浅谈CTE及其对FC—BGA焊点可靠性的影响

PCB对封装行业来说,最关键的莫过不同元器件和PCB之间的热膨胀系数（CTE）匹配性问题。其中FCRGA封装,通过倒装芯片实现芯片焊料凸点与FCBGA基板的直接连接,在FCBGA类产品中可实现较高的封装密度,获得更优良的电性能和热性能。但由于PCB与芯片之间cTE的不匹配,而导致FCBGA焊点的可靠性问题。本文就CTE影响FCBGA焊点可靠性展开讨论。     

PBGA器件焊点的可靠性分析研究

根据PBGA器件组装特点,分析了器件焊点的失效机理,并针对实际应用中失效的PBGA器件在温度循环前后,分别使用染色试验、切片分析、X-射线分析等方法进行失效分析.分析结果显示样品PBGA焊点存在不同程度的焊接问题,并且焊接质量的好坏直接影响器件焊点抵抗外界应变应力的能力.最后,开展了PBGA器件焊接工艺研究和可靠性试验,试验结果显示焊接工艺改进后焊点的可靠性良好.     

BGA焊点可靠性工艺研究

伴随高密度电子组装技术的发展,BGA(Ball Grid Array)成为高密度、高性能、多功能及高I/O数封装的最佳选择。文章分析了影响BGA焊点可靠性的关键因素,特别提出了减少焊点空洞缺陷和提高剪切强度的主要措施,并通过试验优化出各工艺参数。结果表明:运用优化的工艺参数制作的BGA焊点,焊接空洞以及芯片剪切强度有了明显改善,其中对BGA焊接样品进行150℃、1000h的高温贮存后,焊点的剪切强度完全满足GJB548B-2005的要求。     

热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

与无铅焊接工艺匹配的无铅BGA焊盘设计

BGA——阵列封装技术，因其强大的I／O接口优势、生产工艺简单及封装尺寸的小型化，使其在电子工业界的需求不断增加。原来的锡／铅组装工艺、生产及返工／返修工艺己趋成熟，不再是批量生产瓶颈，可谓“Trouble—free，无麻烦”，然而自2006—7—1，环境立法要求电子生产／设备／材料／工艺转向无铅生产，所以BGA器件封装材料、与之匹配的BGA焊盘设计及PCB组装工艺都要逐步满足无铅需求。     

焊点尺寸对微焊点拉伸断裂强度的影响

采用基于动态力学分析仪(DMA)的精密拉伸试验与ANSYS有限元数值模拟方法研究了“铜引线/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料/铜引线”三明治结构微焊点(直径均为200 μm,高度为75～225 μm)的拉伸断裂行为.结果表明:微焊点直径不变而高度为225,175,125和75 μm时,其拉伸断裂强度分别为79.8,82...     

焊盘尺寸对PBGA组装板可靠性的影响

研究了焊盘尺寸对氮气再流焊ＰＢＧＡ组装板可靠性的影响。氮气保护再流焊炉内的氧含量可低至５×１０－５。对ＰＢＧＡ组装板的焊点进行了拉伸试验、弯曲疲劳试验以及热冲击疲劳试验。结果表明：经氮气保护再流焊组装的ＰＢＧＡ板其焊点的各项性能均比无保护的ＰＢＧＡ组装板好。当ＰＣＢ板焊盘直径等于ＰＢＧＡ基底焊盘直径时,其焊点有最好的性能。     

表面组装元器件焊盘设计的可靠性研究

介绍根据所标ＪＷ６１－９５《表面组装印制电路板设计要求》自行设计的焊盘图形的合理性、可靠性进行验证的过程。将试验过程中的主要问题进行了分析,估算了焊点的可靠率置信下限,提出了焊盘可靠性设计的几点要素。     

电子封装中的焊点及其可靠性

在电子封装中 ,焊点失效将导致器件乃至整个系统失效 ,焊点失效的起因是焊点中热循环引起的裂纹及其扩展。从焊点的微观组织及其变化、焊点失效分析、焊点可靠性预测等方面介绍了对电子封装焊点及其可靠性研究的状况。     

板级结构参数对CSP器件焊点可靠性的影响

研究了几何因素和基板材料对无铅焊点可靠性的影响，建立了CSP封装元件的有限元模型。进行了温度循环测试，分析了焊点的应力应变情况。结果表明：基板厚度，焊点高度与焊盘直径的变化对焊点寿命有着不同的影响趋势。同时比较了FR4，Al2O3，PI材料基板与无铅焊点互连的情况，最终得出PI基板是最有利于封装器件使用的基板材料。但是由于其加工成本较高等方面的原因一般只用于高可靠性要求的军事产品领域。     

倒装芯片焊点可靠性的有限元模拟法综述

随着集成电路封装技术的发展,倒装芯片技术得到广泛的应用。由于材料的热膨胀失配,使倒装焊点成为芯片封装中失效率最高的部位,而利用快捷又极具参考价值的有限元模拟法是研究焊点可靠性的重要手段之一。介绍了集成电路芯片焊点可靠性分析的有限元模拟法,概括了利用该方法对芯片焊点进行可靠性评价常见的材料性质和疲劳寿命预测模型。     

PBGA封装焊点寿命影响因素的有限元分析

为明确PBGA焊点设计及环境温度参数对其可靠性影响,利用有限元软件ANSYS分析了温度循环、焊点材料、焊点高度与直径、PCB板的厚度、刚度、热膨胀系数(CTE)对焊点寿命的影响.焊点采用了Anand本构关系描述,寿命预测采用Darveaux模型.研究结果表明,温度循环的范围变大焊点寿命变短,保温时间缩短能增加焊点寿命;经过优化的焊球,寿命会增加;PCB板越厚,焊点寿命越短;PCB板的杨氏模量越大,焊点寿命越长.     

无铅倒装焊封装工艺中的芯片应力及开裂分析

采用粘塑性Garofalo-Arrhenius模型描述无铅焊料的非弹性力学行为,确定了Sn3.5Ag焊料该模型的材料参数。采用与固化过程相关的粘弹性力学模型描述倒装焊底充胶的力学行为。利用有限元仿真的方法,模拟了无铅倒装封装器件封装的工艺及可靠性测试。结果表明:由于无铅技术在封装中的引入,芯片破裂的可能性随之增加,破裂出现时裂纹的尺寸更小。     

无铅电子封装材料及其焊点可靠性研究进展

随着2006年7月1日RoHS法令实施的最后期限的来临,无铅焊料的研究与应用又掀起了新一轮的热潮。由于封装材料与封装工艺的改变,给焊点可靠性带来了一系列相关问题。笔者就近年来国内外开发的无铅焊料、焊点的失效模式、焊点可靠性评价方法和焊点的主要缺陷进行了综述;对今后该领域的研究前景及方向进行了展望。     

Effect of Size of Lid-Substrate Adhesive on Reliability of Solder Balls in Thermally Enhanced Flip Chip PBGA Packages

Six design cases of lid-substrate adhesive with various combinations of widths and heights were analyzed to investigate how the size of the adhesive affects the reliability of the solder balls of thermally enhanced flip chip plastic ball grid array (FC-PBGA) packages in thermal cycling tests. Analysis results were compared with data on the reliability of conventional FC-PBGA packages. Thermal-mechanical behavior was simulated by the finite element (FE) method and the eutectic solder was assumed to exhibit elastic-viscoplastic behavior. The temperature-dependent nonlinear stress/strain relationship of the adhesive was experimentally determined and used in the FE analysis. Darveaux's model was employed to obtain the predicted fatigue life of the solder ball. Simulation results reveal that the fatigue life of the solder balls in thermally enhanced FC-PBGA packages is much shorter than that in conventional FC-PBGA packages, and the life of solder balls increases with both the width and the height of the adhesive. However, the effect of the width of the adhesive on the reliability of the solder ball is stronger than that of the height. Moreover, increasing either the width or the height reduces the plastic strain in the adhesive at critical locations, indicating that the reliability of the adhesive can be improved by its size. The predicted results of the life of solder balls for some selected studied packages are also compared with experimental data from thermal cycling tests in the paper     

Solder Joint Reliability Assessment for Flip Chip Ball Grid Array Components with Various Designs in Lead-Free Solder Materials and Solder Mask Dimensions

This study investigates the reliability of flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) components with three types of solder materials: eutectic solder with a composition Sn63Pb37 and the lead-free solders SnAg3.0Cu0.5 and SnAg4.0Cu0.5. Two substrate-side solder mask (S/M) opening sizes, 0.4 mm and 0.525 mm, were used. Both the monotonic and cyclic mechanical four-point bend tests are conducted for the reliability assessment. It is found that the FCBGA components with SnAg3.0Cu0.5 solder have the best durability during the cyclic bend test, yet the eutectic solder is the strongest during the monotonic bend test. Besides, the FCBGA components with 0.525-mm S/M opening have around 3 times more life cycles than those with the 0.4-mm S/M opening in the cyclic bend test. It is also noteworthy that the lead-free solder materials have much variation in the failed cycles during the cyclic test. Moreover, the failure locations for those components with 0.4-mm S/M openings are found to be at the interface between the package side metal pad and the solder ball, and those with an S/M opening of 0.525 mm are observed to be failed mostly at the interface between the printed circuit board (PCB) side metal pad and the solder ball.     

Design of Solder Joint Structure for Flip Chip Package with an Optimized Shear Test Method

The structure of flip chip solder bumps was optimized in terms of shear height and shear speed using a shear test method with both experimental investigation and nonlinear, three-dimensional, finite element analysis being conducted. A representative, Pb-free solder composition, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, was used to optimize the shear test of the flip chip solder joints. Increasing the shear height, at a fixed shear speed, decreased the shear force, as did decreasing the shear speed, at a fixed shear height. These experimental and computational results supported the recommendation of low shear height and low shear speed condition for the shear testing of flip chip solder bumps. This optimized shear test method was applied to investigate the effect of various heights of mini bumps on the shear force of the solder joints. The shear force increased with increasing Ni-P mini bump height.     

微连接焊点可靠性的研究现状

从焊点的形态预测、焊点应力应变过程的数值模拟以及其热疲劳寿命预测等三个方面对近年来国内外在微连接焊点可靠性方面的研究进行了综述,指出探索多因素作用下焊点三维形态的通用性预测模型、研究更为精确的物理模拟方法及在此基础上的数值模拟和对新型无铅钎料的可靠性进行研究将是未来的发展方向。