根癌农杆菌毒力调节基因在识别寄主植物及T-DNA转移的作用

土壤病原菌根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)通过遗传转化植物细胞,引起许多植物(主要是双子叶)发生冠瘿病。转化实质在于农杆菌DNA中的一个特殊片段,T-DNA从大的(>200Kb)Ti质粒转移到植物细胞核     

Ti质粒基因在单子叶植物中的表达

<正> 根癌农杆菌感染双子叶植物时,能侵入双子叶植物的细胞壁,并通过一种未知机制将其Ti质粒DNA导入植物细胞内。导入的Ti质粒DNA(T-DNA)能整合到植物细胞的核基因组中,并被转录。通过遗传操作插入Ti质粒T区的任何DNA片段似乎都能随根癌农杆菌一起转移到植物细胞内。因此,根癌农杆菌作为载体,已广泛用于高等植物外源遗传物质的导入研究。它最终有可能给作物的基因组加入一些有益的遗传成分。遗憾的是,把Ti质粒用作转     

冠瘿瘤基因在植物体中的表达

1　实验目的利用质粒转移技术将有用 (目的 )基因整合到植物基因组 DNA中 ,创造出植物遗传新类型。本实验用根癌农杆菌介导 ,将菌体中的冠瘿瘤基因 (T- DNA)导入桑、紫景天中 ,使其形成植物瘤。通过本实验操作 ,可使学生了解植物转基因技术的基本原理 ,提高对生物课程学习的兴趣具有重要意义。2　实验原理植物经人工刺伤并感染农杆菌后 ,因伤流中含有一定量的酚类、氨基酸、糖等有机物 ,这类物质能诱导农杆菌合成参与 T- DNA剪切、加工、转移的酶系 ,并将 T-DNA整合到宿主细胞的基因组 DNA中。由于 T- DNA中有编码生长素 (tmsl、tm…     

农杆菌T-复合物的形成与转运研究进展

在简要介绍农杆菌T-DNA转运全过程的基础上,结合作者近年的工作,重点对T-复合物的形成和T-复合物在农杆菌细胞内的转运机理的最新进展进行归纳和评述．农杆菌能够将其Ti质粒上的一段DNA以单链DNA-蛋白质复合物(简称T-复合物)的形式,通过其细胞两端的四型分泌系统(typeⅣ secretion system,T4SS)转运到宿主植物中,并使宿主发生遗传转化,因而农杆菌介导的T-DNA转运技术已成为应用最广泛的植物转基因技术,同时,由于转运T-复合物的T4SS也是某些质粒接合转移和许多病源微生物分泌致病效应蛋白的通道,因此,农杆菌T-DNA转运机理的研究受到了广泛的重视和关注,使得这方面的研究进展非常迅速．     

T-DNA转移研究进展

植物遗传转化技术近年在农作物性状改良、植物生物反应器利用以及基因功能鉴定等方面得到了广泛的应用.T-DNA转移是植物细胞农杆菌介导遗传转化整合和表达外源基因的基础.农杆菌Ti质粒vir基因编码蛋白、农杆菌一些染色体基因编码蛋白及植物细胞一些基因编码蛋白或因子均参与T-DNA转移.转移过程包括农杆菌对植物细胞的识别、附着,细菌对植物信号物质的感受,细菌vir基因的诱导表达,T复合体的形成,跨膜运输,进核运输和整合等一序列过程.植物细胞因子与农杆菌T-DNA转移相关蛋白的相互作用最近被认为在T-DNA转移过程中起重要作用.     

樱桃根癌土壤杆菌及其对土壤杆菌素84敏感性的研究

从山东、河北、辽宁等地樱桃园的樱桃冠瘿瘤和土壤样品中分离到46株根瘤土壤杆菌。经鉴定有4株是Agrobacteriumtumefaciens（原生物型1）,其余42株是A.rhizogenes（原生物型2）。这些菌株所诱导的冠瘿瘤中均合成胭脂碱（nopaline）,属胭脂碱型Ti质粒的根癌土壤杆菌,并对放射土壤杆菌K84菌株所产生的土壤杆菌素84敏感。由于K84菌株对含胭脂碱Ti质粒的根癌土壤杆菌有很好的抑制效果,因此,用K84菌株防治樱桃根癌病是有应用前景的．     

根癌农杆菌介导的日本曲霉转化体系的建立

【目的】通过根癌农杆菌介导的方法构建日本曲霉转化子库,从而筛选出高产甘没氧化酶的日本曲霉突变菌株。【方法】本文通过三亲杂交的方法将双元载体pBI-hphII转移至根癌农杆菌EHA105中并作为侵染菌株,以日本曲霉As5999为受体菌株,建立了农杆菌介导的日本曲霉转化体系,构建了突变体库,并对影响转化效率的根癌农杆菌浓度,乙酰丁香酮(As)加入与否,共培养时间,共培养温度等因素进行了分析。【结果】对转化子的PCR检测和Southern杂交分析表明,T-DNA已整合进日本曲霉基因组中,随机挑选的9个转化子连续转接10代后均能稳定遗传。【结论】该转化体系的建立为筛选出高产甘油氧化酶的日本曲霉突变菌株奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化研究进展

根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)Ti质粒转化系统的建立使植物遗传工程进入了一个飞速发展的时期。近年来,发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)Ri质粒毛根转化系统的研究十分迅速,展示了美好的前景,农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化已成为目前研究和应用最广泛的系统。但是,农杆菌的宿主范围一般仅限于双子叶植物和一些裸子植物,这就直接防碍着这种比较完善的基因转移技术在单子叶植物,尤其是禾谷类作物转化的应用。本文介绍了农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化的进展;对扩大农杆菌宿主范围、实现对单子叶植物转化的途径进行了探讨。 (一)农杆菌介导的单子叶植物转化的方法 目前建立的单子叶植物基因转移系统有:(1)农杆菌载体系统;(2)外源DNA     

植物遗传工程研究中一种潜在的Ti质粒载体pTiBo542的限制性内切酶图谱

我们在这篇论文中报道了pTiB0542的物理图谱。pTiB0542是一种根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)的广谱寄主的肿瘤诱导质粒。限制性内切酶BamHI消化产生42种片段,经用电泳技术分析含有pTiB0542部分重叠的克隆,结果发现它们是以环状排列的。根据pTiB0542的T-DNA区段与异源的章鱼碱Ti质粒和蓝曙红Ti质粒的T-DNA的同源性,从而确定了pTiB0542的T-DNA区段(Ti质粒移转到植物里去的那部分)。这一部位的克隆作为探针,与大豆肿瘤DNA进行Southern杂交,进一步证实这种论断。     

根癌农杆菌转化植物的细胞学及分子生物学概论

植物冠瘦瘤是由根癌农杆菌诱发产生的。致瘤的 遗传信息贮存在根癌农杆菌的肿瘤诱导质校- Ti质 粒上,冠瘦瘤的产生是Ti质粒T区DNA整合进植 物细胞染色体并表达的结果。     

Comparison of Ti plasmids from three different biotypes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolated from grapevines.

Twenty-six plasmids from grapevine isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were analyzed by SmaI fingerprinting and by hybridization of nick-translated DNA to DNA of another plasmid. These experiments established that octopine Ti plasmids are not highly conserved, although octopine Ti plasmids from biotype 1 A. tumefaciens strains appeared to be very similar. Octopine Ti plasmids from biotype 3 strains are more variable in terms of host range and SmaI fingerprints, but share extensive DNA homology. Fingerprints of nopaline Ti plasmids from strains of a given biotype resemble each other but not fingerprints of Ti plasmids from strains of the other two biotypes. The wide host range octopine Ti plasmid from the biotype 3 strain Ag86 shares more DNA homology with narrow host range Ti plasmids, nopaline Ti plasmids, and octopine catabolism plasmids than with the wide host range octopine Ti plasmid from biotype 1 strain 20/1. pTiAg86 does share homology with the portion of pTi20/1 integrated and expressed in plant tumor cells. Since all wide host range Ti plasmids studied contain these sequences, we suggest that natural selection for a wide host range resulted in the presence of the common sequences in distantly related plasmids. The lack of homology between this "common DNA" and limited host range Ti plasmids shows that the DNA sequences per se are not required for tumorigenesis.     

Physical and functional map of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing plasmid that confers a narrow host range.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ag162 induces crown gall disease on an unusually narrow range of host plants. The 231-kilobase Ti plasmid which has been shown to determine host range, was subcloned into the vector pVCK102. By comparing overlaps of cloned insets, maps were constructed for the restriction endonucleases SalI, XhoI, EcoRI, and KpnI. Plasmid incompatibility, octopine catabolism, and at least six virulence genes were localized. Plasmid incompatibility between pTiAg162 and the wide host range plasmid pTiA6 consists of two components: mutual incompatibility and the apparent ability of pTiA6 to block RK2 replication if the pTiAg162 incompatibility locus is linked to the vector pVK102. The octopine catabolism locus maps within the 30 kilobases of DNA separating the two T-DNA regions of pTiAg162. Complementation of avirulent vir mutants of pTiA6 with clones of pTiAg162 DNA did not confer the host range of pTiAg162 but rather restored the wide host range of pTiA6. One potentially important difference between pTiA6 and pTiAg162 is that pTiAg162 T-DNA regions are widely separated.     

Characteristics of Ti plasmids from broad-host-range and ecologically specific biotype 2 and 3 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains isolated from crown gall tumors on grapevines in California were consistently of the biotype 3 group. All 11 of these strains were limited in their host range and harbored Ti plasmids with molecular masses between 119 and 142 megadaltons (Mdal) as well as a larger cryptic plasmid of greater than 200 Mdal; occasionally a smaller cryptic plasmid of 65 Mdal was also present. Ti plasmids o these strains have DNA sequences in common with Ti plasmids of octopine and nopaline strains belonging to the biotype 1 group and exhibited sequence homologies with the conserved region of the T-DNA. Ten of the 11 strains utilized octopine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen and 3 strains catabolized both octopine and nopaline, whereas 1 strain catabolized only nopaline. All of these strains were resistant to the bacteriocin agrocin-84, except one grapevine strain that belonged to the biotype 1 group and was agrocin sensitive; it is also differed in its plasmid and virulence characteristics. Isolations from Rubus ursinus ollalieberry galls yielded exclusively biotype 2 strains. These strans were insensitive to agrocin-84, utilized nopaline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source, and were highly virulent on all host plants tested. They contained Ti plasmids ranging between 100 and 130 Mdal and occasionally a cryptic plasmid of 69 Mdal. Their Ti plasmids have DNA sequences in common with Ti plasmids of biotype 1 strains and with the conserved region of the T-DNA.     

Limited host range Ti plasmids: recent origin from wide host range Ti plasmids and involvement of a novel IS element, IS868.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens biotype III octopine strains have been isolated from grapevine tumors worldwide. They comprise limited and wide host range (LHR and WHR) strains that carry related tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids with two T-regions, TA and TB. The WHR TA-region resembles the biotype I octopine region, whereas the LHR TA-region is a recent deletion derivative of the WHR TA-region, which lacks the iaa genes and part of the ipt gene. Sequencing of the TA-region of the ubiquitous LHR strain AB3 showed that the deleted region is replaced by an insertion sequence (IS) element, IS868, which resembles the IS51 element of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi. The Ti plasmid of LHR strain Ag57 carries essentially the same iaa gene deletion as pTiAB3, but lacks IS868. We propose that the LHR Ti plasmids arose by the recent insertion of an IS868 element into the TA-region of a WHR-type Ti plasmid, followed by transposition to a nearby site. The deletion was caused during the second transposition or by later recombination between the two IS868 copies. Biotype III octopine strains also carry an IS51-like sequence close to the TB iaa genes. Our results confirm and extend earlier observations indicating that IS51-like elements in Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium are associated with iaa genes and played a major role in Ti plasmid evolution.     

Characterization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains isolated from grapevine tumors in China.

Thirteen strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolated from grapevine tumors in northern China were surveyed. These strains varied in their host range properties, although all were tumorigenic on grapevines. Twelve of these strains belonged to Agrobacterium sp. biotype 3, and 11 strains resulted in the synthesis of the opine octopine in tumor tissue. Interestingly, one strain resulted in accumulation of arginine, a previously unrecognized opine, in tumor tissue. Although DNA in most of these strains showed homology to the previously characterized transferred DNA and vir loci, some virulent strains showed little or no homology to these loci. Thus, some of these strains represent widely divergent examples of Agrobacterium sp. The DNA in most strains exhibited little or no homology to a wide-host-range virA locus but did show strong homology to a limited-host-range virA locus. This finding further supports the idea that Agrobacterium strains associated with grapevines may have a specific virA locus.     

Characterization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains isolated from grapevine tumors in China

Thirteen strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolated from grapevine tumors in northern China were surveyed. These strains varied in their host range properties, although all were tumorigenic on grapevines. Twelve of these strains belonged to Agrobacterium sp. biotype 3, and 11 strains resulted in the synthesis of the opine octopine in tumor tissue. Interestingly, one strain resulted in accumulation of arginine, a previously unrecognized opine, in tumor tissue. Although DNA in most of these strains showed homology to the previously characterized transferred DNA and vir loci, some virulent strains showed little or no homology to these loci. Thus, some of these strains represent widely divergent examples of Agrobacterium sp. The DNA in most strains exhibited little or no homology to a wide-host-range virA locus but did show strong homology to a limited-host-range virA locus. This finding further supports the idea that Agrobacterium strains associated with grapevines may have a specific virA locus.     

Relationship between the limited and wide host range octopine-type Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The relationship between the limited host range octopine Ti plasmids and the wide host range octopine Ti plasmids pTiB6806 and pTiA6 was studied. The limited host range Ti plasmids shared extensive deoxyribonucleic acid homology; pTiAg63 and pTiAg162 were essentially completely homologous with pTiAg158 while pTiAg57 shared approximately 64% homology with pTiAg158. In contrast, the limited host range octopine Ti plasmids only shared 6 to 15% homology with the wide host range octopine Ti plasmid pTiB6806. Thus, limited and wide host range octopine Ti plasmids comprise distinct families of plasmids. The deoxyribonucleic acid homology shared between the limited host range Ti plasmids and pTiB6806, however, was distributed over some 50% of pTiB6806, suggesting that both families of plasmids evolved from a common progenitor plasmid. The limited host range Ti plasmids showed relatively strong homology with pTiB6806 HpaI fragment 7, a region which codes for octopine utilization by the bacterium, but showed only weak homology with pTiB6806 HpaI fragment 12, a region required for virulence. In addition, homology between the limited host range octopine Ti plasmids and the "common deoxyribonucleic acid," sequences shown to have a central role in plant cell transformation, was barely detectable when stringent hybridization conditions were used. We therefore conclude that a highly conserved version of the common deoxyribonucleic acid is not required for crown gall tumorigenesis on all plant species.     

The limited host range of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain extended by a cytokinin gene from a wide host range T-region

The host range of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA649 (pTiAg57) is limited to grapevine and a few other plant species. Its host range was extended through the introduction of the T-region from the wide host range octopine plasmid pTiAch5. In contrast, R prime plasmids harboring the entire wide host range virulence region were unable to achieve this effect. Via site-directed mutagenesis a search was performed to identify the T-DNA genes which were responsible for the observed host range extension. Inactivation of one of the onc-genes (the cyt gene) was found to abolish the capacity of the T-region to extend the host range of LBA649. Therefore, we cloned the cyt gene into a disarmed T-region plant vector and used it in complementation studies with pTiAg57 via the binary vector strategy. We show that the mere presence of the cyt gene from a wide host range Ti plasmid is sufficient to extend the host range of LBA649 to certain plants. We conclude that the limited host range of LBA649 is not caused by a lack of recognition of plants but is mainly due to the absence or inactivity of a cyt gene in the T-region of pTiAg57.     

Virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strain A281 on Legumes

This study addresses the basis of host range on legumes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A281, an l,l-succinamopine strain. We tested virulence of T-DNA and vir region constructs from this tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid with complementary Ti plasmid regions from heterologous nopaline and octopine strains.