高分辨率彩色超声在甲状旁腺病变中的诊断价值

[目的]探讨高分辨率彩超对甲状旁腺病变的诊断价值.[方法]回顾性分析经手术病理证实的甲状旁腺疾病患者44例的超声影像资料,并分析甲状旁腺病灶的平均直径、周长、面积与血钙、血PTH的相关性.[结果]不同病理类型的甲状旁腺病变可见不同的声像表现：甲状旁腺腺瘤表现为在甲状腺后方可见低回声结节,包膜完整,边界清晰;甲状旁腺癌可呈分叶状、圆形或椭圆形的低回声肿块,常可向周围浸润,边界不清;甲状旁腺增生表现为多个甲状旁腺不同程度的增大,内部回声分布均匀,多为低回声,其内可见丰富血流信号;甲状旁腺囊肿表现为光滑壁薄的囊性结构,其内无血流信号.52个病灶中超声诊断与病理诊断符合率为75.00％（39/52）;甲状旁腺病灶的平均直径、周长、面积与血钙、血PTH均呈正相关性.[结论]高分辨率彩超对甲状旁腺疾病的诊断具有重要价值,已成为其首选的影像学检查方法,与临床资料结合有助于早期发现病变.     

低钙透析液在高钙血症患者血液透析中的应用

目的:探讨低钙透析液在高钙血症患者血液透析中的应用及护理方法。方法:将40例维持性血液透析的患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,观察组使用低钙透析液,对照组使用正常钙透析液;比较两组患者透析前后血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积及全段甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的水平。结果:透析后对照组血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积及PTH水平均轻度升高,而观察组血钙和血磷均明显降低,钙磷乘积也显著降低,PTH水平在3个月时明显上升,6个月时趋于稳定,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:高钙血症患者采用低钙透析液透析配合有效的护理可有效地降低血磷、钙磷乘积,值得临床推广。     

血液透析滤过治疗伴有高磷血症的维持性血液透析患者疗效观察

目的观察伴高磷血症的维持性血液透析(MHD)患者采用血液透析滤过(HDF)治疗后,血磷、甲状旁腺激素、钙磷乘积降低的临床效果。方法 80例伴高磷血症的MHD患者,分为HDF组和HD组各40例,检测患者治疗前及3个月后血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积和PTH水平。结果与治疗前比较,治疗3个月后HDF组血磷、钙磷乘积、PTH明显下降(P 0. 05),血钙无明显变化(P 0. 05); HD组血磷、钙磷乘积及PTH下降不明显(P 0. 05),血钙降低(P 0. 05)。治疗3个月后,与HD组比较,HDF组血磷、钙磷乘积及PTH显著下降(P 0. 05)。结论 HDF是一种能更有效地清除血磷和PTH、降低钙磷乘积的方法。     

甲状旁腺切除对血液透析患者心血管钙化影响的初步探讨

目的观 察甲状旁腺切除术（PTX）对伴有继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（Secondary Hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）的血液透析患者钙磷代谢以及动脉钙化、动脉僵硬度情况的影响.方法 选取21例有继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的血液透析患者,行甲状旁腺切除术,对患者术前、术后1年应用多层螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化积分,并测臂踝脉搏波传导速度（baPWV）,同时将患者术前、术后1年的血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、PTH等指标进行比较.结果 与术前比较,术后1年患者冠状动脉钙化积分有明显减低（P=0.0236）,左右两侧肢体臂踝脉搏波传导速度（baPWV）平均值减少（=0.0034,P=0.0012）,差异性有统计学意义;术后血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、PTH水平均明显降低,差异性有统计学意义（P分别为0.0004,0.0002,0.0000,0.0000）.结论 甲状旁腺切除术（pTx）能纠正钙磷代谢紊乱,减轻动脉钙化程度,改善动脉僵硬度.     

血液透析与肾移植患者肾性骨病的转归

背景：慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾性骨病的防治直接关系到患者的长期存活，因此，对比血液透析与肾移植治疗肾性骨病差异的研究十分有意义。目的：观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis，MHD)及肾移植患者治疗前后血磷及甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone，PTH)的变化，探讨肾性骨病的治疗和转归。地点、对象和方法：选取解放军第四军医大学西京医院血液透析中心符合肾性骨病临床诊断标准均有高磷血症及高PTH血症的慢性肾功能衰竭患者，分为MHD组、肾移植组，每组20例。另选20例健康人作对照。MHD组行MHD，肾移植组行同种异体肾移植且术后肾功能恢复良好。主要观察指标：两组患者透析及移植前后血磷及PTH水平比较。结果：两组患者透析或移植后，血磷和PTH浓度均显著下降，与透析及移植前比较，差异有非常显著性意义(t=3.51，P&lt;0.001)，但MHD组透析后血PTH浓度[(278.20&#177;95.84)ng／L]仍高于正常对照组[(21.60&#177;16.60)ng／L]，而且下次透析前血磷和PTH浓度又恢复至高水平。结论：MHD组患者透析后血磷和PTH水平仍高于健康人，肾移植后患者血磷和PTH浓度与健康差异不大，肾移植是治疗肾性骨病最有效的方法。     

骨化三醇联合低钙透析液治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

[目的]探讨血液透析患者使用骨化三醇（钙三醇）和低钙透析液（含钙1.25 mmoI/L）治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效及不良反应.[方法]选择本院血液透析中心维持性血液透析患者12例,首先使用低钙透析液透析,根据继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的程度给予骨化三醇治疗;观察6个月,记录血钙、磷、钙磷乘积和全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）的变化及其他不良反应.[结果]治疗2个月时,12例患者血钙明显升高,iPTH水平显著降低（P〈0.05）,钙磷乘积和血磷有所增高（P〉0.05）;在结束观察时,钙磷乘积和血磷较治疗前显著增高（P〈0.05）,血钙、磷和钙磷乘积较治疗2个月时增高（P〉0.05）;10例患者的iPTH在150～320 pg/mL范围波动,2例患者iPTH出现反弹.12例患者对低钙透析液的耐受性良好.[结论]骨化三醇和低钙透析液对血液透析患者的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进治疗效果良好,对于透析前血钙不低的患者,推荐使用低钙透析液,可减少因服用含钙的磷结合剂所致体内钙负荷增加的危险,达到降低钙磷乘积和减少心血管钙化的目的.     

慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的超声诊断价值

目的探讨超声在慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进中的临床价值。方法 41例慢性肾功能衰竭患者,对比甲状旁腺左右侧超声检出率,分析增生甲状旁腺直径与血清甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血钙浓度的相关关系。结果超声对增生的甲状旁腺检出率为80.4%(33/41),右侧多于左侧。超声所测的甲状旁腺直径与血PTH呈正相关,而与血钙浓度呈负相关。结论超声对慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的肿大甲状旁腺的检出率较高,可作为临床常规、首选的辅助检查手段。     

活性维生素D和低钙透析液治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的探讨新进入血液透析的13例患者使用活性维生素D和低钙透析液（含钙1.25mmol/L）治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效及不良反应.方法选择北京医院肾内科13例患者首先使用低钙透析液透析,根据继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的程度给予活性维生素D治疗;观察7～18个月,记录血钙、磷、钙磷乘积和iPTH的变化及其它不良反应.结果治疗2个月时,13例患者血钙明显升高,iPTH水平显著降低（P＜0.05）;钙磷乘积和血磷有所增高（P＞0.05）;在结束观察时,钙磷乘积和血磷较治疗前显著增高（P＜0.05）,血钙、磷和钙磷乘积较治疗2个月时增高（P＞0.05）;11例患者的iPTH在150～320pg/ml范围波动,2例患者iPTH出现反弹.13例患者对低钙透析液的耐受性良好.结论活性维生素D和低钙透析液对新进入血液透析患者的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进治疗效果良好,对于透析前磷高而钙不低的患者,推荐使用低钙透析液,可减少因服用含钙的磷结合剂所致体内钙负荷增加的危险,达到降低血钙磷乘积和减少心血管钙化的目的.     

低钙透析液对钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺素的影响

目的：探讨应用低钙透析液对血液透析患者钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺功能的影响。方法：15例有高磷血症的血液透析患者，应用1．25mmol／L钙浓度透析液透析8个月，比较透析前与4个月、8个月后血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及甲状旁腺激素的变化。结果：应用低钙透析液4个月后，患者血钙、血磷及钙磷乘积均明显下降，甲状旁腺激素下降，但差异无统计学意义。8个月后，与实验前比较，血钙及钙磷乘积明显下降，血磷下降，甲状旁腺激素升高。与透析4个月比较，血钙无明显下降，血磷升高，甲状旁腺激素明显升高。结论：短期使用低钙透析液可降低血钙和钙磷乘积水平，降低甲状旁腺激素，长期应用，可能加重继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症及钙磷代谢异常对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能的影响

目的探讨高甲状旁腺素(PTH)血症及钙磷代谢异常对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能(RRFresidual renal function)的影响.方法检测140例慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)门诊维持性血液透析患者的平均动脉压、血钙、磷、PTH、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹血糖、血红蛋白(Hb)、左心室心肌重量(LVMI)及服用钙三醇情况,并分析其与RRF的相关性.结果63.6%的维持性血液透析患者存在着不同程度的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SPHT);高PTH组较PTH正常组血清磷、钙磷乘积(P＜0.01)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、平均动脉压、左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹血糖(P＜0.05)水平高,血红蛋白(Hb)(P＜0.05)、Ccr(P＜0.01)水平低;所有血液透析患者血清磷、钙磷乘积、PTH水平与Ccr呈线性负相关(P＜0.05);PTH与ALP、平均动脉压、LVMI、TG、空腹血糖呈正相关(P＜0.05),与Hb呈负相关(P＜0.05).服用钙三醇组较未服用钙三醇组骨痛、皮肤瘙痒症状轻(P＜0.01),PTH、ALP、平均动脉压、LVMI、TG、空腹血糖水平低(P＜0.05),钙、Ccr、Hb水平高(P＜0.05).结论提示SPHT及钙磷代谢异常对维持性血液透析患者RRF及心血管系统、内分泌系统、血液系统、骨骼等影响显著,钙三醇治疗可有效纠正SPHT及钙磷代谢异常,延缓RRF的减退.     

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide plasma concentrations in patients on hemodialysis

Abstract

Background. Uremic patients develop hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands due to disturbances in the mineral metabolism. The hyperplastic parathyroids are associated with significant expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP). PTHrP has been shown to have an autocrine/paracrine function in the parathyroids, but it is still uncertain if PTHrP is a secretory product of the gland and thereby possess endocrine actions. In cells of severe adenomatous secondary hyperparathyroidism PTHrP and PTH have been found to be co-localized in the same secretory granules. PTH and PTHrP act through the same receptor, the PTH1R, and it has been shown experimentally that PTHrP enhances the PTH secretory response to hypocalcemia, indicating a link between the two hormones. Methods. Together with a number of parameters involved in mineral homeostasis plasma PTHrP was measured before hemodialysis in 90 patients and in 15 healthy subjects. Plasma PTH was determined in order to examine the possible relationship between the two peptides. Results. In hemodialysis patients mean plasma PTHrP, 4.2 ± 2.1, was significantly lower than that of healthy subjects, 8.3 ± 1.1 pmol/L, p < 0.0001. No relationship was found between plasma PTHrP and PTH in hemodialysis patients. Gender, PTX, specific treatments and diagnoses had no impact on PTHrP concentrations. Conclusion. Thus PTHrP is measurable in hemodialysis patients, but its secretion might not be part of a regulated mineral homeostatic process and may not derive from the uremic hyperplastic parathyroid glands.     

难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的超声表现与实验室指标的相关性

目的 探讨难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的超声表现与实验室指标间的相关性。方法 对30例难治性SHPT患者术前行二维超声及CEUS检查,测量并计算甲状旁腺体积和及增强区域体积和。记录术前2天内实验室检验指标水平,包括血清全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血清钙、血清磷、血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）。计算校正血清钙、校正血清钙磷乘积。分析甲状旁腺体积和与各检验指标的相关性。结果 甲状旁腺体积和、增强区域甲状旁腺体积和与iPTH呈正相关（r=0.48、0.50,P均=0.01）,而与血清钙、血清磷、ALP、校正血清钙、钙磷乘积间无相关性（P均>0.05）。结论 超声测算的甲状旁腺体积和可反映甲状旁腺活性状态,为诊断及监测SHPT提供参考。     

Value of serum alkaline phosphatase in evaluating hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in chronic hemodialysis patients

To investigate the value of serum alkaline phosphatase in evaluating hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in hemodialysis patients, 28 hemodialysis patients who had parathyroid sonography examinations for secondary hyperparathyroidism were studied retrospectively. There were significant elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum total calcium, and dialysis duration in patients with sonography-detectable parathyroid (N = 17) as compared with those of sonography-undetectable (N = 11) parathyroid. Hemodialysis patients who have both higher serum alkaline phosphatase (>94 IU/ L) and considerably elevated serum PTH (9× or higher) are likely to have sonography-detectable parathyroids (positive predictive value of 93%). Patients with mildly or moderately elevated serum PTH but normal serum alkaline phosphatase are less likely to have sonography-detectable parathyroids (negative predictive value is 100%). These findings suggest that the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase could be a valuable parameter in addition to the high serum PTH level in predicting hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in chronic hemodialysis patients. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

SPECT/CT双时相减影法断层融合成像联合血清甲状旁腺激素水平诊断甲状腺后方结节来源

目的 评价⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相减影SPECT/CT 断层融合成像联合血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)对甲状腺后方结节的鉴别诊断价值。方法 110例甲状腺后方占位患者接受⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相减影法及SPECT/CT断层融合成像,并检测患者的血清PTH水平。结果 110例患者中,经病理确诊为甲状旁腺来源75例,血清PTH水平为(360.63±202.25)pg/ml,其中⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI 双时相减影法联合SPECT/CT断层融合显像阳性71例(71/75,94.67%);可疑阳性为4例(4/75,5.33%),其中2例为甲状旁腺恶性肿瘤,2例为异位甲状旁腺伴部分腺瘤样变;35例非甲状旁腺来源病例中,血清PTH 水平为(83.95±42.19)pg/ml,其中26例结节性甲状腺肿表现为可疑阳性,2例甲状腺乳头状癌、5例孤立性甲状腺肿及2例甲状腺髓样癌表现为阳性;甲状旁腺来源病变患者血清PTH水平明显高于非甲状旁腺来源肿瘤(P<0.01);结合患者PTH水平,双时相减影法诊断甲状腺后方结节为甲状旁腺来源的灵敏度约为94.67%(71/75)。结论 ⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相减影法联合SPECT/CT断层融合成像结合血清PTH水平诊断伴PTH升高的甲状腺后结节是否为甲状旁腺来源有较高价值。     

PTH检测对长期血透患者继发甲旁亢临床应用价值的研究

目的 探讨甲状旁腺激素检测对长期血透患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进早期诊断、预防和治疗中的应用价值。方法 选择84例长期血液透析患者,分为服钙剂组与不服钙剂组,另选择30例非肾功能减退的普通患者为正常对照组,分别检测患者血清甲状旁腺激素、钙、磷、尿素氮、肌酐等。结果 服钙剂组患者血清甲状旁腺激素、磷明显低于不服钙剂组,两者之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),而两组患者的血清钙没有明显差异(P>0.05);血透患者的血清甲状旁腺激素明显大于正常对照组,与尿素氮、肌酐和磷呈正相关。结论 甲状旁腺激素检测对长期血透患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的早期诊断、预防和治疗有重要的指导意义;服用钙剂能预防和治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,减少继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的发生率。     

Fetal parathyroids are not required to maintain placental calcium transport

We used Hoxa3 knockout mice and other mouse models to study the role of the fetal parathyroids in fetal calcium homeostasis. Hoxa3-null fetuses lack parathyroid glands, and absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was confirmed with a rodent PTH immunoradiometric assay. The ionized calcium level of Hoxa3-null fetuses was significantly lower than that of wild-type or heterozygous littermates or of the mother. Both the rate of placental calcium transfer and the plasma PTHrP level were normal in Hoxa3 mutants and their heterozygous siblings. Because we had previously observed an increase in placental calcium transfer in PTH/PTHrP receptor 1-null (Pthr1-null) fetuses, we assayed plasma PTHrP in those mice. Pthr1-null fetuses had plasma PTHrP levels 11-fold higher than those of their littermates. Northern analysis, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization studies of Pthr1-null fetuses indicated that liver and placenta had increased expression of PTHRP: In summary, loss of fetal parathyroids in Hoxa3-null fetuses caused marked hypocalcemia but did not alter placental calcium transfer or the circulating PTHrP level. The findings in the Pthr1-null fetuses indicate that several tissues may contribute to the circulating PTHrP level in fetal mice.     

The role of phosphate in the secretion of parathyroid hormone in man

In man, oral administration of 1 g of phosphorus resulted in a 60-125% increase in serum immunoassayable parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration. Peak PTH levels were attained in 1 hr, and PTH returned to base line levels in 2 hr. This increase in PTH appeared to be initiated by a very small decrease of total and ionized calcium and was abolished by a calcium infusion. There was no correlation between serum phosphorus and PTH. The experiments show that oral phosphorus administration initiates a calcium-mediated control system for PTH secretion and that this system operates very sensitively in man.     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症彩色多普勒超声学诊断意义及临床分析

目的 观察彩色多普勒超声探测维持性血液透析继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者增殖腺体的数目及超声信号特点。方法 86例患者分为透析时间<8年组、透析时间≥8年两组。以彩色多普勒超声探测增殖腺体的数目、腺体的长、宽、厚以及腺体超声信号,计算腺体体积、记录血清学指标及超声图像。外科切除的腺体送病理检查。结果 不同透析时间的2组患者,增殖腺体的数目、腺体的体积、甲状旁腺激素水平及血磷存在统计学差异。透析时间<8年组甲状旁腺激素与增殖腺体的总体积之间无相关性,≥8年组甲状旁腺激素与增殖腺体的总体积之间存在相关性。病理检查示:腺体以节结节样增殖为主,主细胞及嗜酸性细胞均可见明显增殖。结论 以彩色多普勒超声行继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进腺体的筛查是一项简单有效的方法,同时也为下一步临床治疗提供依据。     

难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者病理结果临床分析

目的分析外科手术切除的甲状旁腺标本病理结果,探讨其对难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)患者的临床意义。方法回顾性分析82例难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者资料,增生甲状旁腺全切患者67例。53例手术前行99mTc-MIBI双时相平面显像和彩色多普勒超声2项检查定位,另外14例手术前仅行彩色多普勒超声检查定位,比较2种影像学检查方法的准确率,并分析术前最后1次血清全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)与切除的不同病理类型甲状旁腺体积之和的关系。结果手术切除的甲状旁腺标本病理结果为单纯性增生的腺体体积之和与患者术前血清iPTH呈显著正相关(r=0.365,P=0.006),增生伴钙化的甲状旁腺腺体体积之和与术前最后1次血清iPTH无明显相关性(r=-0.308,P=0.356)。99mTc-MIBI平面显像、彩色多普勒超声及两种方法联合检查对增生甲状旁腺定位诊断准确率依次为128/212(60.38%),203/259(78.38%),172/212(81.19%),高频超声相对于99mTc-MIBI平面显像对SHPT的增生腺体准确率比较高(χ2=18.080,P=0.000),有统计学意义。2种检查联合应用的准确率优于多普勒超声(χ2=0.545,P=0.460),无统计学意义,而2种检查联合应用的准确率优于99mTc-MIBI核医学检查(χ2=22.066,P=0.000),有统计学意义。结论术前iPTH值不能完全反应难治性SHPT患者的严重程度,彩色多普勒超声对难治性SHPT增生腺体的筛查是一项简单有效的方法,可作为难治性SHPT外科手术前的首选辅助检查。