壳聚糖及其衍生物在医药上的应用

本文着重对壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌特性、降低血清胆甾醇和抑制高血压的特性及其作为肝素材料在医药上的应用进行综述,并展望了其在医药上的发展前景.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在组织修复重建中的应用

壳聚糖及其衍生物具有多样的生物活性,已被广泛应用于工业、农业、纺织、食品等行业。同时,其在医学科研与临床领域,尤其在组织修复重建中的应用研究也越来越广泛,目前国内外关于壳聚糖及其衍生物用于组织修复重建的研究,主要为创面修复,骨与软骨的修复,神经修复、药物释放系统以及术后防粘连等。现对近年来国内外关于壳聚糖及其衍生物应用于组织修复重建的研究进行总结,使医生及科研工作者更好的了解壳聚糖的应用进展。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌性质的研究进展

壳聚糖对多种细菌、真菌具有广谱抗菌的功能,因此它被广泛地应用于广泛地用于口腔疾病、皮肤炎症、伤口感染、胃肠道疾病等各种疾病的治疗.本文综述了壳聚糖及其衍生物对常见的口腔致病菌、皮肤癣菌、伤口感染菌以及胃肠道疾病的致病菌的抗菌作用和壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌机理.     

糖尿病患者中肥胖与血管并发症的关系

目的：探讨肥胖对糖尿病发生及其并发症的影响。方法：对北京地区,年龄≥25岁的1657人群进行标准口服葡萄糖耐量试验及糖尿病并发症检查。结果：体重指数（BMI）≥25的肥胖者,糖尿病、糖耐量减低的患病率均显著高于BMI＜25者（P＜0．01）。BMI≥25的糖尿病患者高血压、脑卒中患病率亦高于BMI＜25的糖尿病患者,而视网膜病变的患病率低于后者。糖尿病肾病的患病率在肥胖与非肥胖两组相同。结论：肥胖是糖尿病、糖耐量减低及其高血压、脑卒中的重要危险因素,而在微血管并发症的作用有待于进一步探讨。     

壳聚糖在牙周组织工程中的应用进展

牙周组织缺损的修复一直是一个热点，但始终无法完善地解决。壳聚糖及其复合物具有良好的生物相容性和生物功能性，它也是惟一在牙周组织工程的各个方面都可以应用的可降解材料。“壳聚糖牙周修复系统”的应用对于牙周修复再生是一条非常有前景的解决途径。     

壳聚糖及衍生物在药物制剂中的应用

目的：总结近年壳聚糖及衍生物在药物制剂中的应用现状。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库,检索时限1999-01/2010-10。检索关键词：壳聚糖,缓释,药物,应用。纳入有关壳聚糖的制备方法及其在药物制剂中应用的文章,排除较陈旧文献。共保留相关文献20篇进入结果分析。 结果：壳聚糖具有良好的生物相容性、可生物降解性、无毒性和易成膜性,在国内外药学领域,壳聚糖应用于缓释、控释制剂的研究颇受人们关注。利用壳聚糖特有的物理化学性质,如遇酸膨胀形成凝胶、有良好成膜性及促进多肽类、蛋白质药物的透黏膜吸收等特点,人们一般将壳聚糖以片剂、成膜材料及微球、微囊等形式,作为缓释、控释制剂的骨架材料。 结论：用壳聚糖所开发的缓控释制剂,均衡了释药速率,减少了药物对正常组织细胞的毒副作用。     

壳聚糖及其水溶性衍生物的细胞毒性研究

目的：研究壳聚糖及其水溶性衍生物的细胞毒性。方法：在碱性条件下，分别用溴代异丁烷和氯乙酸对壳聚糖进行化学修饰；采用细胞生长抑制法测定壳聚糖与水溶性的异丁基壳聚糖、羧甲基壳聚糖的细胞毒性。结果：壳聚糖及其水溶性衍生物对细胞的毒性为零级。结论：壳聚糖及其水溶性衍生物无细胞毒性。     

壳聚糖在牙周组织工程中的应用进展

牙周组织缺损的修复一直是一个热点,但始终无法完善地解决。壳聚糖及其复合物具有良好的生物相容性和生物功能性,它也是惟一在牙周组织工程的各个方面都可以应用的可降解材料。“壳聚糖牙周修复系统”的应用对于牙周修复再生是一条非常有前景的解决途径。     

肥胖基因及其与NIDDM的关系

本文阐述了小鼠和人肥胖基因的结构及其基因表达产物，肥胖基因突变与肥胖和糖尿病的关系。     

口腔抗菌领域中壳聚糖及其衍生物的作用

背景：口腔中微生物种类繁多,形成一个复杂的微环境,菌群失调会引发一系列口腔疾病。目前,抗菌药物的使用主要是口服或局部使用,但由于抗生素的迅速分解与释放,病原微生物对抗生素的抗药性不断增强,常导致临床疗效不佳。近年来研究发现,壳聚糖及其衍生物具有良好的抗菌活性,同时随着纳米技术的发展,壳聚糖及其衍生物以不同的形式在抗菌领域的研究较为广泛。目的：针对壳聚糖及其衍生物的主要抗菌机制及其以不同形式在口腔抗菌领域的应用作一综述。方法：应用计算机在PubMed、Web of Science和中国知网数据库检索涉及壳聚糖及其衍生物在口腔抗菌领域中的相关研究,中英文检索词分别为“Chitosan,chitosan derivative,Antibacterial activity,Antibacterial Mechanism,Oral”和“壳聚糖、壳聚糖衍生物、抗菌活性、抗菌机制、口腔”,检索时限为各数据建库至2022年4月。结果与结论：(1)壳聚糖又称脱乙酰甲壳素,是甲壳素脱乙酰基后的初级衍生物,是目前发现的惟一的阳离子碱性多糖。壳聚糖及其衍生物作为纳米抗菌剂在口腔抗菌领域得到广泛研究。(2)壳聚...     

Impact of obesity on autoimmune arthritis and its cardiovascular complications

Obesity can instigate and sustain a systemic low-grade inflammatory environment that can amplify autoimmune disorders and their associated comorbidities. Metabolic changes and inflammatory factors produced by the adipose tissue have been reported to aggravate autoimmunity and predispose the patient to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic comorbidities. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are autoimmune arthritic diseases, often linked with altered body mass index (BMI). Severe joint inflammation and bone destruction have a debilitating impact on the patient's life; there is also a staggering risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, these patients are at risk of developing metabolic symptoms, including insulin resistance resulting in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, arthritis severity, progression and response to therapy can be markedly affected by the patient's BMI. Hence, a complex integrative pathogenesis interconnects autoimmunity with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. This review aims to shed light on the network that connects obesity with RA, PsA, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj?gren's syndrome. We have focused on clarifying the mechanism by which obesity affects different cell types, inflammatory factors and traditional therapies in these autoimmune disorders. We conclude that to further optimize arthritis therapy and to prevent CVD, it is imperative to uncover the intricate relation between obesity and arthritis pathology.     

Immunological complications of obesity

Current approaches for the treatment of obesity, including diet and lifestyle changes, have not been successful in curtailing the obesity epidemic. The higher incidence of inflammation-associated chronic disease and greater susceptibility to infection in obese people represents a growing health threat. Improved understanding of the immunological processes that regulate obesity may yield new treatments for obesity-associated disorders.     

An obsessive-compulsive view of obesity and its treatment

It was hypothesized that some obese individuals who are obsessed with food and who eat compulsively may not respond to the stimulus control techniques widely used in treating obesity. Sixty-eight participants were administered a measure of obsessive tendencies and randomly assigned to three treatment modalities: (a) Exposure and response prevention; (b) Stimulus control; (c) Control. Results indicated that participants who scored high on the Eating Obsessive Compulsive questionnaire (EOC) maintained weight loss significantly better with exposure and response prevention (ERP) training than did either the stimulus control or the control group. It was concluded that for the obsessive-compulsive eater, ERP training is the treatment of choice.     

Hepatic complications of COVID-19 and its treatment

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and has a variety of clinical manifestations, it can affect a number of other organs in addition to the lungs, and liver injury may occur. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver injury through systemic inflammatory response syndrome, cytokine storms, ischemia-reperfusion injury, side effects of treatment drugs, and underlying liver disease and can attack liver cells directly via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Clinical studies have found that liver injury in COVID-19 patients mainly manifests as abnormal liver biochemical indicators, but there have been no reports of liver failure caused by this disease. The number of COVID-19 patients with liver injury is increasing, and the incidence of liver injury in COVID-19 patients with severe disease are higher than in patients with mild disease. Liver injury may be a risk factor, which worsens in patients with COVID-19, and hence it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of liver injury in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.     

Restraint theory and its implications for obesity treatment

Restraint theory was developed to evaluate both causes and consequences of attempts to restrict food intake for the purpose of weight maintenance. Research suggests that restraint has many negative consequences including lowered mood and overeating behaviour and that restrained eating is best characterized as an intention which is only occasionally realized. The present paper reviews the restraint literature and examines the implications of restraint theory for obesity treatment. It assesses the role of restraint in both traditional and contemporary behavioural treatment packages for obesity and concludes that if restraint is detrimental to both the physical and psychological health of the normal weight individual, it should not be recommended as a solution to the physical and psychological problems of the obese.     

几丁糖膜的研究进展

几丁糖膜的基础性研究报道较多,但还未形成产品.本文主要综述了目前国内外几丁糖膜在创伤敷料、术后防粘连、硬膜修复等方面的作用及制备,为进一步形成产品作指导.     

表观遗传调控在肥胖症研究领域中的研究进展

肥胖症被认为是一种由遗传因素和环境因素共同决定的复杂型疾病,已成为严重影响现代人类健康的公共卫生问题.在肥胖症的发生和发展过程中,表观遗传调控发挥了极其重要的作用.表观遗传主要的调控方式包括DNA的甲基化修饰,非编码RNA和组蛋白翻译后修饰,近年来组蛋白修饰方向的研究获得了较大突破.在此基础上,本文对表观遗传领域的肥胖症相关研究现状和进展进行了简要综述.