Nickel-doped MoSe2 nanosheets with Ni–Se bond for alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) is a potential catalytic material for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, due to the low density of its active sites, MoSe₂ nanosheets feature high overpotential in HER, which limits its practical application. This describes the method of doping the Ni in MoSe₂ nanosheets to increase active sites. The NiO₂ evenly dispersed on MoSe₂ by ethanol solution reduces to ~4 nm Ni nanoclusters under annealing process, which is firmly adhered to MoSe₂ nanosheets with Ni–Se bond. The electrochemical active surface area of Ni-doped MoSe₂ expands, proving that Ni dopants produce more activity sites in MoSe₂ nanosheets. The overpotential of MoSe₂ (at 10 mA cm⁻²) decreases from 335 mV to 181 mV with 4.5 at.% Ni doped in 1 M KOH. The Ni–MoSe₂ also characterizes excellent stability for 12 h with the formation of Ni–Se bond. The study of doping Ni in MoSe₂ nanosheets is of great guiding significance to the design and production of non-noble electrocatalysts for HER in alkaline media.     

Hydrothermal preparation of MoX2 (X = S,Se, Te)/TaS2 hybrid materials on carbon cloth as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

The prominent features-based two-dimensional (2D) materials have proven themselves as efficient as well as robust electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to their low-cost, abundance and predominant conductivity. In this work, we report the synthesis of series of molybdenum chalcogenide nanostructures MoX₂ (X = S, Se, Te), hybridized with TaS₂ nanosheets, via a facile hydrothermal method, on self-supported carbon cloth electrode. Used as an electrocatalyst for HER, hybrid phase MoSe₂/TaS₂/CC electrode with a Mo/Se ratio of 1:1.5 exhibits the best HER performance, which could afford the benchmark current densities of 10 mA/cm² at the overpotentials of 75 mV with the measured Tafel slope values of 54.7 mV/dec. In addition, the presented molybdenum dichalcogenides in this work are also complimented with robustness as determined from durability and air stability measurements. The unique aspects of these unique hybrids, such as 1T and 2H phases hybridized MoS₂ and MoSe₂, semimetallic nature 1T′-MoTe₂ petal clusters and strong interface interaction between MoX₂ (X = S, Se, Te) and conductive TaS₂ nanosheets, cause superior HER catalytic performance.     

Nickel selenide nanostructures as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Electrochemical water splitting has gained momentum for the development of alternative energy sources. Herein, we report the synthesis of two different nickel selenide nanostructures of different morphology and composition employing hydrothermal method. NiSe₂ nanosheets were obtained by the anion-exchange reaction of Ni(OH)₂ with Se ions for 15 h. On the other hand, NiSe nanoflakes were synthesized by the direct selenization of nickel surface with the reaction time of 2 h. Tested as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, NiSe₂ nanosheets and NiSe nanoflakes can afford a geometric current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 198 mV and 217 mV respectively. The measured Tafel slope values of NiSe nanoflakes are 28.6 mV dec^?1, which is three times lower as compared with NiSe₂ nanosheets (72.1 mV dec^?1). These results indicates the HER kinetics of NiSe nanoflakes are at par with the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst and also complimented with the short synthesis time of 2 h. Further, both nickel selenides exhibit ultra-long term stability for 30 h as evident from constant current chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results.     

Boosting electrochemical hydrogen evolution activity of MoS2 nanosheets via facile decoration of Au overlayer

--Owing to its unique physicochemical properties, two-dimensional (2D) layered MoS₂ has been proposed as a potential catalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, their large-scale application is still hindered due to limited active sites, poor conductivity, and restacking during synthesis. Herein, we report a one-step hydrothermal route to grow MoS₂ nanosheets on molybdenum (Mo) foil substrate followed by Au decoration as an active cocatalyst to enhance the HER performance of MoS₂ nanosheets. A facile, quick, and controlled decoration of stable Au overlayer with different mass loadings was performed using a sputtering Au coating unit for different deposition times (10s, 30s, and 50s), thus paving the way for producing efficient and inexpensive HER electrocatalysts. Electrochemical studies of different Au–MoS₂/Mo hybrids demonstrate that the optimized Au–MoS₂/Mo-30s sample exhibits ultralow onset potential (52 ± 2 mV vs. RHE), small overpotentials of 136 ± 6 and 318 ± 3 mV (vs. RHE) at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm^?2, a small Tafel slope (46.23 ± 6 mV/dec), along with an outstanding electrochemical stability over a couple of days. Presence of metallic 1T-phase of MoS₂, as well as the synergistic effect between MoS₂ and Au, result in enhanced electrical conductivity, high density of active sites, large electrochemically accessible surface area, and fast charge transfer at the catalyst-electrolyte interface for boosting HER activity of the hybrid catalyst.     

Synthesis of scalable 1T/2H–MoSe2 nanosheets with a new source of Se in basic media and study of their HER activity

In this report MoSe₂ nanosheets were fabricated using new precursors of MoCl₅ and Na₂SeO₃ and a very simple chemical procedure without using inert atmosphere and complex methods for preparing Se ion source. The structural properties of fabricated nanosheets were examined by means of XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), elemental mapping of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and isotherm gas adsorption-desorption technique. The results showed the nanosheets are mixed phase metallic-semiconductor 1T-2H with thicknesses about 3.6–6.1 nm and are stable for several months. The effective surface area is obtained 28 m² g⁻¹ and mean pore size of 6–8 nm for MoSe₂ nanosheets. Electro-impedance spectroscopy showed low resistivity of nanosheets due to presence of metallic phase of MoSe₂. HER activity of nanosheets obtains a Tafel slope of 60 mV.dec⁻¹ and high current density values up to 150 mA cm⁻² and the value of over potential at 10 mA cm⁻² is 155 mV.     

Synthesis and optimization of Mo–Ni–Se@NiSe core-shell nanostructures as efficient and durable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Synthesis conditions are among the most influential factors in the electrocatalytic properties of the samples studied for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, conditions of NiSe synthesis over a Mo–Ni–Se layer were optimized to create core-shell nanostructures with excellent electrocatalytic properties. To optimize the synthesis conditions, first, two electrodeposition techniques in constant potential and pulse potential conditions were investigated and then the optimal temperature for electrodeposition between 5, 25, 40, and 60 °C was found. The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples was investigated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronopotentiometry tests in a 1 M KOH solution. Preliminary results showed that pulsed electrodeposition of NiSe could improve the electrocatalytic activity of Mo–Ni–Se by forming durable and suitable nanostructures, while electrodeposited NiSe at constant potential could reduce the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode by forming a dense structure. Then, to determine the appropriate temperature, electrodeposition at the optimal pulse potential at four temperatures of 5, 25, 40, and 60 °C was used to synthesize NiSe on Mo–Ni–Se. The final results showed that the sample synthesized at 60 °C with an electrochemically active surface area of 2870 cm² had the highest hydrogen production sites and required only an overpotential of 77 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^?2.     

MoS2-graphene-CuNi2S4 nanocomposite an efficient electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction

We present a facile methodology for the synthesis of a novel 2D-MoS₂, graphene and CuNi₂S₄ (MoS₂-g-CuNi₂S₄) nanocomposite that displays highly efficient electrocatalytic activity towards the production of hydrogen. The intrinsic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of MoS₂ nanosheets was significantly enhanced by increasing the affinity of the active edge sites towards H⁺ adsorption using transition metal (Cu and Ni₂) dopants, whilst also increasing the edge sites exposure by anchoring them to a graphene framework. Detailed XPS analysis reveals a higher percentage of surface exposed S at 17.04%, of which 48.83% is metal bonded S (sulfide). The resultant MoS₂-g-CuNi₂S₄ nanocomposites are immobilized upon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and exhibit a HER onset potential and Tafel slope value of – 0.05 V (vs. RHE) and 29.3 mV dec⁻¹, respectively. These values are close to that of the polycrystalline Pt electrode (near zero potential (vs. RHE) and 21.0 mV dec⁻¹, respectively) and enhanced over a bare/unmodified SPE (– 0.43 V (vs. RHE) and 149.1 mV dec⁻¹, respectively). Given the efficient, HER activity displayed by the novel MoS₂-g-CuNi₂S₄/SPE electrochemical platform and the comparatively low associated cost of production for this nanocomposite, it has potential to be a cost-effective alternative to Pt within electrolyser technologies.     

S-doping induced phase engineering of MoSe2 for hydrogen evolution reaction

MoSe₂ is a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is confirmed that 1T-MoSe₂ shows better activity for HER compared with 2H-MoSe₂ since of wider interlayer spacing, higher conductivity and better hydrophilicity of 1T-MoSe₂. Realization of 1T-MoSe₂ is still a thorny issue due to its high formation barrier and thermodynamic metastable. Herein, considering the microstrain induced by atomic size mismatch through the substitution of Se by S, the MoSe_2-2xS_2x is prepared via one-pot hydrothermal synthesis, resulting in 70.3% high-purity 1T phase. Additionally, the MoSe_2-2xS_2x shows a low overpotential of 167 mV at 10 mA cm^?2, Tafel slope of 54 mV dec^?1, high double layer capacitance (C_dl) of 13.43 mF cm^?2 and superior cycle stability. The results are ascribed to larger interlayer spacing, high conductivity and good hydrophilicity of 1T phase MoSe_2-2xS_2x. This study provides a simple and feasible route to achieve high-purity TMDs for promoting HER application.     

Second diffusion of Co particles during MoS2 incorporated in N-doped carbon nanotubes towards superior electrochemical activity

Transition metal endowed carbon nanotubes are widely used in electrochemical catalytic reactions. The distribution of transition metal affected their performance. Herein, Co particles were firstly embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes. During the deposition of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), the size of Co particles was drastically decreased. This phenomenon is ascribed to the reaction between Co and S²⁻ ions. Finally, MoS₂/Co/N-doped carbon heterostructures formed. Such heterostructures exhibited excellent activity for electrocatalytic water splitting. It effectively improves the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution ability of the carbon nanotubes with an over potential of 468 mV at 50 mA/cm² current density. In addition, the formation mechanism of the Mo–N–C interface coupling structure has also been proposed. This unique structure facilitates further design research on carbon materials. It is worth mentioning that nitrogen-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have good oxygen reduction reaction activity, and the half-wave potential can reach 792 mV, the onset potential is 931 mV, and the ultimate diffusion current density is 5.3 mV/cm², which is close to the expensive commercial Pt/C electrodes.     

Hollow hexagonal NiSe–Ni3Se2 anchored onto reduced graphene oxide as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in wide-pH range

Integrating transition metal complexes with carbon-based materials, especially graphene, is a useful strategy for synthesizing effective hydrogen evolution catalysts. Herein, we report a design of hollow hexagonal NiSe–Ni₃Se₂ nanosheets grown on reduced graphene oxide (NiSe–Ni₃Se₂/rGO) by a simple hydrothermal method as an effective catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the full pH range. In 0.5 M H₂SO₄, the NiSe–Ni₃Se₂/rGO possesses 112 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^?2 and a small Tafel slope (61 mV dec^?1). In 1.0 M PBS and 1.0 M KOH, the overpotentials are 261 and 188 mV at 10 mA cm^?2, and Tafel slopes are 103 and 92 mV dec^?1, respectively. Meanwhile, it owns good cycle stability and durability over 20 h in the whole pH range (0-14). In all solutions, the HER performance of NiSe–Ni₃Se₂/rGO is better than that of NiSe–Ni₃Se₂. This is because the rGO substrate accelerates the electron transfer and improves the electrical conductivity, increasing HER activity of catalyst.     

Self-standing and efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting under alkaline media enabled by Mo1-xCoxS2 nanosheets anchored on carbon fiber paper

The layered MoS₂ nanostructures have been widely used in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but rarely applied in overall water splitting application for their ignorable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. To address this issue, a novel self-standing and bifunctional electrocatalyst, consisting of Co-doped MoS₂ nanosheets anchored on carbon fiber paper, has been prepared via hydrothermal method. Taking advantage of conductive substrate of carbon fiber paper, sufficient-exposed active edges of MoS₂ sheets, and metallic character caused by Co-doping, our electrode exhibits high-efficient bifunctional activities for the overall water splitting in alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH), which can produce a current density of 20 mA cm⁻² at an overpotential of 197 mV for HER and 235 mV for OER.     

Engineering multiphase for activating electroactive sites for highly efficient hydrogen evolution: Experimental and theoretical investigation

An ideal electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction of water splitting requires substantial active sites with high catalytic activity, fast electron and mass transfer, low gas adsorption energy, and high stability. However, a single component catalyst usually has only one of the many properties of an ideal electrocatalyst. Herein, for the first time, we synthesize Co_xSe/MoSe₂ micro-prisms on foam via a hydrothermal and selenization strategy. After selenization, a crystallized CoMoO₄ smooth prismatic structure can be converted into a Co_xSe/MoSe₂ prismatic structure with lamellar morphology. Such synergistic effects lead to Co_xSe/MoSe₂ superior electrochemical catalytic activity with a 109 mV over-potential at 10 mA cm⁻² and 204 mV over-potential at 100 mA cm⁻², an appropriate Tafel slope of 90 mV dec⁻¹, and remarkable long-term stability during 20 h of testing for the hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline medium. Density-functional calculations reveal the absorption energy of water and Gibbs free-energy of intermediate adsorb hydrogen of Co_xSe/MoSe₂ is more favorable for hydrogen evolution reaction than single component catalyst. Both experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that synergistic effect can efficiently reduce energy barrier of both the initial water adsorption step and subsequent H₂ generation on binary catalysts, and improve catalytic activity.     

Amorphous MoS2 nanosheets on MoO2 films/Mo foil as free-standing electrode for synergetic electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction

A facile oxidation-sulfidation strategy is proposed to fabricate the vertically aligned amorphous MoS₂ nanosheets on MoO₂ films/Mo foil (MF) as free-standing electrode, which features as the integration of three merits (high conductivity, abundant exposures of active sites, and enhanced mass transfer) into one electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the strong interaction between MoS₂ and MoO₂, which can enhance the intrinsic conductivity with narrow bandgap, and decreases hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔG_H1 = ~0.06 eV) to facilitate the HER process. Benefiting from the unique hierarchical structure with amorphous MoS₂ nanosheets on conductive MoO₂ films/MF to facilitate the electron/mass transfer by eliminate contact resistance, controllable number of stacking layers and size of MoS₂ slabs to expose more edge sites, the optimal MoS₂/MoO₂/MF exhibits outstanding activity with overpotential of 154 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻², Tafel slope of 52.1 mV dec⁻¹, and robust stability. Furthermore, the intrinsic HER activity (vs. ECSA) on MoS₂/MoO₂/MF is significantly enhanced, which shows 4.5 and 18.6 times higher than those of MoS₂/MF and MoO₂/MF at overpotential of 200 mV, respectively.     

Three-dimensional interconnected MoS2 nanosheets on industrial 316L stainless steel mesh as an efficient hydrogen evolution electrode

The development of inexpensive and competent electrocatalysts for high-efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been greatly significant to realize hydrogen production in large scale. In this paper, we selected the inexpensive and commercially accessible stainless steel as the conductive substrate for loading MoS₂ as a cathode for efficient HER under alkaline condition. Interconnected MoS₂ nanosheets were grown uniformly on 316-type stainless steel meshes with different mesh numbers via a facile hydrothermal way. And the optimized MoS₂/stainless steel electrocatalysts exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance for HER with a low overpotential of 160 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a small Tafel slope of 61 mV dec⁻¹ in 1 M KOH. Systematic study of the electrochemical properties was performed on the MoS₂/stainless steel electrocatalysts in comparison with the commonly used carbon cloth to better comprehend the origin of the superior HER performance as well as stability. By collaborative optimization of MoS₂ nanosheets and the cheap stainless steel substrate, the interconnected MoS₂ nanosheets on stainless steel provide an alternative strategy for the development of efficient and robust HER catalysts in strong alkaline environment.     

Three-dimensional ZnCo/MoS2–Co3S4/NF heterostructure supported on nickel foam as highly efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Exploring inexpensive and earth-abundant electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions is crucial in electrochemical sustainable chemistry field. In this work, a high-efficiency and inexpensive non-noble metal catalysts as alternatives to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was designed by one-step hydrothermal and two-step electrodeposition method. The as-prepared catalyst is composed of the synergistic MoS₂–Co₃S₄ layer decorated by ZnCo layered double hydroxides (ZnCo-LDH), which forms a multi-layer heterostructure (ZnCo/MoS₂–Co₃S₄/NF). The synthesized ZnCo/MoS₂–Co₃S₄/NF exhibits a small overpotential of 31 mV and a low Tafel plot of 53.13 mV dec^?1 at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, which is close to the HER performance of the overpotential (26 mV) of Pt/C/NF. The synthesized ZnCo/MoS₂–Co₃S₄/NF also has good stability in alkaline solution. The excellent electrochemical performance of ZnCo/MoS₂–Co₃S₄/NF electrode originates from its abundant active sites and good electronic conductivity brought by the multilayer heterostructure. This work provides a simple and feasible way to design alkaline HER electrocatalysts by growing heterostructures on macroscopic substrates.     

Fabrication of phosphorus-mediated MoS2 nanosheets on carbon cloth for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) as a graphene-like sheet material has attracted wide attention owing to the potential for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the large-scale application of MoS₂ is still difficult due to the inherent poor conductivity and insufficient active edge sites. Herein, we develop a simple method to grow P-doped MoS₂ nanosheets on carbon cloth for high efficiency HER. The 2D carbon cloth can prevent the stacking of MoS₂ nanosheets and improve the conductivity with the doping of P atoms. As a result, the P–MoS₂/CC-300 shows the excellent electrocatalytic activity with an overpotential of 81 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 and the lower Tafel slope of 98 mV/dec. Furthermore, it also shows the good electrocatalytic durability for 15 h. This work provides an opportunity for the design of excellent and robust MoS₂-based catalyst via structural engineering and doping method.     

Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of Ni0.85Se/MoS2 for hydrogen evolution reaction

Recently, the replacement of expensive platinum-based catalytic materials with non-precious metal materials to electrolyze water for hydrogen separation has attracted much attention. In this work, Ni_0.85Se, MoS₂ and their composite Ni_0.85Se/MoS₂ with different mole ratios are prepared successfully, as electrocatalysts to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting. The result shows that MoS₂/Ni_0.85Se with a molar ratio of Mo/Ni = 30 (denoted as M30) has the best catalytic performance towards HER, with the lowest overpotential of 118 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², smallest Tafel slope of 49 mV·dec⁻¹ among all the synthesized materials. Long-term electrochemical testing shows that M30 has good stability for HER over at least 30 h. These results maybe due to the large electrochemical active surface area and high conductivity. This work shows that transition metal selenides and sulfides can form effective electrocatalyst for HER.     

Self-supported molybdenum selenide nanosheets grown on urchin-like cobalt selenide nanowires array for efficient hydrogen evolution

The development of a highly efficient hybrid catalyst is desirable for the water splitting to produce hydrogen. MoSe₂ is one of the low-cost candidates; however, its activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is still not satisfactory due to the low conductivity and poor electrical contact with the charge collection substrate. Herein, we provide a simple approach of synthesizing vertically aligned MoSe₂ nanoplatelets on the urchin-like HER-active conductive CoSe₂ nanowire array. Nanostructured MoSe₂/CoSe₂ hybrid catalysts obtained a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at overpotentials of only 129 mV, with a small Tafel slope of 38.2 mV dec⁻¹, which is superior to those of most transition metal dichalcogenides (MoSe₂, MoSe₂–CoSe₂ hybrids, and so on). The abundant exposed active sites of MoSe₂, as well as an efficient electrical contact between MoSe₂ nanosheets and CoSe₂ nanowires, which is beneficial for the outstanding HER performance of MoSe₂/CoSe₂ hybrid electrode.     

Facile synthesis of MoS2/N-doped macro-mesoporous carbon hybrid as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

A novel three-dimensional (3D) hybrid consisting of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS₂) uniformly bound at N-doped macro-mesoporous carbon (N-MMC) surface was fabricated by the solvothermal method. The resulting MoS₂/N-MMC hybrid possesses few-layer MoS₂ nanosheets structure with abundant edges of MoS₂ exposed as active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), in sharp contrast to large aggregated MoS₂ nanoflowers without N-MMC. The high electric conductivity of N-MMC and an abundance of exposed edges on the MoS₂ nanosheets make the hybrid excellent electrocatalytic performance with a low onset potential of 98 mV, a small Tafel slope of 52 mV/decade, and a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at the overpotential of 150 mV. Moreover, the MoS₂/N-MMC hybrid exhibits outstanding electrochemical stability and structural integrity owing to the strong bonding between MoS₂ nanosheets and N-MMC.     

Superhydrophilic 3D peony flower-like Mo-doped Ni2S3@NiFe LDH heterostructure electrocatalyst for accelerating water splitting

Constructing highly efficient nonprecious electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential to improve the efficiency of overall water splitting, but still remains lots of obstacles. Herein, a novel 3D peony flower-like electrocatalyst was synthesized by employing Mo–Ni₂S₃/NF nanorod arrays as scaffolds to in situ growth ultrathin NiFe LDH nanosheets (Mo-Ni₂S₃@NiFe LDH). As expected, the novel peony flower-like Mo–Ni₂S₃@NiFe LDH displays superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for both OER and HER in alkaline media. Low overpotentials of only 228 mV and 109 mV are required to achieve the current densities of 50 mA cm^?2 and 10 mA cm^?2 for OER and HER, respectively. Additionally, the material remarkably accelerates water splitting with a low voltage of 1.54 V at 10 mA cm^?2, which outperforms most transition metal electrodes. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity benefits from the following these features: 3D peony flower-like structure with rough surface provides more accessible active sites; superhydrophilic surfaces lead to the tight affinity between electrode with electrolyte; metallic Ni substrate and highly conductive Mo–Ni₂S₃ nanorods scaffold together with offer fast electron transfer; the nanorod arrays and porous Ni foam accelerate gas bubble release and ions transmission; the strong interfacial effect between Mo-doped Ni₃S₂ and NiFe LDH shortens transport pathway, which are benefit for electrocatalytic performance enhancement. This work paves a new avenue for construction and fabrication the 3D porous structure to boost the intrinsic catalytic activities for energy conversion and storage applications.