Inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney with renal artery penetration

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a quasineoplastic lesion that most commonly involves the lung and the orbit; kidney involvement is rare. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney. The patient was a 61-year-old man who presented with no symptoms. Nonenhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated an ill-defined, isodensity mass measuring 3.5 cm in the lower portion of the left kidney. Contrast-enhanced CT showed that branches of the renal artery without encasement penetrated the tumor; there was a little enhancement in the mass on the arterial phase and homogeneous enhancement on the venous phase. On magnetic resonance imaging the mass showed intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images (T1WIs) and low signal intensity on T2WIs. Most IPTs of the kidney appear as an ill-defined, hypovascular, homogeneous tumor on CT images, with variable signal intensity on MRI T1WIs and low signal intensity on T2WIs. Our case had the same imaging findings, with branches of the renal artery penetrating the tumor. If the renal tumor has these radiological findings, the tumor may be IPT.     

64层螺旋CTA对变异肾动脉与主肾动脉和对应肾脏的研究

目的:分析变异肾动脉的特点及其与主肾动脉和对应肾脏的关系,为临床诊断及手术方案提供参考。方法:回顾性分析518例疑有肾血管性高血压或肾脏病变患者的64层螺旋CT血管影像资料,其中210例患者存在肾动脉变异(40.5%),主要观察变异肾动脉的特点及其与同侧主肾动脉的位置关系、双侧主肾动脉管径及肾脏结构形态的对比。结果:单侧肾动脉变异141例,占67.1%,双侧肾动脉变异69例,占32.9%;肾脏形态结构、位置异常178例,正常32例;变异侧主肾动脉管径小于无变异侧主肾动脉管径112例,占79.4%(112/141);195支变异肾动脉开口于腹主动脉,其与同侧主肾动脉距离范围为0~112mm,其中0~20mm共130支,占66.7%;高于同侧主肾动脉72支,占36.9%,低于同侧主肾动脉118支,占60.5%,与主肾动脉等高5支,占2.6%;入肾上极130支,入肾门113支,入肾下极100支;开口于腹主动脉的变异肾动脉起源于T12~L5椎体段范围,其中L1上缘至L2椎体下缘范围149支,占76.4%(149/195)。结论:64层螺旋CTA可直观、准确地显示变异肾动脉的起源、数目及其与相应主肾动脉、肾脏的关系。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的 探讨移植肾动脉狭窄介入性治疗的方法和疗效。方法 7例肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄的病人,经股动脉或腋动脉入路行狭窄肾动脉的球囊扩张或支架置入术。结果 7例病人中3例行单纯球囊扩张术（2例经股动脉,1例经腋动脉）,4例同时行球囊护张和支架置入（2例经股动脉,2例经腋动脉）。治疗后5例病人血压恢复正常,2例口服降压药恢复正常。随访9－36个月,6例未见狭窄,仅1例支架入术后9个月出现移植肾动脉再狭窄。给予球囊扩张,血流基本恢复。结论 球囊扩张和（或）内支架入仍然是移植肾动脉狭窄的安全有效的方法之一,术后再狭窄的预防和处理需要进一步探讨。     

经皮肾动脉支架置入治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄后分肾功能的变化

目的：探讨经皮肾动脉支架置入（PTRAS）治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）患者的临床效果。 方法：选取2013年1月1日-2015年12月31日在我院进行PTRAS手术的ARAS患者31例,均为单侧肾动脉狭窄。患者随访12个月,观察PTRAS的成功率,以及血压、降压药种类的变化;应用肾动态显像评估分肾肾小球滤过率（SKGFR）的变化。 结果：手术成功率100%,无手术严重并发症。术后3、6、12个月随访,患者的收缩压、舒张压、降压药种类较术前均明显降低,血肌酐较术前均无明显变化。术后3、6、12个月支架侧的SKGFR、总GFR较术前明显升高,而非支架侧SKGFR与术前无明显变化。将支架侧术前SKGFR的值以20 ml/min为界,将患者分为两组,SKGFR≥20 ml/min共15例,SKGFR< 20 ml/min共16例,分析两组术前、术后SKGFR的变化情况。研究结果显示对于术前SKGFR≥20 ml/min的患者：支架置入术前、术后3~12个月支架侧的SKGFR差异无统计学意义;对于术前SKGFR<20 ml/min的患者,术后3~12个月支架侧的SKGFR较术前均有增加,差异有统计学意义。 结论：PTRAS治疗ARAS手术成功率高,并发症低。支架侧的分肾功能明显改善,肾动脉狭窄侧的SKGFR越小,其术后肾功能改善的越明显。     

Increased kidney size following renal angioplasty. A 'new' observation

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty was performed in nine patients (10 kidneys). Immediately following dilatation of the renal artery stenosis, seven of ten kidneys increased in length by at least 0.5 cm (0.5-1.5 cm) indicating improved renal perfusion. This is an observation that does not seem to have been described before. Another, but rare, cause of renal enlargement following angioplasty is hematoma formation which was seen in one of the cases. All of the patients responded well to the treatment and five previously hypertensive patients became normotensive shortly after dilatation.     

An unusual arterial supply of the kidney from the opposite renal artery.

We describe an extremely rare case with a supplementary artery arising from an opposite renal artery without renal anomalies in position and in form. An unusual artery crossing the aorta can be suggested by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. A renal cell carcinoma is supplied by the branch of the opposite renal artery.     

Transluminal angioplasty in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney

Renal angioplasty in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or with renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney has been thought to be relatively contraindicated. We report the results of renal artery angioplasty in 18 patients, 10 with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis and eight with severe renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. Twenty-five (89%) of 28 angioplasties were successful, with a mean improvement of the degree of stenosis from 85% to 18% after angioplasty and a restoration of renal blood flow. A significant drop in mean blood pressure at admission of 187/101 mm Hg to 154/87 mm Hg at discharge, 152/86 mm Hg at 3-month, and 146/82 mm Hg at 1-year follow-up was seen. Because of the decrease in blood pressure, 11 of the patients decreased or stopped taking diuretics and 15 decreased or stopped taking antihypertensive medications. Although no significant change in renal function was found by measuring mean serum creatinine levels over time, no patient had an elevated serum creatinine level at follow-up, indicating preservation of renal function. One major complication, cholesterol embolization to the bowel, was seen. Our results suggest that angioplasty is an acceptable treatment of hypertension in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a single kidney.     

CT血流灌注参数对于肾动脉狭窄的肾脏血流研究价值

目的:探讨利用CT血流灌注参数研究肾动脉狭窄患者肾脏血流状况.方法:高血压患者34人,分为肾动脉狭窄组(23人)和对照组(11人),通过肾脏电影扫描获得的CT时间密度曲线测量肾脏皮质血流量,分析肾脏皮质血流量与肾动脉狭窄程度的关系.结果:肾动脉狭窄程度 ＜50%、50%～75%、＞75%肾皮质血流量(RBF)分别是 268±47.2ml/100g/min,227±39.2ml/100g/min, 225±88.2ml/100g/min,对照组RBF 345±62ml/100g/min.肾动脉狭窄＞50%的肾皮质血流量与对照组有明显差别(P＜0.05).结论:明显肾动脉狭窄的肾脏皮质RBF下降,CT血流灌注参数可以评估肾动脉狭窄导致的肾脏血流改变.     

Hydronephrotic kidney: pediatric three-dimensional US for relative renal size assessment--initial experience

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (US) for assessment of relative renal size in infants and children with hydronephrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent was obtained from parents and also from children who were older than 8 years. Study was approved by ethics committee. Two-dimensional (2D) US, 3D US, and scintigraphy were performed in 40 patients with hydronephrosis (age range, neonate to 16 years; seven girls, 33 boys) without acute renal disease. Twenty patients also underwent magnetic resonance (MR) urography. US and MR urography were performed by one experienced pediatric radiologist; 3D US and MR urographic volume calculations were performed by specifically trained radiologists. Three-dimensional US was performed with integrated 3D volume probes or external system based on electromagnetic positioning devices. At 2D US, kidney volume was calculated with application of ellipsoid equation. At MR urography and 3D US, real renal parenchymal volume was calculated with subtraction of dilated collecting system. Split renal function was assessed with static renal scintigraphy. Three-dimensional US results were graded with respect to image quality and compared with results of 2D US, scintigraphy, and MR urography by using mean difference percentage and standard deviation of the difference. All investigations were performed with blinding. Inter- and intraobserver variability were calculated with coefficient of variation. RESULTS: In 76 of 80 kidneys, 3D US image of diagnostic quality was obtained. Three-dimensional US volume measurements compared well with MR urographic measurements (mean difference, -2.5% +/- 7.8 [standard deviation] vs 25.8% +/- 32.2 for 2D US) and with scintigraphically assessed split renal function (mean difference, 1.2% +/- 9.2 vs 15.9% +/- 43.8 for 2D US). Intra- and interobserver variability were +/-6.4% and +/-9.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Initial experience with renal 3D US indicates that it is an accurate method for assessment of renal parenchymal volume and relative renal size, provided there is no acute renal disease.     

Using Doppler sonography to reveal renal artery stenosis: an evaluation of optimal imaging parameters.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of direct and indirect parameters for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and to determine the most useful thresholds for these parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-five arteries in 63 patients were examined with renal Doppler sonography and angiography for the presence or absence of renal artery stenosis. Arteries were considered stenosed on angiography if there was a diameter reduction of greater than 60%. Renal Doppler sonographic measures of peak systolic velocity, renal aortic ratio, acceleration time, and acceleration were recorded and compared with the angiographically determined presence or absence of disease. RESULTS: Doppler examination was technically successful in 87% of kidneys and 76% of patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the optimal peak systolic velocity threshold to be 180 cm/sec and the optimal renal aortic ratio threshold to be 3.0. An acceleration time greater than 70 msec and an acceleration less than 300 cm/sec2 yielded sensitivities of 41% and 56%, respectively, and specificities of 85% and 62%, respectively. Combining a renal aortic ratio of greater than 3.0 or peak systolic velocity greater than 180 cm/sec provided the best combination of parameters with a sensitivity and sensitivity at 85% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The most accurate use of parameters was found to be a combination of either peak systolic velocity greater than 180 cm/sec or renal aortic ratio greater than 3.0. Indirect parameters were not found to be useful in predicting the presence or absence of renal artery stenosis.     

Diagnosis of common iliac artery thrombosis and renal artery thrombosis in a kidney transplant by radionuclide renography

In a 58-year-old woman, the external iliac artery was accidentally dissected during the arterial anastomosis of a kidney transplant. An immediate CT angiogram showed an almost total occlusion of the common iliac artery. After the transplantation, radionuclide renography with Tc-99m MAG3 showed no flow across the right common iliac artery and no graft vascularization. Sequential images showed a photopenic area corresponding to the renal graft. These findings were interpreted as common iliac artery thrombosis and renal artery thrombosis associated with renal graft infarct. Excision of the transplant and iliofemoral bypass were performed. Pathologic examination of the graft showed massive acute renal infarct and renal artery thrombosis.     

Main arterial supply of a kidney from the opposite renal artery: an unusual case

Variations in renal anatomy and blood supply are not uncommon, but a supplementary renal artery arising from the opposite renal artery is rare. In such cases the kidneys are usually malrotated and anomalous in position and form. The case of a 65-year-old man with the left main renal artery arising from the opposite renal artery and without such anomalies of the kidneys is presented.     

CT血管成像对副肾动脉的发生与肾动脉直径相关性的评估

目的:通过CT血管成像(CTA)评估副肾动脉的发生是否与肾动脉直径相关。方法:病例来源于各种原因进行肾血管成像(CTA)检查的患者,参与考察的这些病例通过CTA显示均无肾动脉病变。通过肾动脉血管成像(CTA)分别对有副肾动脉的一组和无副肾动脉的一组的肾动脉直径进行测量。结果:肾血管成像(CTA)显示,伴有副肾动脉的肾动脉管径明显缩小(P<0.01)。结论:一个大小正常的肾,其肾动脉直径小于某个正常值的范围预示着副肾动脉的存在。据此,肾血管成像(CTA)检查时,我们可以提高对副肾动脉的检出率。     

Blood flow to the kidney via the gonadal-renal capsular artery

The gonadal artery is an important collateral pathway of blood flow to the kidney. Collateral routes may be from the gonadal artery to the inferior capsular artery (gonadal-renal capsular artery) or to the periureteric arteries. These pathways develop in cases of renal artery stenosis, or when a vascular renal tumor increases the kidneys need for blood. We present five cases in which the gonadal artery served as a source of blood supply to the kidney.