Modeling of Thermochemical Behavior in an Industrial-Scale Rotary Hearth Furnace for Metallurgical Dust Recycling

Metallurgical dusts can be recycled through direct reduction in rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs) via addition into carbon-based composite pellets. While iron in the dust is recycled, several heavy and alkali metal elements harmful for blast furnace operation, including Zn, Pb, K, and Na, can also be separated and then recycled. However, there is a lack of understanding on thermochemical behavior related to direct reduction in an industrial-scale RHF, especially removal behavior of Zn, Pb, K, and Na, leading to technical issues in industrial practice. In this work, an integrated model of the direct reduction process in an industrial-scale RHF is described. The integrated model includes three mathematical submodels and one physical model, specifically, a three-dimensional (3-D) CFD model of gas flow and heat transfer in an RHF chamber, a one-dimensional (1-D) CFD model of direct reduction inside a pellet, an energy/mass equilibrium model, and a reduction physical experiment using a Si-Mo furnace. The model is validated by comparing the simulation results with measurements in terms of furnace temperature, furnace pressure, and pellet indexes. The model is then used for describing in-furnace phenomena and pellet behavior in terms of heat transfer, direct reduction, and removal of a range of heavy and alkali metal elements under industrial-scale RHF conditions. The results show that the furnace temperature in the preheating section should be kept at a higher level in an industrial-scale RHF compared with that in a pilot-scale RHF. The removal rates of heavy and alkali metal elements inside the composite pellet are all faster than iron metallization, specifically in the order of Pb, Zn, K, and Na.     

含锌粉尘内配碳球团还原模型

以转底炉处理钢铁厂含锌粉尘为背景,结合转底炉实际生产工艺条件,建立了含锌粉尘内配碳球团直接还原一维非稳态数学模型.模型不仅考虑了铁氧化物的还原反应和碳的气化反应,还加入了氧化锌的还原反应,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性.利用计算结果分析讨论了炉温、球团半径及孔隙率对球团还原的影响.炉温对球团的金属化率和脱锌率均有显著影响,孔隙率和球团半径仅对球团的金属化率影响较小,而对脱锌率基本没有影响.      

厚料层转底炉含铁尘泥直接还原模拟

转底炉工艺是目前处理含铁尘泥最有效的工艺之一,但传统转底炉处理尘泥需要造球且只能铺设1~2层球团以致生产效率较低。针对该问题,料层厚度是传统工艺10~30倍的新型厚料层转底炉技术应运而生,同时无需造球并取消了燃烧装置,极大提高生产效率。基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立了新型厚料层转底炉工艺多孔介质异相反应直接还原数学模型,研究厚料层转底炉的工作特性,分别对厚料层转底炉内的还原性气氛、脱锌、金属化率进行分析与讨论。研究表明,厚料层转底炉物料出炉时脱锌率超过99%且金属化率达到90%以上,能够有效提升生产效率。研究结果丰富了转底炉工艺理论,并为新型厚料层转底炉工程化提供理论依据。     

高炉炉缸铁水流场数值模拟

铁水环流是造成炉缸＂蒜头状＂侵蚀的主要原因,而导致铁水环流行程主要是由于炉缸内的死料柱引起的。为此,以流体力学有关理论为基础,建立了炉缸炉底三维流体数学模型,应用FLUENT软件,研究了高炉炉缸中不同死料柱位置、状态及出铁口尺寸对炉缸内铁水流动的影响。结果表明：死料柱有较小的浮起时造成炉底铁水流量较大对炉底产生较强的侵蚀。当中心死料柱尺寸大时自由铁水区的铁水流速较快,反之较慢。当出铁口直径增大时,铁水的质量流量增大,炉缸底部的铁水环流明显增大。     

A simulation study of reduction kinetics for sponge iron production in a rotary hearth furnace

ABSTRACT

A mathematical model has been developed by coupling genetic algorithm (GA) with heat and material balance equations to estimate rate parameters and solid-phase evolution related to the reduction of iron ore-coal composite pellets in a multi-layer bed Rotary hearth Furnace (RHF). The present process involves treating iron ore-coal composite pellets in a crucible over the hearth in RHF. The various solid phases evolved at the end of the process are estimated experimentally, and are used in conjunction with the model to estimate rate parameters. The predicted apparent activation energy for the wustite reduction step is found to be lower than those of the reduction of higher oxides. The thermal efficiency is found to decrease significantly with an increase in the carbon content of the pellet. Thermal efficiency was also found to increase mildly up to three layers. Multilayer bed remains as a potential design parameter to increase thermal efficiency.     

CHARP工艺过程中的硫行为及硫控制

 对转底炉煤基热风熔融炼铁工艺(CHARP)含碳球团还原熔分过程中硫的分配、硫的行为以及如何降低或控制珠铁中的硫含量进行了实验研究。结果表明，除了控制原料中以及垫底料中硫含量以外，应尽量缩短珠铁形成以后其在炉内的停留时间，防止液态铁从垫底料中吸硫；垫底料中混合适量的固硫剂有利于降低珠铁中硫含量。含碳球团中碱度对珠铁降硫作用不大，添加适量的Na2CO3和MnO2对珠铁具有较显著的降硫效果。氧化性气氛可促进含碳球团中硫的挥发。     

转底炉处理钢厂固废工艺的工程化及其生产实践

 钢厂含锌粉尘由于在高炉炼铁工艺中无法有效回收,造成了巨大的资源浪费和环境污染。美国和日本等国家采用转底炉工艺处理钢厂固体废弃物尤其是含锌铅的含铁粉尘,目前已经证明是成功的工艺。介绍了日照钢厂采用转底炉还原工艺处理钢厂固体废弃物,处理能力2×20万t,其特点是原料系统采用冷固结含碳球团,转底炉热源采用两段式煤气发生炉生产的煤气,采用空气、煤气双预热方式回收转底炉烟气系统的余热,金属化球团产品全部作为转炉炼钢的冷却剂使用。经过数月的调试,生产已经正常。其生产实践表明,转底炉工艺可以有效回收钢厂固体废弃物的有价元素,变废为宝。生产的金属化球团形貌保持完好,抗压强度高,金属化率可达到80%左右。转底炉还原工艺在国内成功地工业化生产,将对中国转底炉工艺的发展起到重大的促进作用。     

Reduction Behaviour of Iron Ore–Coal Composite Pellets in Rotary Hearth Furnace (RHF): Effect of Pellet Shape,Size, and Bed Packing Material

Reduction of iron ore–coal composite pellets in multi-layers at rotary hearth furnace (RHF) is limited by heat and mass transfer. Effect of various parameters like pellet shape, size, and bed packing material that are supposed to influence the heat and mass transfer in the pellet bed, have been investigated, on the reduction behaviour of iron ore–coal composite pellets at 1250 °C for 20 min in a laboratory scale RHF. Reduced pellets have been characterised through weight loss measurement, estimation of shrinkage, porosity, and qualitative, quantitative phase analysis by XRD. A significant difference in the degree of reduction is observed layer-wise in the pellet bed with the variation in pellet shape and size. Pellet bed without any packing material or packed with coal have demonstrated higher degrees of reduction compared to the pellet bed packed with graphite and sand.     

转底炉直接还原工艺综合数学模型

为发展和深入认识转底炉直接还原工艺技术,建立了转底炉综合数学模型,该模型由转底炉本体热化学平衡、转底炉区域热平衡计算模型、余热回收模型、生球干燥模型、炉膛温度校核与尾气露点校核模型和转底炉流程模型组成.采用综合模型计算了该工艺流程的基本工艺参数.计算结果表明:煤气热值、废气排放温度和余热回收利用方案对整体能量消耗有不同程度影响,煤气发热值每增加50kJ·m-3,理论燃烧温度提高22~25℃,煤气用量减少41~47m3·t-1;空气预热温度平均每增加100℃,理论燃烧温度提高35~40℃,煤气用量减少90~103m3·t-1.此外,应用此模型还可以计算任何原料和燃料等条件下的直接还原工艺参数,研究不同余热回收方案条件下的各个工艺参数的变化规律.      

Behavior of Conducting Liquid within an Arc Furnace in a Vertical Magnetic Field

In a vertical magnetic field, bulk electromagnetic forces arise in conducting melt within the bath of a dc arc furnace. As a result, the melt is set in motion. The flow of slag and metal in the furnace bath may lead to effective mixing but may also have negative consequences, such as increased lining wear in the region of the hearth electrode. There has been little research on conductive mixing in the bath of a dc arc furnace. Theoretical concerns include the character of the flow in the bath under the action of magnetic fields of specific magnitude; practical considerations include the lack of simple and reliable sources of magnetic fields. In the present work, the utility of a transparent physical model in studying the flow of conducting liquid in an external vertical magnetic field is investigated. The applicability of the modeling results to processes in the 5-t bath of an industrial dc arc furnace is analyzed. It proves possible in principle to study the flow of conducting melt in external vertical magnetic fields on models based on transparent nonmetallic conducting liquids. The use of an aqueous solution of table salt permits assessment of the liquid velocity at its free surface and close to the hearth electrode by video recording. By physical modeling of the flow of conducting fluid in the bath under the action of an external vertical magnetic field, with different switching sequences of the hearth electrode and different currents in the bath, it is possible to establish the character of the liquid flow when the hearth electrode is at the center of the bath or somewhat displaced. The mean rate of liquid rotation in the horizontal plane is increased when the hearth electrode is at some distance from the bath axis. The strength of the vertical magnetic field producing conductive motion in the metal bath of a 5-t dc arc furnace is estimated: around 5 kA/m.     

Beneficiation of Titanium Oxides From Ilmenite by Self-Reduction of Coal Bearing Pellets

The study on the beneficiation of titanium oxides from Panzhihua ilmenites by reduction of coal bearing pellets was carried out. The iron oxides in pellets were efficiently reduced to metal iron, and titanium oxide slag beneficiated was separated from metal iron. The effect of temperature, flux and coal blending ratio on the reduction and separation was investigated, and rational parameters were determined. A new process for the beneficiation of titanium oxides by rotary hearth furnace （RHF） was proposed.     

CFD Modeling and Analysis of The Flow,Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer in a Blast Furnace Hearth

Understanding the complex phenomena in the BF hearth is essential to increasing furnace productivity and to extending furnace campaign. Numerical modeling provides a cost‐effective tool to obtain such knowledge. We have developed several continuum‐based mathematical/numerical models to simulate the flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in the lower part of BF and in the hearth. These models have generated an improved insight into the mechanisms for liquid drainage efficiency, lining erosion and wall protection in BF hearth under operational conditions. The current paper provides an overview of these studies, as well as dealing with three specific aspects: (a) Gas flow and pressure on the liquid surface, and its effect on the drainage characteristics; (b) Flow and temperature distributions of liquid iron in the hearth, and the temperature distribution in the refractories; and (c), Titania injection to form Ti(C,N)‐rich scaffolds on the hearth refractory surface, to protect the hearth from erosion.     

Numerical modelling of iron flow and heat transfer in blast furnace hearth

Abstract

The erosion of hearth refractories is widely recognised as the main limitation for a long campaign blast furnace life. Distributions of liquid iron flow and refractory temperatures have a significant influence on hearth wear. In this investigation, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics model is described which predicts the fluid flow and heat transfer in the hearth; specifically, the flow and temperature distributions in the liquid iron melt, and temperature distributions in the refractories. The accuracy and representativeness of the model was evaluated using plant data from BHP Steel's Port Kembla no. 5 blast furnace and OneSteel's Whyalla no. 2 blast furnace. Generally, there is good agreement between measured and calculated refractory temperature profiles. A series of sensitivity tests provided cause-effect relationships between operational and fluid flow parameters (floating deadman, different extent of refractory erosion, presence of embrittled layer).     

大型高炉合理炉缸冷却制度

合理的炉缸冷却制度是保证大型高炉长寿的基础,不同冷却制度对高炉炉缸的温度分布和侵蚀状况具有直接影响.结合某4000 m3级高炉,根据传热学理论建立了高炉炉缸、炉底温度场物理模型和数学模型,通过数值模拟对"大水量、小温差"和"小水量、大温差"这两种不同炉缸冷却制度进行了研究,分析了不同冷却制度对炉缸温度场、炉缸侵蚀状况及高炉寿命的影响.结果表明,在炉役初期砖衬较厚时,不同冷却制度对炉内温度分布的影响区别不大;随着砖衬的不断减薄,不同冷却制度对炉内温度分布的影响逐渐明显;当砖衬侵蚀到一定程度后,再好的冷却也无济于事,但采用"大水量、小温差"并加强冷却可以减缓砖衬的侵蚀,延长高炉寿命.      

钒钛矿转底炉直接还原炉底上涨成因及对策

针对钒钛磁铁矿转底炉直接还原过程中炉底上涨的原因进行了分析研究,并在实验室开展了相关试验。通过分析黏结物化学组成和物相组成,得出转底炉炉底上涨为玻璃质液相黏结高熔点橄榄石和铁氧化物累积导致炉底上涨;通过实验室试验研究表明,物料粒度是影响转底炉炉底上涨的关键因素,其次是还原温度和还原时间。根据上述研究结果,结合资源综合利用中试线现场条件,优化了原料转底炉系统的工艺参数,改进了干球技术指标,转底炉炉底上涨基本得到抑制,实现了试验生产顺行。     

转底炉直接还原铜渣回收铁、锌技术

采用转底炉直接还原工艺,将铜渣含碳球团在高温条件下直接还原得到金属化球团和高品位氧化锌粉尘,再通过熔分或磨矿磁选方式将铁回收,得到的铁产品可作为冶炼含铜钢的原料.转底炉中试结果表明:采用"转底炉直接还原—燃气熔分"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位94%以上、铁回收率93%以上的熔分铁水;采用"转底炉直接还原—磨矿磁选"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位90%以上、铁回收率85%以上的金属铁粉;采用两种流程处理铜渣,均可获得锌品位60.02%的ZnO粉尘.结果表明,经过转底炉直接还原,铜渣中的铁橄榄石Fe_2SiO_4和磁铁矿Fe_3O_4相转变为含有金属铁Fe、二氧化硅SiO_2和少量辉石相Ca(Fe,Mg)Si_2O_6的金属化球团,具备通过磨选或熔分进行进一步富集的条件.     

辊底式热处理炉过程控制系统及应用

以南钢辊底式热处理炉为研究对象,全面分析了其过程控制特点。并以辊底式热处理炉数学模型为基础,实现了辊底式热处理炉的计算机优化控制。该辊底式热处理在线优化控制可实现炉内钢板位置的实时跟踪、温度的动态计算、最佳炉温优化及在线反馈修正、钢板装出炉在线修正等功能,最终实现了全线计算机控制系统网络。     

长寿高炉炉缸冷却系统的深入探讨

合理的炉缸冷却制度是保证高炉长寿的重要基础,从传热学的角度上对高炉冷却系统进行了深入探讨,分析了高炉炉缸传热数学模型的局限性,根据一维径向传热模型计算表明,增大冷却水流量可降低冷却水温差,但对增强炉缸冷却强度效果甚微。分析了冷却水对高炉炉缸的重要作用在于提高临界热流强度,防止出现核态沸腾和膜态沸腾。在炉缸结构一定的条件下,炉缸导出的热量主要取决于铁水的流动状态及铁水温度,最后给出炉缸砖衬出现缝隙的判定条件。