Characterization and methanol adsorption of walnut-shell activated carbon prepared by KOH activation

Walnut-shellactivated carbons(WSACs)were prepared by the KOH chemicalactivation.The effects of carbonization temperature,activation temperature,and ratio of KOH to chars on the pore development of WSACs were investigated.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were employed to characterize the microstructure and morphology of WSACs.Methanoladsorption performance onto the optimalWSAC and the coal-based AC were also investigated.The results show that the optimalpreparation conditions are a carbonization temperature of 700 ℃,an activation temperature of 700 ℃,and a mass ratio of 3.The BET surface area,the micropore volume,and the micropore volume percentage of the optimalWASC are 1636 m~2/g,0.641 cm~3/g and 81.97%,respectively.There are a lot of micropores and a certain amount of meso-and macropores.The characteristics of the amorphous state are identified.The results show that the optimalWSAC is favorable for methanoladsorption.The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the optimalWSAC is 248.02mg/g.It is shown that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the optimalWSAC is almost equivalent to that of the common activated carbon.Therefore the optimalWSAC could be a potentialadsorbent for the solar energy adsorption refrigeration cycle.     

氯化锌活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用氯化锌活化法在不同操作条件下制备活性炭,通过检测活性炭样品的比表面积、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值,探讨了浸渍比（氯化锌与原料的质量比）、活化时间和活化温度等操作条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。实验结果表明,在实验条件范围内,氯化锌活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭适宜的操作条件如下：浸渍比为1.5：1,活化温度为550℃左右,活化时间为90 min,在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积可达1 403 m2/g,碘吸附值可达1 188 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值可达238 mg/g。     

Preparation of activated carbons from mesophase pitch and their electrochemical properties

The influences of molar ratio of KOH to C and activated temperature on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon from mesophase pitch activated by KOH were investigated. The surface areas and the pore structures of activated carbons were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption, and the electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were studied using two-electrode capacitors in organic electrolyte. The results indicate that the maximum surface area of 3 190 m2/g is obtained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 5:1, the maximum specific capacitance of 122 F/g is attained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 4:1, and 800 ℃ is the proper temperature to obtain the maximum surface area and capacitance.     

含油污泥制备高比表面积活性炭

以含油污泥为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂,在氮气保护下,通过室内静态热解炉制备高比表面积活性炭。研究炭化温度、活化升温方式、活化温度、活化时间和碱碳质量比m(NaOH)／m(C)对高比表面活性炭的影响。采用全自动比表面与孔隙度分析仪、钨灯丝环境扫描电子显微镜等测试设备,分别对产品的比表面积与孔径分布、组成及微观形貌进行定性或定量分析。研究结果表明,含油污泥制备高比表面积活性炭的较佳条件为:炭化温度500℃,活化升温方式(c),活化温度800℃,活化时间1h, m(NaOH)／m(C)=2。采用本方法制备的活性炭比表面积大于2000m2/g,平均孔径小于2nm,总孔容大于2cm3/g,性能优于普通活性炭,可作为能源储存介质、电极材料、高效吸附剂的基础材料,为含油污泥的资源化利用提供了一条新途径。     

活性炭表面改性及其苯酚吸附性能研究

采用稀硝酸氧化和氮气气氛高温处理两种方法对市售活性炭进行表面改性,采用比表面分析仪、红外吸收光谱和Boehm滴定对改性前后活性炭进行表征,并测定活性炭对苯酚的吸附等温线,探讨影响活性炭对苯酚吸附能力的因素。结果表明：表面改性不仅增加了活性炭的比表面积和孔容,还改变了其表面化学性质。活性炭表面化学性质对苯酚吸附能力有着更重要影响,随着活性炭表面酸性官能团的增加,活性炭对苯酚吸附能力下降;酸性官能团数量减少,吸附能力增加。     

Optimal electrochemical performances of CO2 activated carbon aerogels for supercapacitors

Activated carbon aerogels（ACAs） derived from sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol （R） and formaldehyde （F） were pyrolyzed under Ar flow and activated in CO2 atmosphere. The morphology of ACAs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the structural properties were determined by N2 adsorption at 77 K. The results show that ACAs have a typical three-dimensional nanonetwork structure composing of cross-linking of carbon nanoparticles. The specific surface area and the total pore volume remarkably increase with increasing activation time while the previous porous structure still remains. The specific capacitance of the 950-10-ACA electrode can reach up to 212.3 F/g in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte. The results of constant-current charge-discharge testing indicate that the ACAs electrodes present fast charge- discharge rate and long cycle life （about 98% capacitance retained after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 1.25 mA/cm2）. Lower internal resistances can be achieved for 950-10-ACA electrode in KOH electrolyte. Our investigations are very important to improve the wettability and electrochemical performance of electrode for supercapacitors.     

核桃壳化学-物理耦合活化法制备活性炭及其表征

采用植物废弃物核桃壳为原料,以化学-物理耦合活化法制备了核桃壳活性炭,考察了磷酸浓度、活化温度、活化时间对核桃壳活性炭碘值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和烧失率的影响。结果表明,最佳制备条件为:磷酸质量分数85%,活化温度900℃,活化时间3h。在此制备条件下,核桃壳活性炭的比表面积为1 241.81m2·g-1,吸附累积总孔容为0.90cm3·g-1,最可几孔径分布为1.62nm。采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、比表面积测定仪以及红外光谱仪对核桃壳活性炭的表面形貌、孔结构及表面官能团进行了分析。     

Preparation and characterization of mesoporous Al-MCM-41 layers deposited on FeCrAl metallic foils by an in-situ hydrothermal method

A new class of activated mesoporous Al-MCM-41 layers was deposited on FeCrAl metallic foils in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide under basic conditions by an in-situ hydrothermal method. The characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and transmission electron microscopy, as well as field-emission scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the pore structure and surface morphology of the Al-MCM-41 layers. The Al-MCM-41 materials are of amorphous structure but exhibit large BET surface area (up to 757.0 m²/g) and pore volume (up to 0.72 cm³/g), as well as a mean pore diameter of 3 nm. The layers deposited on the FeCrAl foils are continuous despite with a few of holes on the surface. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50502002), Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (No. KM200610005016) and Youth Foundation of Beijing University of Technology (No.00190)     

硝酸镁改性活性炭及吸附性能研究

为了提高活性炭的吸附性能,以硝酸镁和活性炭为原料,采用等体积浸渍高温焙烧法制备了氧化镁改性活性炭材料（MgO-GAC）并采用扫描电镜对其形态结构进行分析,考察了pH、温度、吸附时间对复合材料吸附废水中低浓度活性红染料的影响。结果表明,硝酸镁3.5mol/L、焙烧温度600℃、焙烧时间2h,MgO-GAC的碘吸附值为960.42mg·g^-1。扫描电镜（SEM）照片显示,未改性颗粒活性炭表面微孔直径约3μm,改性MgO-GAC复合材料表面的微孔大小均匀,孔径约6-7μm,其表面负载着大量的细小圆形颗粒,高温焙烧对颗粒活性炭有扩孔作用,且可以使硝酸镁转化为多孔氧化镁,并有效负载到颗粒活性炭表面。MgO-GAC复合材料吸附活性红X-3B染料的最佳条件为：投加量为0.1 g,温度为30℃、pH值为6,活性红染料的去除率可达92.5%。本改性颗粒活性炭的制备方法是可行的,高温扩孔和负载的多孔氧化镁能够可以增大颗粒活性炭的表面积,从而提高了活性红染料的吸附效果。     

Influence of KOH activation techniques on pore structure and electrochemical property of carbon electrode materials

1 INTRODUCTIONSupercapacitor is a kind of newenergy storagedevice , which can fill the gap between the conven-tional capacitor and the battery[1 ,2]. Supercapa-ciors are nowutilizedin many fields ,such as spaceindustry ,national defense ,warindustry ,electricalvehicle , wireless communication, and consume e-lectronics .It is well known that the electrode ma-terial is the key factor to determine the perform-ance of supercapacitor . At present ,the activatedcarbonis the main marketed availa…     

活性炭对双吡唑模拟废水的选择性吸附及其再生

采用活性炭吸附法处理实验室条件下制备的双吡唑模拟废水,并对吸附饱和的活性炭进行芬顿氧化法再生。结果表明,在投加1 g/L活性炭,调节pH=1.5,常温下反应60 min时废水化学需氧量去除率为88.3%,双吡唑去除率为98.0%。活性炭对双吡唑的吸附行为符合二级动力学,而乙醇和正丁醇对活性炭吸附双吡唑无影响。对吸附饱和的活性炭进行处理,在投加0.3 g FeSO₄·7H₂O,6 mL H₂O₂,调节pH=3,常温下反应30 min时,活性炭再生效率可达68.25%。通过SEM扫描电镜对再生的活性炭进行表征,表明孔隙堵塞影响活性炭再生效率。活性炭能有效处理双吡唑模拟废水且具有很好的吸附选择性,芬顿氧化法可再生活性炭,实现活性炭循环利用。     

城市污泥添加软锰矿制备活性炭的研究

以城市污泥为原料,添加适量的软锰矿,采用氯化锌活化法制备活性炭.采用BET、SEM、FT-IR、O2-TPO、XRD、TGA等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征,并分析了软锰矿对活性炭制备过程的影响.研究结果表明,在实验条件下,城市污泥添加软锰矿制备的活性炭比表面积为354.198 m2/g,总孔体积为0.809 6 cm3/g,微孔体积为0.159 cm3/g,平均孔半径为4.6 nm,碘吸附值为558.05 mg/g.上述性能参数相较于纯污泥制备的活性碳都有较大程度的提高.在使用添加了软锰矿的城市污泥制备活性炭的过程巾软锰矿催化了污泥中有机质的分解,同时也为新生炭提供了更多的骨架,促进了积炭反应,有助于形成孔隙发达的微晶结构.     

保健酒除浊工艺研究

文章比较了微孔膜过滤法和活性炭吸附法在保健酒除浊中的应用,结果表明：活性炭吸附法不适合保健酒的除浊,而且可能影响保健酒中的有效成分;微孔膜过滤法能有效除浊,且对有效成分、风味和色泽的影响较小,保健酒的静置时间也会影响除浊效果。保健酒粗滤后静置4周,然后用孔径为0．45μm醋酸纤维素膜过滤,除浊效果最佳。     

活性炭表面物理化学性质对溴酸盐吸附的影响

为了探求活性炭去除水中溴酸盐离子的吸附机理,研究活性炭表面物理化学性质对饮用水中溴酸盐去除的影响.选取唐山炭、新华炭和默克炭3种活性炭作为实验用炭,重点考察3种活性炭表面孔径大小、官能团分布的异同对溴酸盐吸附的影响,测定了3种活性炭吸附溴酸盐的吸附等温线.结果表明:含有中孔数量最多的默克炭对溴酸盐的吸附能力最强.此外,由于默克炭表面含有的内酯基官能团最多,也对溴酸盐的吸附能力起到了积极作用.默克炭的对溴酸盐的吸附能力最强,而新华炭的吸附能力最弱,唐山炭介于二者之间.     

Improved analytic methods for coal surface area and pore size distribution determination using 77 K nitrogen adsorption experiment

77 K nitrogen adsorption was the most widely used technique for determining surface area and pore size distribution of coal. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model are commonly used analytic methods for adsorption/desorption isotherm. A Chinese anthracite coal is tested in this study using an improved experimental method and adsorption isotherm analyzed by three adsorption mechanisms at different relative pressure stages. The result shows that the micropore filling adsorption predominates at the relative pressure stage from 6.8E−7 to 9E−3. Theoretically, BET and BJH model are not appropriate for analyzing coal samples which contain micropores. Two new analytic procedures for coal surface area and pore size distribution calculation are developed in this work. The results show that BET model underestimates surface area, and micropores smaller than 1.751 nm account for 35.5% of the total pore volume and 74.2% of the total surface area. The investigation of surface area and pore size distribution by incorporating the influence of micropore is significant for understanding adsorption mechanism of methane and carbon dioxide in coal.     

Preparation of magnetically separable mesoporous activated carbons from brown coal with Fe_3O_4

Magnetically separable mesoporous activated carbon was prepared from brown coal in the presence of Fe_3O_4 as a bi-functional additive. Magnetic activated carbon(MAC) was characterized by lowtemperature nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM). The evolution behaviors and transition mechanism of Fe_3O_4 during the preparation of MAC were investigated. The results show that prepared MAC with 6 wt% Fe_3O_4 addition having a specific surface area and mesopore ratio of 370 m~2·g~(-1) and 55.7%, which meet the requirements of adsorption application and magnetic recovery. Highly dispersed iron-containing aggregates with the size of 0.1 lm in the MAC were observed. During the preparation of MAC, Fe_3O_4 could enhance the escape of volatiles during the carbonization. Fe_3O_4 could also accelerate burning off the carbon wall during activation, which leads to enlarging micropore size, then resulting in the generation of mesopore and macropore. As a result, a part of Fe_3O_4 converted into FeO, FeOOH, a-Fe, c-Fe, Fe_2 SiO_4 and compound of Aluminum-iron-silicon.The prepared activated carbon, which was magnetized by both of residual Fe_3O_4, reduced a-Fe and cFe, can be easily separated from the original solution by external magnetic field.     

Preparation and electrochemical characterization of activated carbons by chemical-physical activation

A process was proposed based on the combination of chemical and physical activation for the production of activated carbons used as the electrode material for electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). By material characterization and electrochemical methods, the influences of the activitation process on the specific surface area, pore structure and electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were investigated. The results show that specific surface area, the mesopore volume, and the specific capacitance increase with the increase of the mass ratio of KOH to char (m(KOH)/m(char)) and the activation time, respectively. When m(KOH)/m(char) is 4.0, the specific surface area and the mesopore volume reach the maximum values, i.e. 1 960 m²/g and 0.308 4 cm³/g, and the specific capacitance is 120.7 F/g synchronously. Compared with the chemical activation, the activated carbons prepared by chemical-physical activation show a larger mesopore volume, a higher ratio of mesopore and a larger specific capacitance. Foundation item: Project(2007BAE12B01) supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China     

磁性活性炭的制备及其吸附性能

为改善粉末活性炭的可分离性,采用化学共沉淀法制备新型磁性活性炭,以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物配制染料废水,对粉末态磁性活性炭对目标污染物的处理效能进行探讨,并与粉末活性炭处理效果进行对比,考察p H、接触时间以及污染物质量浓度对其处理效能的影响.结果表明:合成的粉末态磁性活性炭吸附能力高于粉末活性炭,p H为影响其处理效能的关键因素,偏碱性的p H和适宜的接触时间有利于污染物的去除.当亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、磁性活性炭投量为0.4 g/L、p H为9、反应时间为300 min时,亚甲基蓝的去除率达98.9%.亚甲基蓝在磁性活性炭上的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Elovich动力学模型,热力学分析表明,该吸附过程为自发进行的单分子层吸热反应,且以化学吸附为主.该磁性活性炭具有很好的分离性能,在自然重力沉降条件下10 min内沉淀完全,而在外强磁场作用下30 s内可实现快速分离.     

微波法制备活性炭及去除水中双酚A的研究

以核桃壳为原料,氯化锌和碳酸钾为活化剂,微波加热为能源制备活性炭。研究了微波功率、微波作用时间、剂料比对制备活性炭的产率及吸附性能影响。最佳工艺条件为干核桃壳:氯化锌:碳酸钾(质量比)为1∶1∶1,微波功率600 W,活化时间7 min。在该条件下制得的活性炭碘值为1 073.8 mg/g,测得该活性炭比表面积为1 003.8 m2/g,孔结构以1～10 nm孔径为主。活性炭对双酚A的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温规律。     

对叔丁基苯甲醛改性沥青性能研究

以中温煤沥青为基质沥青、对叔丁基苯甲醛为改性剂和对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,采用化学交联-减压蒸馏法分别在Ar气氛和减压环境下对中温煤沥青进行改性,并考察反应条件对沥青的软化点和残炭率等性能的影响。结果表明,改性沥青性能受改性剂的加入量、反应温度、反应时间和反应压力影响较大。在改性剂与煤沥青质量比为0．2、催化剂加入量为5％时,在反应温度为180℃以及20kPa×8h条件下,制得软化点高达151．5℃、残炭率为75％的优质沥青。