基于PACS的彩超影像采集工作站的设计与应用

为了使医院模拟彩超诊断仪能够接入现有PACS系统,促进医院数字化与信息化发展,本文介绍了一种基于PACS系统的彩超影像采集工作站的设计方法及其应用.该系统使彩超诊断仪与PACS系统得以紧密地联系起来,实现了彩超图像的采集,同时按照DIC0M标准实现了彩超图像的存储与传输等一系列功能,推动了PACS系统的发展和医院信息系统的完善.     

PACS图像工作站三维可视化方法研究

讨论了 PACS图像工作站获取序列扫描图像的途径 ,PACS应用实体之间采用面向对象的客户 /服务器结构 ,利用 DICOM标准建立的服务类实现扫描图像的存储、查询和传输功能 ,并以网络数据库的方式实现序列图像的有序存储和分类管理。图像工作站将获取的 DICOM格式序列图像转换成体素场 ,采用面绘制与体绘制算法生成感兴趣对象的三维图像 ,使重建的图像获得清晰的三维细节和真实感 ,文中给出了 3组应用实例的结果     

基于web技术的医学图像远程诊断系统的设计与实现

目的：将web技术引入医学图像远程诊断系统，同时利用无线通信GPRS网络。开发建立在B／S模式下同PACS系统相结合的医学图像远程诊断系统。材料和方法：在VS．NET2003平台下使用ASP．NET技术制作网站系统．web服务器使用IIS5．0服务器，数据库使用Microsoft SQL Server，采用短信Modem利用无线网络在线通知专家。结果：将基于Internet的医学图像远程诊断系统完成为一个完整的在线注册与登录系统，同时也成为在线学习与讨论网站，利用无线通信技术使远程诊断方便快捷。结论：该系统可投入实际使用，为广大中小医院建设远程诊断系统提供了一种新思路，不仅可以方便地移植，而且给以后的维护带来了极大的方便。可提高医院的工作效率、病人治疗的质量。     

Web PACS浏览工作站的构建

目的：作为B／S客户端的Web浏览器实现了Web PACS浏览工作站分布式的特点，但它却不支持DICOM格式，本文利用Java技术构建基于DICOM标准的web PACS浏览工作站，扩展了常用Web浏览器（以IE为主）对医学影像的处理功能。方法：首先根据DICOM3．0标准编写DICOM核心类以实现对DICOM文件的解析，在此基础上利用Java开发环境JDK1．6及Java开发工具Eclipse3．2优化Applet界面布局，在Applet中加载图像并实现图像及病人基本信息的显示，完成基本的图像处理功能．最后利用Java Plug-in技术将Applet加载至Web浏览器，从而实现了分布式Web PACS浏览工作站的构建。结果：本研究开发的具有DICOM图像浏览功能的Java Applet，用户界面友好，操作简便，能将每一台连网的PC机变成“浏览工作站”，能高效加载DICOM图像至Web浏览器，单幅、多幅、动态放映等显示模式间可灵活切换．实现了窗宽／窗位调整、图像平滑、锐化等基本图像处理操作。结论：DICOM图像浏览的Java Applet实现是构建Web PACS浏览工作站的关键．为医学影像的广域共享，远程影像教学和远程会诊提供了思路，将推动PACS工作模式进入新的纪元。     

基于Web技术的医学图像发布系统

目的：应用Java技术开发一个基于Web技术的操作简易、通用性强的医学图像发布环境。方法：采用Web服务器来查询和提取存储在DICOM服务器中的医学图像，客户端使用嵌有JavaApplet小程序的Web浏览器来访问Web服务器，完成客户端对服务器端医学图像的提取，JavaApplet小程序利用Web浏览器实现其图像操作。结果：我们使用Java技术开发一个基于Web技术的医学图像发布环境，完成了客户机通过Intemet对服务器端医学图像的读取操作，实现了异地专家的在线交流。结论：与大多数传统的PACS相比．基于Web技术的PACS系统易于安装和维护，与运行平台无关，可以高效的显示、处理医学图像，容易和使用Web技术构建的PACS系统整合。设置适当的安全防范措施，用户可以在医院外部实现对该系统的访问。Intemet技术的简易性和可扩展性使得该系统与传统PACS系统相比有着更大的优越性。     

一种基于图像管理器的PACS系统

目的：一种基于柯达MIM-100图像管理器的PACS系统开发应用。材料与方法；通过与MIM-100图像器通讯，获取图像信息，将IMG格式的图像转为BMP格式存储，并进行模式识别，自动地按CT号、MR号、DSA号进行归档，图像在网内互相调阅、可远程会诊、光盘刻录，存储的图像可再转化为IMG格式送入柯达MI190激光相机成像。结果：此PACS系统具备四个特点；（1）通过图像管理器通讯，螺旋CT、MR、DSA有机联接起来；（2）3台设备共享一台相机；（3）获取3台设备的不同格式影像，可在PC机上进行多项后处理；（4）病人信息数据库管理，结论：这种基于图像器的PACS系统操作方便、投资少，实用性强。     

局域网分布式超声图像信息系统(PACS)的应用与改进

目的：通过研制局域网分布式医学超声图像文字信息系统（LAN－PACS－2000），试图建立一个超声影像科内临床实用和方便的图文传输归档报告工具，以实现医院管理科学化和超声影像科图文处理的现代化。方法：该系统把多台超声设备上获得的信息，通过计算机网络及专门软件，在影像科内联成一区域网络系统。开发的原理是：基于客户服务方式，采用三层客户机／服务器配置方案，以分布式应用程序开发软件的思想，来实现信息的输入、输出、查询及数据的维护。并与L及B公司产品作简单比较。结果：该系统由网络服务器、图像采集工作站、登记、查询站等构成，系统运行稳定，有关图像和数据被分别存储在不同的物理服务器上，数据为网络内用户共享。结论：该系统布局合理，查询方便，工作流程科学，诊断报告术语规范，图文并茂，速度快捷，能较好地满足超声影像科管理和临床工作需要。     

802．11g无线局域网在PACS系统中的应用

目的测试PACS医学图像在802．11g无线局城网的实际传输情况，探讨无线局域周在建设医院PACS系统中的应用前景和存在的主要问题。方法使用NetIQ Chariot软件测试医生工作站和服务器之间的传输速率；结果利用医生工作站PACS客户稿软件从PACS服务器下载医学图像数据，测量下载时间。结论采用802．11g无线局域网和千兆以太网相结合的网络系统在传输速度、稳定性和安全性方面能满足医院PACS系统的需求。     

PACS系统在超声影像学临床教学中的应用

超声影像学的临床教学过去主要依赖对超声检查的实时观摩,缺乏丰富多样的图像资料和详细全面的病例资料[1]。随着PACS(P ictures arch iving and Commun ications System)系统的投入使用,这个问题得到明显改善。现就PACS系统在超声影像学临床教学中的应用作一探讨。1提供了丰富多样的高质量影像资料PACS系统及图像存储与传输系统,是应用于医院的数字医疗设备如CT、MR、US、DSA、CR等所产生的数字化医学图像信息的采集、存储、管理、诊断、信息处理的综合应用系统。它以高速计算机设备为基础,以高速网络连接各种影像设备和相关设…     

医学影像归档系统在我院的实现

1　建立医学影像归档系统的意义“PACS”系统 (Picture Archiving and Comm unicationSystem)即医学影像归档及通讯系统 ,它将现代的电子计算机技术应用到医学影像的处理、存储、传输当中 ,采用数字技术将各种类型、不同型号的医学影像设备的图像信息采集并转换成统一的医学图像文件格式 ,可以普通的计算机上进行医学影像的浏览、存储、管理和传输 ,使临床医生通过医生工作站可以即时查阅医学影像信息 ,获得以往只有影像科室才能看到的医学影像资料 ,实现医学影像资源的共享 ,降低了诊断成本 ,并可实现方便且成本极低的远程会诊功能 ,提…     

利用两种真核昆虫表达系统表达可溶性甲型H1N1血凝素蛋白

目的 利用两种昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达甲型H1N1血凝素(haemegglutinin,HA)蛋白,进而获得具有牛物学活性的目的 蛋白.方法 选取中国内地第1例2009甲型H1N1确诊病例病毒株A/Sichuan/1/2009(1-11N1),人工合成完整HA基因序列;分别利用杆状病毒表达系统BaculoGold system和Bac-to-Bac system,在昆虫细胞中表达目的 基因HA;经亲和层析纯化及Western blot鉴定,红细胞血凝试验检测HA蛋白的生物学活性.结果 获得测序正确的HA基因,分别克隆到pAcGP67B(BaculoGold system)和pFAST Bacl(Bac-to-Bac system)载体,经杆状病毒同源重组后转染Sf9细胞,Western blot鉴定显示,BaculoGold system表达HA蛋白是分泌型的,而Bac-to-Bac system是胞内表达肚表达效果优于前者;血凝试验证实,这两种表达系统表达的HA蛋白均具有生物学活性.结论 利用杆状病毒表达系统成功表达出具有生物学活性的HA蛋白,Bac-to-Bac system更适合表达HA蛋白,为流感病毒的相关研究提供了保障.

Abstract：

Objective To express functional haemegglutinin(HA)protein in two different bacularvirus expression systems.Methods The whole open reading frame of A/Sichuan/1/2009(H1N1)HA was obtained by synthesis,and the HA protein were expressed in insect cells by two different bacularvius expression systems:BaculoGold system and Bac-to-Bac system. Soluble HA protein was identified by Western blot and haemegglutination test. Results The correct full length of HA gene was obtained and cloned into pAcGP67B and pFAST Bacl vectors,respectively.After 3 rounds of virus amplifyjng by re-infection of Sf9 cells,the HA protein was detected in supematant of BaculoGold system and in intracellular of Bac-to-Bac system which is much better than the former.Purified HA protein was positive not only identified by Western blot,but also detected by haemegglutinin test. Conclusion Functional HA protein was successfully expressed in two distinct bacularvirus expression systems,of which the Bac-to-Bac bacularvirus expression system is more suitable for expression of A/Sichuan/1/2009(H1N1)HA protein.     

Effect of Antioxidant Therapy on Glutathione System of Erythrocytes in Chronic Brain Ischemia

We studied the effect of antioxidant therapy on the state of glutathione system in erythrocytes in patients with stage 1, 2, and 3 circulatory encephalopathy treated with antioxidant cytoflavin against the background of basic therapy (kavinton and pyracetam). It was demonstrated that the response of the erythrocyte glutathione system to antioxidant therapy was quantitatively and qualitatively different at different stages of cerebrovascular failure, which was related to changes in the glutathione system during the development of chronic cerebral ischemia. Endogenous reserve of the antioxidant defense system should be taken into account when prescribing antioxidant therapy; the glutathione system can be a marker of this reserve. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 147, No. 1, pp. 25–26, January, 2009     

Control of fine movements mediated by propriospinal neurons

Studies of the role of the C3/C4 propriospinal system of spinal cord interneurons in the control of fine movements and the processes compensating motor deficiency after lesioning of the cortico- and rubrospinal tracts at the level of segments C2 and C5 were studied in cats. These experiments showed that after lesioning of the cortico- and rubrospinal tracts at the level of C5, the C3/C4 propriospinal system played a key role in recovery processes, while after lesioning at the level of C2, the leading role was played by ipsilateral tracts in the ventral part of the spinal cord. In addition, the propriospinal system demonstrated a significant level of plasticity and was able to provide complete control of a number of fine voluntary movements.Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 89, No. 9, pp. 1058–1066, September, 2003.     

Staging Systems for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: The Revised International Staging System Shows the Most Differentiation between Groups

The Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) and the International Myeloma Working Group 2014 (IMWG 2014) are newer staging systems used to prognosticate multiple myeloma (MM) outcomes. We hypothesized that these would provide better prognostic differentiation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) compared with ISS. We analyzed the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database from 2008 to 2014 to compare the 3 systems (N?=?628) among newly diagnosed MM patients undergoing upfront autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). The median follow-up of survivors was 48 (range, 3 to 99) months. The R-ISS provided the greatest differentiation between survival curves for each stage (for overall survival [OS], the differentiation was 1.74 using the R-ISS, 1.58 using ISS, and 1.60 using the IMWG 2014) . Univariate analyses at 3 years for OS showed R-ISS I at 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83% to 93%), II at 75% (95% CI, 70% to 80%), and III at 56% (95% CI, 3% to 69%; P < .001). An integrated Brier score function demonstrated the R-ISS had the best prediction for PFS, though all systems had similar prediction for OS. Among available systems, the R-ISS is the most optimal among available prognostic tools for newly diagnosed MM undergoing AHCT. We recommend that serum lactate dehydrogenase and cytogenetic data be performed on every MM patient at diagnosis to allow accurate prognostication.     

Separation between the digestive and the respiratory lumina during the human embryonic period: morphometric study along the tracheo-oesophageal septum

An isolated tracheo‐oesophageal fistula could be caused by close proximity of the epithelia of both organs (O'Rahilly & Müller, 1984; Kluth et al. 1987) at certain embryonic stages, the most frequent location being the tracheal bifurcation. Thus the relative position and degree of separation between the digestive and the respiratory tubes throughout their development may be relevant to the origin of this anomaly. The aim of this study was to analyse along the different segments of the tracheo‐oesophageal septum (TES) where the closest relationship between both lumina occurred and what degree of separation was present at each segment. Computer imaging techniques were applied on cross sections of a graded series of normal human embryos (Carnegie stages (CS) 13–23). In addition, the differentiation of the primitive TES was also studied (from CS 12) by light microscopy. Between CS 13 and 16 both tubes tended to separate (phase of separation), principally at the proximal segments of the laryngopharyngeal and the tracheo‐oesophageal portions of the TES. During this phase the separation between the trachea and oesophagus was wider than between the larynx and pharynx. From CS 17 to CS 23 the digestive and respiratory lumina reached their widest separation at different levels of the laryngopharyngeal portion. Below these levels they tended to come closer together, principally at the proximal segment of the tracheo‐oesophageal portion, but also at the distal part of the laryngopharyngeal portion. During this phase of approximation they reached their closest relationship at the proximal (CS 17) and the distal (from CS 18) segments of the tracheo‐oesophageal portion. When finally the distal segment of the trachea (which includes the bifurcation) comes closest to the oesophagus, the coats of both organs have already undergone an appreciable differentiation. According to these observations, the origin of the most frequent isolated tracheo‐oesophageal fistula at the bifurcation region could not be explained from the normal development of the TES.     

Correlations between the state of the sympathico-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal systems and in the insulin level in horses in different situations

The blood levels of adrenalin, noradrenalin, ACTH, cortisol, and insulin and the urinary excretion of catecholamines were investigated in horses after physical exertion and exposure to emotional situations. The highest degree of activation of the sympathico-adrenal system (SAS) and the pituitary-adrenocortical system (PACS_, accompanied by a fall in the insulin level, was observed after training. A familiar emotional situation (the noise of the racetrack) activated both components of SAS and the PACS. An unfamiliar emotional situation (electronic music) evoked a distinct adrenal response. Correlation analysis showed that the inttial background level predermines future activation of the systems under the influence of powerful stimuli, Reciprocal relations between the hormonal and mediator components of SAS in the background state are converted into coordinated activation during training. Activity of one component of SAS regulates the degree of activation of the other component. Cross-correlation was found between activity of SAS and PACS and also between in the insulin and catecholamine levels during exposure to physical and emotional influences.Laboratory of Sport Endocrinology, All-Union Research Institute of Physical Culture, Moscow, K. I. Skryabin Veterinary Academy, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR S. E. Severin.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 131–134, February, 1980.     

Adrenocortical and thyroid systems of rats during the initial period of nociceptive influences

Two phases were identified in the initial period of formation of the adrenocortical reaction to acute nociception. The first phase (at 10–15 sec) consisted of an “urgent” mobilization of the “ basal” reserves of hormonally active substances and was characterized by suppression of corticoliberin activity in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain structures in rats, with a parallel increase in the plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone, draining of corticosteroid reserves in the adrenals, and decreases in blood corticosterone levels on the background of increases in corticosterone levels in target organs. The second phase, the hypercompensation phase, involved progressive increases in the titers of study substances. Significant changes in adrenal and blood aldosterone levels were seen only 2.5 min after nociception. Rearrangements of thyroid status were also biphasic. However, unlike the primary adrenocortical response, the first phase of the stress-related thyroid response involved a marked increase in plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine, while the second involved a selective decrease in the thyroxine concentration to normal levels. __________ Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 611–615, June, 2005.     

内毒素对内皮细胞促凝及抗凝功能的影响

革兰阴性杆菌所致重症感染常引起弥散性血管内凝血和多器官功能衰竭。其主要病理生理机制之一是内毒素直接或间接作用于内皮细胞，受损的内皮细胞释放多种促凝因子、趋化因子、调节因子、粘附因子和血小板活化因子等。在促进炎症反应、启动补体系统的同时，进一步加剧凝血系统的活化；天然抗凝系统，包括抗凝血酶、蛋白c和组织因子途径抑制物，则受到不同程度的抑制；纤溶系统虽然在一定程度上被活化，但不能抵御内毒素血症时促凝和抗凝系统的失衡，其结果促进了高凝状态的发生。     

Ontogenetic development of the nervus terminalis in toothed whales. Evidence for its non-olfactory nature

Summary For the first time in cetaceans, the development of the terminalis system and its continuity between the olfactory placode and the telencephalon has been demonstrated by light microscopy. In the early development of toothed whales (Odontoceti) this system is partially incorporated within the fila olfactoria which grow out from the olfactory placode. As the peripheral olfactory system is reduced in later stages, a strongly developed ganglionlike structure (terminalis ganglion) remains within the primitive meninx. Peripherally it is connected via the cribriform plate with ganglionic cell clusters near the septal mucosa. Centrally it is attached to the telencephalon (olfactory tubercle, septal region) by several nerve fibre bundles. In contrast to all other mammalian groups, toothed whales and dolphins are anosmatic while being totally adapted to aquatic life. Therefore the remaining ganglion and plexus must have non-olfactory properties. They may be responsible for the autonomic innervation of intracranial arteries and of the large mucous epithelia in the accessory nasal air sacs. The morphology, evolution and functional implications of the terminalis system in odontocetes and other mammals are discussed.     

Stimulation in the rostral pole of monkey superior colliculus: effects on vergence eye movements

Recent studies have indicated that the superior colliculus (SC), traditionally considered to be saccade-related, may play a role in the coding of eye movements in both direction and depth. Similarly, it has been suggested that omnidirectional pause neurons are not only involved in the initiation of saccades, but can also modulate vergence eye movements. These new developments provide a challenge for current oculomotor models that attempt to describe saccade-vergence coordination and the neural mechanisms that may be involved. In this paper, we have attempted to study these aspects further by investigating the role of the rostral pole of the SC in the control of vergence eye movements. It is well-known that, by applying long-duration electrical stimulation to rostral sites in the monkey SC, saccadic responses can be prevented and interrupted. We have made use of these properties to extend this paradigm to eye movements that contain a substantial depth component. We found that electrical intervention in the rostral region also has a clear effect on vergence. For an eye movement to a near target, stimulation leads to a significant suppression and change in dynamics of the pure vergence response during the period of stimulation, but the depth component cannot be prevented entirely. When these paradigms are implemented for 3D refixations, the saccade is inactivated, as expected, while the vergence component is often suppressed more than in the case of the pure vergence. The data lead us to conclude that the rostral SC, presumably indirectly via connections with the pause neurons, can affect vergence control for both pure vergence and combined 3D responses. Suppression of the depth component is incomplete, in contrast to the directional movement, and is often different in magnitude for 3D refixations and pure vergence responses. The results are discussed in connection with current models for saccade-vergence interaction.