幼儿气质特征分析

目的:了解泉州市幼儿气质特征。方法:采用幼儿气质问卷对534例1~3岁幼儿进行调查,按性别进行分析。结果:泉州市幼儿的主要气质类型为中间型,其次为易养型,气质类型构成无性别差异,仅反应阈和反应强度两个维度得分有性别差异。结论:泉州市幼儿气质特征在不同性别间略有差异。     

天津市1～3岁幼儿气质特点浅析

【目的】 揭示本市幼儿气质结构及特征。【方法】 采用幼儿气质问卷对845例1～3岁幼儿进行调查，分别按性别和年龄进行分析。【结果】 天津市幼儿的主要气质类型为平易型，其次为中间偏平易型，不同性别及年龄儿童，气质类型分布均无明显差异。男女幼儿间有统计学差异的气质维度为活动水平和适应性，男童活动量较大，女童适应性较好。不同年龄组间节律性、适应性、持久性、注意分散和反应阈等气质维度均有显著差异，1～3岁幼儿随年龄增长出现适应性增强，注意持久性加强，反应阈提高。【结论】 天津市幼儿气质结构在不同性别间有差异，并且随年龄增长差异逐渐增大。     

孤独症谱系障碍幼儿的气质特点研究

目的对1~3岁孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)幼儿的气质特点进行研究,为其发现、干预提供依据。方法通过和正常幼儿气质常模的对比,对1~3岁ASD幼儿的气质特点进行研究。结果 ASD幼儿气质以E型、I-E型为主,但所占比例明显下降。该研究发现ASD幼儿除节律性外,其余8个维度与正常幼儿比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);9个气质维度的性别差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而反应强度、注意分散及反应阈分值与年龄呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 ASD幼儿气质维度与正常幼儿存在明显差异,有助于早期发现ASD。     

幼儿气质量表的应用研究

目的 对W.Fullard等设计的1－3岁幼儿气质量表进行修订,并探讨其应用的适用性。方法 根据量表修订步骤和常模制订方法,在全国六大行政区按整群抽样原则,对3486例幼儿进行了气质测量。结果 修订后的幼儿气质量表较好的信度和效度;幼儿九个气质特征中已有五个出现性别差异。结论 修订后的幼儿气质量表能够反映我国幼儿的气质特点,有较好的科研和临床应用价值。     

幼儿气质的相关因素研究

【目的】　探讨影响幼儿气质的相关因素。　【方法】　对 2 3 4名合格对象采用PCR、VNTR多态性分析技术 ,检测其DRD4exonⅢ 48bpVNTR ;用TTS测查其气质 ;用家庭因素问卷了解其家庭环境因素。 　【结果】　幼儿气质类型与性别、父亲对子女不良行为采用说理的教育方法 ,父母亲生活规律、父亲性格随和、母乳喂养、产伤、脐带绕颈、出生体重有关 ;幼儿气质维度与性别、父亲 (或母亲 )对子女不良行为的处理方法、父母亲及带领人文化程度、父母离异、是否经常感冒、父母亲生活规律、DRD4exonⅢ 48bpVNTR等因素有关 ,影响注意力分散度的因素由强到弱依次是 :DRD4exonⅢ 48bpVNTR >母亲文化程度 >父亲生活规律。 　【结论】　幼儿气质受家庭环境和DRD4ex onⅢ 48bpVNTR的影响     

丽水市区384名1～3岁幼儿气质特点分析

儿童气质影响到儿童的心理活动和行为,是个性发展的基础和儿童个性心理特性之一,是儿童正常行为不同的表达方式。对儿童的气质问卷的应用有助家长、儿科医生及其他儿童工作者全面认识儿童的心理特征,了解并接受儿童的气质特点,从而在抚养和教育儿童的过程中做到因材施教,并能预     

气质特点与婴幼儿发育相关性的初步探讨

目的：主要探讨气质特点与婴幼儿智能发育之间的联系。方法：对233名婴幼儿的气质和发育水平进行评价。采用Carey儿童气质问卷《婴儿气质问卷修订版》（RITQ）和《幼儿气质评估表》（TTQ），以及《Bayley婴儿发育量表》评价智能发育。结果：气质类型分布无性别差异，虽然不同气质类型婴幼儿的发育水平差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但与积极的气质类型相比，消极气质类型儿童的智能发育可能倾向于落后或较高，智能发育指数与节律性的得分呈显著负相关（P＜0．05），提示发育水平高者生物规律性高。结论：气质与儿童的发育水平可能存在一定关系，但由于婴幼儿的生物学特征未充分分化，发展，且社会化程度低，因而这种关系未明显地表现出来，对气质特点多消极的婴幼儿应重视采取恰当的抚养方法，以利于智力潜能的充分发展。     

幼儿困难气质及干预的研究进展

气质是个性心理特点之一，是个体以某种方式对环境产生反应的素质倾向。Thomas等认为困难气质表现为生物活动无规律，对新刺激的反应消极、退缩、回避、注意力分散、坚持度低、适应性差，儿童的这种消极的气质特点是其行为问题的基础。国内外文献报告困难气质的学前儿童为9．2％～20．0％。     

1～6岁儿童气质特征探讨

目的 :探讨 1～ 6岁儿童气质特征。方法 :采用 CTTS、 CPTS问卷。结果 :随着年龄的增长 ,活动水平、节律性、持久性、注意分散、适应性、反应强度呈下降趋势 ,反应阈、趋避性呈上升趋势。 4～ 5岁组 E型最低 ,D型、 I- D型最高。男童中 E型较女童高 ,I- D型较女童低 ;1～ 3岁组气质维度无性别差异 ;4～ 6岁组男童节律性、反应性高于女童 ,持久性、注意分散低于女童。结论 :1～ 6岁儿童气质有年龄差异 ,4～ 6岁儿童气质有性别差异。     

1～6岁儿童气质特征探讨

目的探讨1～6岁儿童气质特征.方法采用CTTS、CPTS问卷.结果随着年龄的增长,活动水平、节律性、持久性、注意分散、适应性、反应强度呈下降趋势,反应阈、趋避性呈上升趋势.4～5岁组E型最低,D型、I-D型最高.男童中E型较女童高,I-D型较女童低;1～3岁组气质维度无性别差异;4～6岁组男童节律性、反应性高于女童,持久性、注意分散低于女童.结论1～6岁儿童气质有年龄差异,4～6岁儿童气质有性别差异.     

幼儿气质特点的跨文化研究

对中国上海市和日本东京都的3岁幼儿进行气质测定，结果发现：中国幼儿气质特点除了反应阈外，在其他8个气质维度（活动水平、规律性、趋避性、适应度、反应强度、情绪本质、坚持度、注意分散度）上都较日本幼儿表现积极；中国幼儿气质类型分布无明显性别差异，易养型为38.3％，难养型为12.0％，启动缓慢型为3.0％，中间近难养型为13．7％，中间近易养型为33.0％；中国幼儿移行对象发生率为16.5％，低于日本幼儿（31.7％）；气质类型不同的幼儿吸吮手指行为存在差异，以难养型和中间近难养型幼儿较常发生。中日幼儿气质差异是由于遗传或由于对幼儿评判标准有差异或由于二者的合并作用所致有待进一步研究。     

Inform or Not? An Exploratory Study of Motivations in Mothers for the Information Given to Their Toddlers before Immunisation

Toddlers experience stress and express distress during routine paediatric examinations with immunisation. Adjustment to this situation is important, as distress and pain are interrelated. A negative experience of immunisation of their child, moreover, is often mentioned by parents as a reason for refusing routine vaccinations. This paper focuses on the motivation by the mother to inform her child of the immunisation to come and on the associations between information, maternal behaviour, and toddler distress during the examination. Research took place in a private paediatrician practice. The sample comprised 41 mother–child dyads (24 girls, 17 boys; mean age 22.7 months, standard deviation 4.7 months). Mothers were interviewed about the information they gave to the child before the examination. Their answers were coded for motives using content analysis. The entire examination was then video-recorded and the films coded for maternal verbal behaviour (stress-promoting and coping-promoting comments) and toddlers’ expressed distress. The information given varied, with 10 toddlers (24%) receiving no information, 10 (24%) being informed of the visit to the doctor and 21 (52%) being also informed about the immunisation. Motives for informing the child consisted mainly of “anticipatory” (to not surprise the child) and “relational” (to communicate openly) arguments; motives for not informing were mainly based on “rational” (the child is too young) arguments. Analyses show that information was not directly associated with child distress. Stress-promoting comments of the mother were associated with child distress, but only if the child was informed. Maternal behaviour during the examination and information may thus mediate the effect of the maternal motivation on the child's distress. Taking into account not only what the mother does during the examination, but also what she intends to do may help practitioners coach mothers to help their child.     

A Preliminary Study of Temperament Among Malnourished Mayan Children

Temperament ratings using a modified Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire were assessed in marginally malnourished and healthy comparison infants aged 7–13 months. The children were selected from a total of 81 children in this age range living in a rural region of southern Yucatan, Mexico. Eleven marginally malnourished infants whose weights fell between one-half and two standard deviations below local means and 14 comparison children whose weights fell one-half to two standard deviations above the local means were included in the study. Lengths did not differ between index and comparison groups. Related temperament categories were statistically grouped into two factors. Factor 1 (Difficult Child), which included approach, mood, threshold, adaptability and rhythmicity, showed a significant nutrition × sex interaction; Factor 2 (Activity) did not distinguish the groups. Comparison boys were viewed as significantly easier than marginally malnourished boys, and they were more adaptable to change and predictable in biological functions. Girls were similar regardless of nutritional status, and their scores were intermediate between those of malnourished and well-nourished boys. These findings were not significantly associated with environmental conditions in the home.     

中文早期语言与沟通发展量表—普通话版的再标准化

目的 对“中文早期语言与沟通发展量表”（CCDI）进行标准化，同时了解中国婴幼儿语言发展规律。方法 使用CCDI量表，采用父母报告形式，对1600多例8－30月小儿的语言发展情况进行了研究。结果 8个月小儿平均可听懂99个词汇，9－10个月小儿开始讲话，16个月小儿平均可听懂314个词，会说78个词，30个月小儿平均会说709个词，一些月龄女童“会说”词汇能力较男童超前1－2个月。结论 CCDI是一个可用来评价儿童语言与沟通发展水平的，经济方便，实用性强的儿童发展量表。     

Predictors of Compliance in Toddlers: Child Temperament, Maternal Personality, and Emotional Availability. Portions of the research were presented at the Conference on Human Development, Mobile, AL, March 6, 1998.

Fifty-one mother-toddler (15 to 31 months) dyads participated in a study on the predictors of compliance. Mothers completed two questionnaires: the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen, 1982), a measure of maternal personality, and the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (Goldsmith, 1987), a measure of child temperament. A free play period in the laboratory provided the observations for scoring the quality of the mother-toddler interactions with the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, Robinson, and Emde, 1993). The following clean-up task in which children were asked to help put the toys in the basket provided the observations for scoring compliance with maternal directives. Emotional availability was the strongest predictor of compliance, especially the maternal variables of sensitivity and structuring. Child temperament was also implicated, with high compliance toddlers perceived by their mothers to be less socially fearful and less prone to anger than their less compliant peers. The results are discussed in terms of the contribution of the mother-child emotional climate to the development of compliance.     

哮喘儿童的气质和父母的焦虑水平及其研究

目的 了解哮喘儿童与正常儿童在气质以及父母焦虑状况方面的差异。方法 采用BSQ,MCTQ及STAI问卷对45例3－12岁哮喘儿童进行气质和父母焦虑状况测试。结果 两组气质类型有明显差异（P＜0．05）,哮喘组活动水平高（P＜0．01）,节律性差（P＜0．05）,反应强度高（P＜0．05）,情绪本质消极（P＜0．01）,坚持性低（P＜0．01）,注意分散度高（P＜0．01）,哮喘组父母焦虑水平高于对照组父母。哮喘儿童的情绪本质、节律性和反应强度三个气质维度与父母焦虑有关。结论 哮喘儿童的气质类型与正常儿童存在明显差异。哮喘儿童的气质要比正常儿童消极。哮喘儿童的气质可预测父母的焦虑水平。     

肥胖儿童气质特点分析

儿童气质是儿童个性中的情绪和动力特征,影响到儿童的心理活动和行为,是个性发展的基础。了解肥胖儿童的气质特点,对控制肥胖的发生和发展均有重大意义,同时帮助儿童工作者和家长对肥胖儿童进行正确、合理的抚养教育指导提供理论依据,促进肥胖儿童心理行为的健康发展。