俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析

2010年1月12日海地MW 7.0级地震触发了大量的滑坡。我们基于GIS与遥感技术构建了3类详细完备的海地地震滑坡编录图,分别为单体滑坡面分布数据,滑坡中心点位置数据与滑坡后壁点位置数据。结果表明海地地震触发了30828处滑坡,这些滑坡大致分布在一个面积为3192.85km2的区域内,滑坡覆盖面积为15.736km2。基于滑坡中心点密度(LCND)、滑坡后壁点密度(LTND)、滑坡面积百分比(LAP)与滑坡剥蚀厚度(LET)这4个衡量指标,使用统计分析方法,分析了海地地震滑坡及其剥蚀厚度与地震参数、地形参数、公路参数的关系。分析结果表明滑坡与坡度、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)存在大致的正相关关系; 与距离恩里基约芭蕉园断裂、距离水系存在大致的负相关关系; 滑坡沿着恩里基约芭蕉园断裂距离的统计结果表明,震中以西距离震中22~26km与8~12km的区域,与震中以东距离震中6~18km的区域是地震滑坡易发区域; 斜坡曲率值越接近0,也就是坡面较平的斜坡越不容易在地震条件下发生滑动; LCND、LTND、LAP与LET高值对应的高程区间为200~1200m; 滑坡发生的优势坡向为E方向; 滑坡的发生与距离震中、距离公路没有太明确的关系。     

汶川地震触发崩塌滑坡数量及其密度特征分析

“5·12”汶川地震由于震级高、持续时间长、震区地质环境复杂,因而触发了大量的崩塌、滑坡。地震一年来,作者根据灾后对崩滑地质灾害的应急排查,并结合震后有限的ALOS、ASTER以及航空摄影等多源数据对地震重灾区的崩滑体数量进行了统计分析,获得确定性的崩滑灾害点有16704处,但是,由于排查范围及遥感数据的局限性,上述数据并不能代表这次地震触发崩塌滑坡总的数量。为了查明这个问题,本文在上述资料的基础上,采用不同烈度地区典型抽取样本统计的方法,获得了不同烈度区崩塌滑坡的发育密度,进而根据不同烈度区面积统计得出了本次地震触发崩塌滑坡数量的估计值,并与国际上若干大地震触发崩塌滑坡数量及分布面积进行了对比分析。最后,作者给出了灾区地震触发崩塌滑坡的密度分布图,并讨论了其分布特征。本文的研究结果表明：汶川地震触发的崩塌滑坡数量约为3．5万处,分布面积约为10×10^4km^2,发育密度最高在映秀一北川断裂上盘都江堰和彭州段以及沿岷江河谷的映秀一草坡段,约为5～6处／km^2。     

基于逻辑回归模型的汶川地震滑坡危险性评价与检验

以2008年5月12日汶川地震区为研究区,基于高分辨率航片与卫星影像开展地震滑坡目视解译,制作了汶川地震滑坡编录图.选择坡度、坡向、高程、与水系距离、与公路距离、与映秀-北川断裂距离、地震烈度、岩性共8个影响因子开展地震滑坡危险性评价工作.滑坡样本采用前期48007处滑坡编录点数据,不滑样本为在基于证据权重模型的滑坡危险性评价结果的低危险区与极低危险区随机选择的48000个点.基于这8个影响因子与逻辑回归模型,建立了汶川地震滑坡危险性索引图.采用这48007个滑坡样本点与汶川地震滑坡最新编录的增加滑坡,分别进行模型的成功率与预测率检验.结果表明,模型成功率为81.739％,预测率达到86.278％.     

汶川大地震诱发滑坡的震中距

本文在地震滑坡规模(体积)类型5级划分法的基础上,采用数学方法对汶川地震灾区的2个宏观震中(映秀、北川)烈度I0≥XI极震区(10个县市)的地震滑坡震中距进行了讨论。其中地震滑坡随震中距分布基本符合正弦、高斯和指数衰减规律。极震区最大滑坡震中距可达120km,最小滑坡震中距可达0.25km。结果表明,地震诱发滑坡的规模(体积)和分布范围都与震中距具有相关性。     

汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析

512汶川大地震(Ms=8.0)触发了数以万计的崩滑地质灾害,分布范围约10万km2。这些地质灾害的空间分布固然受地形地貌、地层岩性和人类工程活动等因素的影响,然而主要还是受到发震断层的控制,沿发震断裂呈带状分布。通过都(江堰)汶(川)路、北川安县、马公红光3个地质灾害集中发育区的研究,发现汶川地震地质灾害具有以下断层效应:（1）由于属逆断型发震,地质灾害的分布表现出了明显的上/下盘效应,发震断层上盘较下盘地质灾害分布密度高、范围广、规模大;（2）断层上盘0~7km范围为地质灾害强发育区,断层上盘7～11km范围和下盘0～5km范围为地质灾害中等发育区;绝大多数的大型滑坡都分布在距断层5km范围内;（3）断裂的转折和错列部位是地质灾害集中发育部位,大型地质灾害也往往发生在这些部位;（4）滑坡滑动的优势方向为NW-SE, 与映秀北川断裂的空间展布方向基本垂直,这与地震波垂直于断层方向传播有密切的关系;（5）地震地质灾害主要集中发育在Ⅸ度及其以上烈度的区域。其中,Ⅺ度区发育密度与Ⅹ度区的基本相当,Ⅸ度区灾害密度只有前两者的1/3,而Ⅷ度区发育密度只有Ⅺ度区或Ⅹ度区的1/10。     

强震条件下高速滑坡的空间分布特征研究

5.12汶川地震引发了大量的滑坡灾害,本文以汶川地震极重灾区涉及的四川12县市为研究区域。通过详细的现场调查研究,对强震条件下的典型高速滑坡的空间分布特征进行了综合分析。从区域上看,高速滑坡明显呈带状沿龙门山断裂带展布,并主要受北川映秀断裂控制。此外,本文还对研究区域内典型高速滑坡的滑程、剪出口高程、滑坡前后缘高差等几何要素的空间分布规律做了分析研究。     

2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究

为了分析汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害事件强度和影响,本文以汶川地震诱发滑坡极端事件为线索,在统计分析前10个规模最大、位移最远、危害最重及最大滑坡堰塞湖分布特征的基础上,重点研究前三甲极端滑坡事件的简要特征,初步揭示:(1)汶川地震诱发的极端滑坡事件主要沿龙门山中央断裂(映秀—北川断裂带)和Ⅹ-Ⅺ高烈度地段分布,强震的振动力、地震主传播方向和发震断裂NE向扩展作用是启动极端滑坡事件的主要原因;(2)规模最大的前10个滑坡和距离最大的前10个高速远程滑坡具有很好的重合特征,两者都反映汶川地震诱发的高能量滑坡事件;其中,规模最大的绵竹市安县大光包滑坡,初步估算体积约7.42×108m3,最大运动距离达到3.5km,距离排名第二;距离最大的绵竹文家沟高速远程滑坡,初步估算最大位移为4.2km,其体积约1.5×108m3,规模排名第二,这两个滑坡都属于世界上罕见的大型高能量高速远程滑坡;(3)前10个最大的灾难性滑坡事件,累计导致3751人死亡,单个滑坡引起的人员死亡超过100人,最多的达到1600人,属于世界上罕见的灾难性滑坡事件;(4)潜在危险性最大的10个滑坡堰塞湖,曾经威胁几十万人的生活安全,其中,最大的北川唐家山滑坡堰塞湖,曾经威胁下游绵阳市30万人的生活安全,这些滑坡堰塞湖都及时采取人工开挖措施排除了潜在危险。     

四川汶川地震断裂活动和次生地质灾害浅析

为了揭示汶川地震断裂活动与次生地质灾害的关系,在对汶川地震重灾区进行快速调查的基础上,分析了影响汶川地震的龙门山断裂带震后的断裂活动、地表破裂与崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害发育特征的关系。野外调查发现,龙门山3条断裂带的地表变形破坏（包括沿断裂带的道路、农田、建筑物和边坡变形破坏）特征具有明显的差异性和分段性,映秀-北川断裂地震活动最剧烈,南坝-关庄断裂、灌县-安县断裂、平武-青川断裂等活动性次之的“横向”差异性,以及龙门山断裂带由南向北地震活动性减弱的“纵向”分段性。地震断裂活动的差异性和分段性明显控制了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害的发育特征,即映秀-北川断裂区域的次生地质灾害规模大、分布密度大、危害严重,沿其余断裂的次生地质灾害危害相对较轻。     

汶川地震主滑移带（PSZ）：映秀—北川断裂带内的斜切逆冲断裂

2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山地区发生了毁灭性的汶川地震(Ms 8.0),并沿映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂分别产生约270 km和80 km长、并具不同运动性质的地表破裂带。大地震后的断裂带科学钻探是研究地震机制的有效方法,为更好地了解汶川地震过程中的断裂机制、岩石的物理、化学变化和特征,2008年11月4日(汶川地震后的178 d)快速实施了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目(WFSD),该项目在这两条断裂带的上盘布置深浅不一的五口群钻(500～3000 m深)。笔者以汶川科钻一号孔(WFSD-1)岩心为主要研究对象,通过对岩心的岩石学研究和构造分析,识别出映秀—北川断裂带中的不同断裂岩分布和组合,以及确定了汶川地震主滑移带位置,为进一步研究汶川地震断裂机制提供了基础。     

汶川地震断裂带结构特征与龙门山隆升的关系

2008年汶川地震(MW7.9)发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带上,并沿映秀-北川断裂和灌县-安县断裂分别产生约270km和80km的不同性质的地表破裂带。断裂岩是断裂活动的产物,是断裂带的物质组成,其结构特征记录了断裂活动演化的历史。本文以汶川地震发震断裂映秀-北川断裂带中虹口八角庙地区地表露头和汶川地震科学钻探一号孔(WFSD-1)岩心为主要研究对象,通过详细的野外调研、显微结构及XRD分析等,识别出映秀-北川断裂带由五个次级单元组成,分别为:碎裂岩带、黑色断层泥和角砾岩带、灰色断层角砾岩带、深灰色断层角砾岩带以及断层泥和角砾岩带。断裂岩组合显示映秀-北川断裂带具有多核断裂结构特征。映秀-北川断裂带在地表出露的宽度约为240m,岩心中厚度约为105m,碎裂岩、断层角砾岩、断层泥在地表及岩心中均发育,而假玄武玻璃仅在地表碎裂岩部分出现。汶川地震主滑移带斜切了映秀-北川断裂带,不完全沿袭古地震滑移带,暗示汶川地震断裂带与映秀-北川断裂带可能不是同一个断裂体系。通过断裂岩的研究确定了映秀-北川断裂带存在着摩擦熔融、热增压、动态润滑和机械润滑等多种断裂滑移机制。低温热年代学的研究推断映秀-北川断裂带的形成时代为15～10Ma,自形成以来,映秀-北川断裂带的长期活动控制着龙门山的快速隆升。断裂带五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构带,可能与龙门山不同的隆升速率期有着一定的联系。     

Vertical acceleration effect on landsides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake,China

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with Ms8.0 triggered extensive throwing-pattern landslides in the area within or near the seismic faults. The resultant landslides from this earthquake brought to the fore the effect of vertical earthquake acceleration on landslide occurrence. The pseudostatic analysis and the dynamic response on landslide stability due to the Wenchuan earthquake are studied with the Chengxi (West Town) catastrophic landslide used as a case study. The results show that the epicenter distance is an important factor which affects the vertical acceleration and thus the stability of landslide. Also, the vertical acceleration was found to have a significant impact on the FOS of landslide if the earthquake magnitude is quite large. Within the seismic fault, the amplitude effect of vertical acceleration is very dominant with the FOS of landslide, for vertical acceleration ranging from positive to negative, having a variation of 25 %. The variation of FOS of landslide for vertical acceleration ranging from positive to negative are 15 and 5 % for landslides near seismic fault and outside seismic fault, respectively. For landslide with a slope angle <45°, the FOS of landslide with both horizontal and vertical accelerations is significantly greater than the one without vertical acceleration. Further, the results computed from both the pseudostatic method and dynamic analysis reveal that the FOS during the earthquake varied significantly whether vertical acceleration is considered or not. The results from this study explain why lots of throwing-pattern catastrophic landslides occurred within 10 km of the seismic fault in the Wenchuan earthquake.     

Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China

The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in China. The earthquake triggered tens of thousands of landslides over a broad area, including shallow, disrupted landslides, rock falls, deep-seated landslides, and rock avalanches, some of which buried large sections of some towns and dammed the rivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate correlations between the occurrence of landslides with geologic and geomorphologic conditions, and seismic parameters. Over 56,000 earthquake-triggered landslides, with a total area of 811 km², are interpreted using aerial photographs and remote sensing images taken following the earthquake. The spatial distribution of these landslides is analyzed statistically using both landslide-point density (LPD), defined as the number of landslides per square kilometer, and landslide-area density (LAD), the percentage of the area affected by landslides, to determine how the occurrence of landslides correlates with distance from the epicenter, distance from the major surface rupture, seismic intensity and peak ground acceleration (PGA), slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, and lithology. It is found that both LAD and LPD have strong positive correlations with slope steepness, distance from the major surface rupture and seismic intensity, and that Pre-Sinian schist, and Cambrian sandstone and siltstone intercalated with slate have the most concentrated landslide activities, followed by the Permian limestone intercalated with shale, and Devonian limestone. Statistical analyses also indicate that the major surface rupture has influence on the spatial distribution of landslides, because LAD and LPD are relatively higher on the hanging wall than on the footwall. However, the correlation between the occurrence of landslides with distance from the epicenter of the earthquake is complicated, rather than a relatively simple negative correlation as found from other reported cases of earthquakes. This is possibly due to complicated rupture processes of the earthquake.     

汶川地震黄洞子沟右岸大型滑坡地质构造特征及成因

"5·12"汶川地震发生于龙门山逆冲构造带映秀-北川断裂,此次地震沿约300 km地表破裂带触发了大型滑坡百余处,其中大光包滑坡、红石沟滑坡和老鹰岩滑坡发育于绵阳安州区黄洞子沟右岸不到5 km区段内,规模均超过千万方,且大光包滑坡是此次地震中最大滑坡,也是世界罕见的巨型滑坡。本研究通过大量现场照片、遥感影像和实地测绘,结合XRD、岩石薄片手段在此3个滑坡滑源区展开了详细的地质调查。结果表明:（1）先期深埋的中-缓倾构造层带为大光包滑坡提供了潜在侧滑面,与岩体结构面组合触发了大光包大型楔形体破坏;（2）红石沟滑坡发育于含多级角砾、糜棱质次级错动带的碎裂结构坡体,地震中这些倾坡外的次级错动带快速贯通形成滑坡底滑面;（3）老鹰岩滑坡主控于厚层陡倾构造带,地震中该带沿走向拉裂破坏,加之两侧陡倾结构面组合切割触发了老鹰岩大型楔形体破坏。研究进一步发现,红石沟斜坡紧临大水闸背斜轴部、老鹰岩和大光包斜坡位于其两翼,认为该背斜构造对研究区斜坡地震稳定性有较大影响。本研究仅揭示了3个典型地质构造滑坡类型,汶川地震百余处大型滑坡地质构造成因有待进一步研究。     

汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析

汶川地震诱发的15000多处滑坡明显受地震断裂控制,主要沿龙门山主中央断裂带和后山断裂带展布,沿龙门山主中央断裂带汶川映秀安县高川北川陈家坝平武南坝一线,滑坡面密度大于50%以上,最大可达70%。沿断裂带形成了大量的松动山体,在暴雨期间极易发生滑坡、泥石流灾害,对灾后重建构成严重威胁。据初步调查,汶川地震触发的体积最大的滑坡是位于主中央断裂带上的安县高川大光包滑坡,滑动距离长4500m,滑坡堆积体长2800m,宽1700~2200m,最大厚度达580m,若以平均厚度200m计,体积达11亿m3为我国已发生的单体滑坡之最。与常见滑坡明显不同的是,汶川地震极震区滑坡的滑床往往不具连续完整的滑面,剪出口滑坡特征不明显,呈现明显的尖点突起或边缘突出特征,反映出上部滑体被地震力振动解体,甚至抛掷后与下部滑床边缘发生撞击。以阶型滑坡、凸型滑坡、勺型崩滑、座落型（振胀型）滑坡和巨大滚石5种类型最为典型。根据强震地面运动纪录和大量实例调查表明,在汶川地震极震区,触发滑坡的地震竖向力作用是非常明显的,大量滑坡经历了初始斜坡（风化碎裂岩体）地震抛掷撞击崩裂高速滑流的作用过程。     

汶川地震触发崩滑地质灾害空间分布及影响因素

通过遥感解译和实地考察,获取了2008年汶川地震触发崩滑的空间分布,利用GIS空间分析和Lo-gistic回归,分析崩滑的空间分布特征及其影响因素,建立了地震触发崩滑与其影响因素之间的回归方程。结果表明,(1)研究区共有5 154个崩滑群,覆盖总面积1 139 km2;(2)崩滑沿北川—映秀发震断层的两侧(断层上盘区占90%),呈北东向宽度不一的条带状分布;(3)Ⅺ和Ⅹ烈度区崩滑面积占区域面积的73.2%,Ⅷ度及以下烈度区崩滑面积比例较小;(4)崩滑发育及空间分布不仅受控于发震断层的活动,断层上下盘效应、地形放大效应等也是其重要影响因素。崩滑与其影响因子的回归方程表明:(1)到北川—映秀发震断层距离因子和到震中距离因子的偏回归系数远大于其他因子的偏回归系数,北川—映秀断层发震活动是控制崩滑空间分布的主导因子;(2)岩性软硬程度对崩滑空间分布的影响不显著;(3)地形坡度、高程、坡度变率、多年累积降雨、人工修路及植被覆盖对崩滑的发育产生影响。地形高程因子对崩滑空间分布的影响大于坡度、坡度变率因子的影响。人工道路、多年降雨及植被覆盖对地震崩滑的影响程度依次降低。     

Controlling parameter analyses and hazard mapping for earthquake-triggered landslides: an example from a square region in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China

On May 12, 2008, at 1428 hours (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake, with a magnitude of Ms 8.0, struck the Sichuan Province, China. About 200,000 landslides, as a secondary geological hazard associated with the earthquake, were triggered over a broad area. These landslides were of almost all types such as shallow, disrupted landslides, rock falls, deep-seated landslides, and rock avalanches. Some of these landslides damaged and destroyed large part of some towns, blocked roads, dammed rivers, and caused other serious damages. The purpose of this study is to detect correlations between landslide occurrence and the surface rupture plane, ground shaking conditions (measured by peak ground acceleration, PGA), lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, topographic position, and distance from drainages by using two indices, landslide area percentage (LAP) and the landslide number density (LND), based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and statistical analysis method in a square region (study area) of Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China. There were 5,096 landslides related with the earthquake which were delineated by visual interpretation and selected field checking throughout the study area. The total area (horizontal projection) of the 5,096 landslides is about 41.103 km². The LAP, which is defined as the percentage of the plane area affected by landslides, was 10.276 %, and the LND, means the number of landslides per square kilometers, was 12.74 landslides/km². Statistical analysis results show that both LAP and LND have a positive correlation with slope gradient and a negative correlation with distance from the surface rupture. However, the correlation between the occurrence of landslides with PGA, topographic position, and distance from drainages are uncertain, or has just a little positive correlation. The correlation between landslide and slope aspect also shows the effect of the directivity of the seismic wave. The Zbq formation had the most concentrated landslide activity with the LND value of 21.78 landslides/km _, ² and the ∈₁ q Gr. geological units had the highest LAP value. Furthermore, weight index (W _i) model is performed with a GIS platform to derive landslide hazard index map. The success rate of the model was 71.615 % and, thus, it was valid. In addition, comparison of five landslide controlling parameters’ influence on landslide occurrences was also carried out.     

Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake

On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km². The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m². The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau.     

走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异

以玉树地震滑坡为实例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、水系、地层岩性、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)8个因子,以地震滑坡面积百分比(LAP)与滑坡点密度(LND)为指标,研究走滑断裂型地震诱发滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异。在分析这些影响因子的断裂两盘的差异的基础上,基于LAP与LND两个指标详细分析断裂两盘每个因子内部级别滑坡发育的情况。结果表明,总体上北盘的滑坡较南盘发育,除了个别因子级别内南北盘滑坡差别较大外,大部分表现为南北盘滑坡分布情况类似。总之,玉树地震滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布基本类似,只是在某些因子分级内存在一定的差异。     

汶川、芦山和鲁甸地震滑坡分布规律对比研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震、芦山M_S7.0级地震和鲁甸M_S6.5级地震均引发了大量的滑坡灾害。由于震级差异和地质地形条件的不同,地震滑坡分布情况有较大区别。本文综合已有的研究成果,从地震、地质和地貌3个方面,对比分析了地震滑坡的分布规律。结果表明:（1）3次地震滑坡数量和密度随着PGA和震级的增加而增加。汶川和鲁甸地震随烈度的增加,滑坡数量呈现递增的趋势。但芦山地震在较低烈度区也发育着大量滑坡。（2）断层影响滑坡分布的最大距离随着震级的增加而增加。在最大影响距离0.2倍的范围内,汶川地震分布有80%的滑坡,而其他两次地震仅30%。此外,汶川地震滑坡数量随断层距离呈指数衰减关系。（3）地震滑坡的分布受到地形的强烈影响。Ⅶ度及以上烈度区地形切割深度越大,地震触发的滑坡集中分布区域相对高差越大。同时,滑坡集中发育的坡度会随之增加。切割深度越大,地震滑坡更易发生在地势较陡的山脊或者上坡处,这可能与地形放大效应有关。