不同碳水化合物食品血糖生成指数和胰岛素指数的评估

目的:测定不同来源碳水化合物食品GI值、II值。方法:10名空腹健康志愿者分别试食含碳水化合物50g的葡萄糖粉、富强粉馒头、燕麦纤维馒头和抗性淀粉馒头,测定餐后120min血浆中血糖和胰岛素水平。结果:以葡萄糖GI值、II值分别为100,三种馒头GI值分别为88.24±20.84、60.16±14.16、47.05±10.22;II值分别为83.06±10.81、68.32±17.08、60.26±30.1。食用抗性淀粉馒头后血糖峰值(45min)、胰岛素峰值(60min)及胰岛素与血糖应答曲线下面积比显著低于葡萄糖粉和富强粉馒头(P<0.05),与燕麦纤维馒头相比无统计学意义。燕麦纤维馒头血糖峰值(45min)低于葡萄糖粉(P<0.05)。结论:不同来源的碳水化合物食品有不同的血糖、胰岛素应答,抗性淀粉食品具有吸收缓慢而持久的特点,可维持餐后血糖稳态,降低餐后胰岛素分泌,提高机体对胰岛素的敏感性。     

调节血糖新概念 食物血糖生成指数

血糖生成指数是衡量食物引起餐后血糖反应的一项指标，是指含50克碳水化合物的食物与相当量的葡萄糖在一定时间内（一般为2小时）体内血糖反应水平百分比值。它是一个比值，反映了食物与葡萄糖相比升高血糖的速度和能力。它把葡萄糖的血糖生成指数定为100。     

抓饭和馕的血糖生成指数与胰岛索指数

我们测定了新疆少数民族常用主食抓饭和馕的血糖生成指数（GI）与胰岛素指数（Ⅱ），现报道如下。     

血糖生成指数与2型糖尿病的关系

血糖生成指数表示含 5 0g有价值碳水化合物的食物和相当量的葡萄糖或白面包在体内所引起的血糖应答水平的百分比 ,是衡量食物引起人体餐后血糖反应的一项有效指标。不同血糖生成指数的食物引起的血糖反应、胰岛素应答也不同。本文综述了近年来血糖生成指数与糖尿病的发生、糖尿病发病危险及其在糖尿病患者管理方面的研究进展     

怎样正确理解血糖生成指数

食物中的碳水化合物进入人体后经过消化分解成单糖，而后进入血液循环，进而影响血糖水平。由于食物进入胃肠道后消化速度不同，吸收程度不一致，葡萄糖进入血液速度有快有慢，数量有多有少，因此即使含等量碳水化合物的食物，对人体血糖水平影响也不同。专家提出用“食物血糖生成指数”（GI）的概念来衡量某种食物或膳食组成对血糖浓度影响的程度。     

谷物淀粉的慢消化特性与餐后血糖应答

目的分析不同谷物淀粉的慢消化性能与餐后血糖应答。方法采用Englyst方法对淀粉进行体外营养学分类,同时10名空腹健康志愿者分别试食含碳水化合物50g的葡萄糖粉与不同淀粉,测餐后120min血浆中血糖水平并计算出血糖生成指数(GI)与增加血糖生成指数(EGI)值。结果在碳水化合物分类中谷物淀粉中主要含有SDS,约为50%。以葡萄糖GI为100%,不同谷物淀粉的GI均大于90%,属于高GI食品,但是其EGI均为正数。结论不同谷物的淀粉都有良好的慢消化性能与相似的餐后血糖应答,它们吸收缓慢而持久,可维持餐后血糖稳态,对健康有利。     

血糖生成指数与糖尿病饮食管理

本文作者概述了食物血糖生成指数的概念、计算方法、对食物评价的意义以及在糖尿病饮食管理中的作用及应注意的问题.     

食物血糖生成指数与相关慢性病的关系研究进展

探讨血糖生成指数的影响因素及膳食干预对慢性病的发生发展的关系。随着人们膳食模式的改变,超重和肥胖及与其相关的慢性病成为目前危害人类健康的重要问题之一,患病率和并发症发生率很高。近年来的研究显示,食物血糖指数可以更有效地指导这类人群合理安排膳食,以达到促进和改善人们健康的目的。目前,GI不仅用于糖尿病患者的饮食管理,而且广泛应用于心血管疾病和肥胖者的膳食管理、居民营养教育,甚至扩展到运动员的膳食管理等多项用途中。     

厦门市城区居民膳食血糖负荷和膳食胰岛素负荷的 现况调查

摘要:目的　了解厦门市城区居民碳水化合物消费情况及膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷的现状,调查膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷与生化指标。方法　根据全国营养调查方案,2010年10-12月对厦门市城区的6个社区居委会成年居民进行调查,采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法对其中的291人进行膳食调查、身体测量及生化指标测量;根据膳食血糖生成指数（GI）和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食血糖负荷（GL）;根据膳食胰岛素指数（II）和能量及食用频率计算膳食胰岛素负荷（IL）。结果　被调查的厦门市城区成年居民的平均膳食血糖指数为75.2;平均膳食血糖负荷为179.1;平均膳食胰岛素指数为30.4,平均膳食胰岛素负荷为247.2。粮谷类对膳食GL、IL的贡献达92.0%、83.1%。不同GL、IL水平的被调查人群的身体测量及生化指标间的差异无统计学意义;通过多元线性回归分析并未发现膳食GI、GL、II、IL与糖尿病的患病风险有明显的相关性。结论　粮谷类食物是厦门市城区居民膳食GL、IL的主要来源,低膳食GL的人群粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,膳食结构不合理;并未发现膳食GL、IL与身体测量及生化指标之间的联系。     

Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris may be improved by dietary factors that increase insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that a low-glycemic index diet would improve facial acne severity and insulin sensitivity. Fifty-eight adolescent males (mean age ± standard deviation 16.5 ± 1.0 y and body mass index 23.1 ± 3.5 kg/m(2)) were alternately allocated to high or low glycemic index diets. Severity of inflammatory lesions on the face, insulin sensitivity (homeostasis modeling assessment of insulin resistance), androgens and insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding proteins were assessed at baseline and at eight weeks, a period corresponding to the school term. Forty-three subjects (n = 23 low glycemic index and n = 20 high glycemic index) completed the study. Diets differed significantly in glycemic index (mean ± standard error of the mean, low glycemic index 51 ± 1 vs. high glycemic index 61 ± 2, p = 0.0002), but not in macronutrient distribution or fiber content. Facial acne improved on both diets (low glycemic index -26 ± 6%, p = 0.0004 and high glycemic index -16 ± 7%, p = 0.01), but differences between diets did not reach significance. Change in insulin sensitivity was not different between diets (low glycemic index 0.2 ± 0.1 and high glycemic index 0.1 ± 0.1, p = 0.60) and did not correlate with change in acne severity (Pearson correlation r = -0.196, p = 0.244). Longer time frames, greater reductions in glycemic load or/and weight loss may be necessary to detect improvements in acne among adolescent boys.     

Responses of plasma magnesium and other cations to fluid replacement during exercise.

Changes in plasma magnesium (Mg) and other cations in response to exercise have been previously reported, but whether ingestion of fluids providing carbohydrate and electrolytes modifies the changes has not been determined. We examined patterns of change in plasma Mg, calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) in 10 men [age 30 +/? 2 years; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 57.4 +/? 3.2 ml.kg-1.min-1] who ran on a treadmill for 2 hours at 60-65% of their VO2max. Subjects drank 200 mL of water (W) or a 7% glucose polymer/fructose/electrolyte solution (GPFE) at 0 time and every 30 minutes while running (30, 60 and 90 minutes). Plasma Mg continued to decline throughout exercise and was lowest when exercise was terminated at 120 minutes (87.9 +/? 1.2 and 88.9 +/? 2.2% of pre-exercise for W and GPFE, respectively). In contrast, a significant increase in serum K was noted (105.2 +/? 3.6 and 112.8 +/? 3.0% of pre-exercise at time 120 for W and GPFE). Serum Na increased slightly, but no changes in plasma Ca were observed. Serum glucose and lactate increased transiently for all running conditions, but no differences across fluid treatments were noted. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) increased during exercise with W ingestion, whereas no rise in serum FFA occurred with GPFE until the end of exercise. That patterns of change in Mg and K during exercise were not altered by providing a fluid replacement beverage containing glucose polymer, fructose, Mg, K, Ca, and Na, as compared to water, suggests that these events may be requisite to maintenance of homeostasis. Mechanisms must be sought to explain the decline in plasma Mg that occurs with exercise.     

The association between dietary glycemic index,glycemic load and diet quality indices in Iranian adults: results from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

To assess the association between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and dietary quality indices in Iranian adults. This cross section was conducted among 1571 Iranian adults aged ≥19 years. GI, GL and diet quality indices were estimated by 24-h recall and DDS was calculated using a validated 48-item food frequency questionnaire. Participants who were in the top tertile of GI had lower healthy eating index (HEI) (57.2?±?7.8 versus 55.6?±?8.7; p?p?2. Individuals in the lowest tertile of GL had lower HEI, MAR and NARs for Zn, vitamin B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, vitamin D. Both GI and GL were positively related to dietary diversity score (DED) (p?相似文献   

Dietary carbohydrate and the nervous system

The purpose of this review is to draw attention to the many effects of dietary carbohydrate on the nervous system. In addition to being dependent on glucose as its main energy source, the nervous system and many of its functions are influenced by the electrophysiologic and metabolic consequences of carbohydrate ingestion. The subject is discussed under the following topics; brain energy metabolism, brain links to glucose availability in the gut and liver, carbohydrates and brain neurochemistry, dietary sugars and brain neurochemistry, and carbohydrates and the sympathetic nervous system.     

餐后血糖应答反应的影响因素及其调控

血糖水平异常,是许多慢性病的常见特点和危险因素。血糖生成指数(GI)是反映碳水化合物餐后血糖应答水平的特征性指数。测定各类碳水化合物的血糖生成指数之后,用来指导人们的日常膳食,改善糖尿病人、心脑血管病病人和肥胖者等的健康状况,具有重要的意义。现有的证据表明,影响食物血糖应答的因素很多,包括食物本身所具有的各种特征和机体自身的状态等。对这些因素的认识,有助于更有效的推广和应用GI来指导人们的膳食,维护和改善人们,尤其是糖尿病和肥胖等慢性疾病患者的健康。本文综述了碳水化合物的消化吸收和利用过程中影响血糖应答的各种因素及其机理。     

富碳水化合物食品血糖生成指数的体外回归模型

目的通过探讨富碳水化合物(CHO)食品营养组成及体外消化特性与体内血糖指数的关系,尝试建立体外回归模型。方法选择30种富CHO食品分析蛋白质、脂肪及CHO组成;在AOAC抗性淀粉测定的实验条件下,修改建立体外消化实验方法,测定淀粉在20min、120min、240min和16h的消化量以及不能消化的抗性淀粉含量;并采用国际标准方法完成食物血糖生成指数(GI)评估;通过逐步回归方法探讨各成分组成与GI关系。结果30种食品GI值分布为26～113,GI值高低与20min和120min内消化的淀粉量(S20、S120)呈明显正相关(P<0.05),而与抗性淀粉(RS)呈明显负相关(P<0.01)。将S120与葡萄糖含量相加定义为易利用糖(EAG),建立GI体外测试的回归方程为GI=39.65+1.008EAG-1.072RS。结论食品碳水化合物组成和体外消化实验有助于解释富碳水化合物食物体内血糖应答反应及预测GI值。     

膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与成人血脂异常危险关系的研究

目的探讨膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与中国成人血脂水平及血脂异常患病危险的关系,为膳食防治提供科学依据。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。以膳食GL作为指标,采用单相关分析和多元回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂水平的关系;采用趋势分析和Logistic回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂异常患病危险的关系。结果膳食GL与人群血浆总胆固醇(TC)水平和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可降低高TC血症和高LDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与人群高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可增加低HDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与血浆甘油三酯(TG)水平呈负相关,但未见高GL对高TG血症患病风险有显著影响。结论以粮谷类食物为主,碳水化合物为主要能量来源的中国传统膳食模式有利于预防血脂异常的发生。     

Postmastication digestion factors influence glycemic variability in humans

The glycemic response (GR) to food is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. A consistent observation in GR studies is the wide within- and between-individual variations. The authors hypothesize that between-individual variations in the GR, insulin response (IR) and gastric emptying occur even when food particle size is standardized. Volunteers were tested on 2 nonconsecutive days after an overnight fast in randomized order. On 1 day, the volunteers consumed large (>2000 μm) rice particles, and on the second day, small rice particles (500-1000 μm). Subsequently, gastric emptying using the sodium [¹³C] acetate breath test (for 240 minutes) and GR and IR (for 120 minutes) from finger-prick blood samples were measured. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for the GR for small particles varied 45% more compared with whole rice. The small particles elicited a significantly greater GR IAUC than the large particles. The standard deviations associated with the IR IAUC for the small particles was 140% greater than that of the large particles. The total IAUC for IR was also significantly greater for the small particles than the large particles. The between-individual variations associated with gastric emptying times were similar for both samples. The gastric emptying latency phase, lag, and half time were significantly shorter for the small particles. Ingesting small particles causes faster gastric emptying and produces greater glycemic and IRs. Between-individual variations in GR and IR can be observed even when all the food associated factors including ingested particle size (mastication) are controlled for in humans.     

Carbohydrate and the Regulation of Blood Glucose and Metabolism

Classifying the glycemic responses of carbohydrate foods using the glycemic index (GI) requires standardized methodology for valid results. Dietary carbohydrates influence metabolism by at least four mechanisms: nature of the monosaccharides absorbed, amount of carbohydrate consumed, rate of absorption, and colonic fermentation. Reducing glycemic responses by reducing carbohydrate intake increases postprandial serum free-fatty acids (FFA) and does not improve overall glycemic control in diabetic subjects. By contrast, low-GI diets reduce serum FFA and improve glycemic control. Thus, current evidence supports FAO/WHO recommendations to maintain a high-carbohydrate diet and choose low-GI starchy foods.