloacetonitrile (DHAN) DBP classes, the relationship between class-sum and the occurrence of individual DBPs within these classes. Inferences about bromine incorporation in these classes are then compared to those made by Obolensky and Singer (2005). Results reported herein show that class-based and individual DBP concentrations are strongly related to bromine substitution, and that speciation and bromine substitution patterns are consistent across DBP classes. In addition, the multiple imputation approach employed reveals that uncertainties related to missing and left-censored DBPs have important implications for understanding bromine substitution in the THAA class. These concerns should be considered through alternative approaches to DBP regulation in subsequent Stage II D/DBP assessment and revisions, where appropriate.     

城市给水工程自动化系统设计

城市给水工程自动化系统的建设有其必要性；目前，国内给水自控系统采用最多的是由工业计算机＋PLC＋自动化仪表组成的多级分布式计算机测控管理系统；介绍了给水工程自动化系统构成原理和设计实施方案，阐述了企业信息网络概念、软件组成、功能以及自动化设备选型原则；展望了给水自动化发展方向及应用前景。     

基于模糊数学的供水管网水质安全性评价方法探讨

供水管网水质安全性评价对于提高供水调度与管理水平十分重要。提出了利用模糊数学解决复杂的水质安全性评价问题的方法。详细分析了余氯指标的评价标准,并以某城市供水管网为例研究了余氯的模糊评价方法。评价结果与实际水质状况相符,说明该模糊评判方法可用于管网水质的评价。     

城镇供水调度系统的建立与调度控制

介绍了广东省汕头市澄海区南洋自来水公司供水调度系统的建立、运行管理及调控作用。系统的建设包括生产自动化远程（公司）监控系统和管网调度系统（无线）、大用户水表监测系统（无线）、公司调度中心、信息化网络架构、生产信息的发送以及网络查询系统。系统以SLCS00及MicroLogix1200、MicroLogix1500、Controllogix为可编程控制器,以光纤为传输介质,GPRS／GSM为无线网络通讯方式,以RSVIEW为监控组态软件,能实现水厂、加压泵站、大用户和输水管网的自动监测、远程查询、监控和管理。     

城市供水行业地理信息系统建设的探索

介绍了汕头市自来水总公司GIS的建设情况,从系统定位、软件选型、规划实施、数据采集等多个方面阐述了供水行业GIS建设中应注意的问题,并提出了系统下一步需要解决的问题。