体外模拟消化法优化生长猪饲粮非淀粉多糖酶谱

针对饲粮非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶的海量筛选工作和动物试验间的可比性差等问题,本研究探讨使用体外模拟法优化生长猪玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-杂粕型饲粮的NSP酶谱。首先采用单因素随机试验设计,研究NSP酶的添加水平与饲粮体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)的关系。在玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-杂粕型饲粮中分别添加不同水平的纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、β-甘露聚糖酶、α-半乳糖苷酶和果胶酶6种NSP酶,分析各NSP酶对饲粮IVDMD的作用效果。然后采用二次回归旋转正交组合试验设计,筛选2种饲粮中6种NSP酶的最佳酶谱。结果表明:1)6种NSP酶的添加水平与2种类型猪饲粮IVDMD之间存在二次曲线关系。2)α-半乳糖苷酶对玉米-豆粕型饲粮的IVDMD提升最高,达到了1.28%,木聚糖酶对玉米-杂粕型饲粮的IVDMD提升最高,达到了1.95%。3)玉米-豆粕型饲粮的最佳酶谱为:纤维素酶533.6 U/kg、木聚糖酶9 983.7 U/kg、β-葡聚糖酶1 014.4 U/kg、β-甘露聚糖酶4 080.6 U/kg、α-半乳糖苷酶251.6 U/kg和果胶酶107.3 U/kg。玉米-杂粕型饲粮的最佳酶谱为:纤维素酶960.0 U/kg、木聚糖酶17 177.6 U/kg、β-葡聚糖酶405.8 U/kg、β-甘露聚糖酶19 023.2U/kg、α-半乳糖苷酶307.2 U/kg和果胶酶96.9 U/kg。4)优化后的酶谱使玉米-豆粕型饲粮的IVDMD提升了3.26%,使玉米-杂粕型饲粮的IVDMD提升了3.75%。由此可见,6种NSP酶联合使用能够更大程度地提高生长猪玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-杂粕型饲粮的IVDMD。     

育肥猪饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对生产性能的影响

在玉米-豆粕型饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶,研究非淀粉多糖酶对从断奶到出栏生长猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:在玉米-豆粕型饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶,仔猪断奶后至出栏全期日增重提高9.6%,饲料消耗降低1.4%,料肉比降低5.4%。     

早籼稻饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对生长猪生产性能的影响

本试验研究了早籼稻饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖 ( NSP)酶对生长猪生长与消化率的影响。结果表明 :与对照组相比 ,在早籼稻饲粮中添加 NSP酶可使生长猪的日增重提高 8.78%( P<0 .0 5 ) ,料重比降低 9.4 2 %( P<0 .0 5 )。粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率分别提高18.76%( P<0 .0 1)、16.0 4 %( P<0 .0 5 )和 10 8.5 7%( P<0 .0 5 )。腹泻率、粪便大肠杆菌数分别下降37.0 0 %( P<0 .0 5 )、81.2 9%( P<0 .0 5 )。     

不同营养水平饲粮添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

为研究不同营养水平饲粮添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响,试验选择体重(7.22±0.2)kg的150头健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为3个组:1)正对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;2)负对照组,饲喂低营养水平饲粮;3)非淀粉多糖酶组,在负对照组饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶500 g/t。每组5个重复,每个重复10头断奶仔猪。预试期3 d,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与正对照和负对照组相比,非淀粉多糖酶组显著降低了料重比(P<0.05);2)与负对照组相比,非淀粉多糖酶组显著提高了干物质、氮和总能的表观消化率(P<0.05)。总之,试验结果表明在该试验条件下,在低能量水平饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶提高了断奶仔猪养分表观消化率,降低了料重比。     

不同饲粮类型添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

近年来,酶制剂在家禽饲料中的应用已非常普遍,但在猪饲料中的应用效果尚存在争议,这与许多因素有关,包括饲粮类型和猪的日龄。有关非淀粉多糖酶在猪麦类–豆粕型饲粮中应用的文献较多,效果较稳定;而非淀粉多糖酶在玉米–豆粕型断奶仔猪饲     

非淀粉多糖酶对肉鸡生长性能和养分代谢率的影响

以玉米豆粕为基础日粮,研究在正常能量和低能量水平日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对肉鸡生长性能、代谢能、粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗纤维、纤维素、半纤维素表观代谢率的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机化设计将400只1日龄AA+肉鸡随机分成4组,正对照组、负对照及试验1、2组。结果表明:在正常能量水平的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶,可显著提高1~21、1~42日龄肉仔鸡的日增重(P<0.05),降低22~24、1~42日龄饲料增重比(P<0.05),能显著提高肉鸡的能量、粗蛋白、氨基酸、纤维素、半纤维素的表观代谢率和真代谢率(P<0.05);在负对照组中添加非淀粉多糖酶肉鸡的生长性能、能量的代谢率达到正对照组水平。     

早籼稻饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对生长猪效应试验

本试验研究了早籼稻饲粮中添加NSP酶对生长猪作用效果的影响.结果表明,与对照组比较,早籼稻饲粮中添加NSP酶制剂使生长猪日增重提高了11.18%(P＜0.05),料重比降低了9.42%(P＜0.05);粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率分别提高了18.76%((P＜0.01)、16.04%(P＜0.05)、108.57%(P＜0.05);腹泻率、粪便大肠杆菌数分别下降了37.00%(P＜0.05)、81.29%(P＜0.05).     

不同磷水平饲粮添加植酸酶对猪生长性能及磷和钙代谢影响的研究

为探讨不同磷水平饲粮添加植酸酶对猪生长性能及磷、钙代谢的影响,选择健康、体重均匀且平均体重约41 kg的40头杜长大三元杂种生长猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组10头、公母各半,设10个重复,每个重复1头猪,分生长（41~60 kg）和肥育（60~90 kg）两个阶段饲养：对照组饲粮分别含总磷0.55%和0.50%、有效磷0.28%和0.24%;低磷加酶1组饲粮分别含总磷0.50%和0.47%、有效磷0.23%和0.21%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮;低磷加酶2组饲粮分别含总磷0.45%和0.44%、有效磷0.18%和0.18%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮;低磷加酶3组饲粮分别含总磷0.40%和0.40%、有效磷0.13%和0.14%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期66 d。结果表明：①生长性能,试验全期,与对照组相比,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组日增重都有一定程度的提高（P〉0.05）,料重比分别降低4.81%（P〉0.05）、8.65%（P〉0.05）和13.14%（P〈0.05）。②血清生化指标,肥育阶段,血清钙含量低磷加酶1组、3组与对照组均差异显著（P〈0.05）,血清磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性各组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。③磷、钙排泄量,生长阶段,与对照组相比,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组磷排泄量降低19.06%~26.09%（P〈0.01）,钙排泄量均有一定程度的提高;肥育阶段,与对照组相比,低磷加酶2组和3组磷排泄量分别降低29.70%（P〈0.01）和31.68%（P〈0.01）,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组钙排泄量分别降低2.13%（P〉0.05）、30.18%（P〈0.01）和28.96%（P〈0.01）。综上所述,生长肥育猪饲粮无机磷（磷酸氢钙）添加水平降低,直至全部不加,在添加植酸酶（750 FTU/kg饲粮）的条件下,生长性能没有降低,日增重和饲料转化率有提高的趋势,磷排泄量显著降低。     

大麦型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对仔猪生长和消化性能的影响

以“杜长嘉”杂交仔猪为对象 ,研究大麦型饲粮中添加NSP酶制剂对仔猪生长性能和消化率的影响。结果表明 :与对照组相比 ,添加NSP酶使仔猪日增重提高 1 1 .54% (P <0 .0 1 ) ,饲料转化率提高5.33% (P <0 .0 5) ,日采食量提高 5.4 0 % (P <0 .0 5)。添加NSP酶可显著提高各种营养物质的消化率 ,与对照组相比 ,干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分和无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别提高 5.56% (P <0 .0 1 )、4 .79% (P <0 .0 1 )、2 8.79% (P <0 .0 1 )、1 5.0 5% (P <0 .0 1 )、32 .0 5% (P <0 .0 1 )和 4 .2 4 % (P <0 .0 1 )。     

非淀粉多糖酶对生长猪玉米-豆粕型饲粮养分表观消化率的影响

本试验研究了在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶及α-半乳糖苷酶对生长猪饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质及能量表观消化率的影响。试验采用两个4×4拉丁方设计,选择平均体重为30kg左右的杜大长三元杂交健康去势公猪8头,共设8个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复1头。试验结果表明:添加非淀粉多糖酶组干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和能量(GE)的表观消化率均有提高,且添加酶Ⅱ效果最显著;添加不同水平α-半乳糖苷酶组其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和能量(GE)的表观消化率也均有提高,但差异不显著(P0.05),且添加量为0.6g/kg组效果最好。     

Effects of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance,nutrient utilization and bone mineralization of meat duck

Background

Previous studies with broiler have shown dietary supplementation with multi-enzyme complex containing non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) degrading enzymes and phytase is efficient in releasing phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), energy and amino acids from corn-soybean meal diets or corn-sorghum diets, hence compensating considerable levels of nutrients in formulation. Notwithstanding, such potentials have not been well defined in duck nutrition. Giving China being the largest duck producing country, we conducted this study to establish adequate specifications of major nutrients along with multi-enzyme complex to meat duck from day-old to slaughter, focusing on performance, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization. Five dietary treatments were: Positive control (PC,T1 ): the nutrients concentration of diet for 1 to 14 d of age were apparent metabolizable energy(AME) 2,800 kcal/kg, crude protein (CP)19.39%, Ca 0.85%, available phosphorus (avP) 0.42%; for 15 to 35 d of age these parameters were AME 2,900 kcal/kg, CP 16.47%,Ca 0.76%,avP 0.38%; Negative control 1(NC1,T2), the AME and digestible amino acids (DAA) were reduced by 70 kcal/kg and 2.0%, avP and Ca by 1.0 g/kg from PC diet; Negative control 2( NC2,T4), the down-spec from PC diet was AME 100 kcal/kg, DAA 2.5%, avP 1.5 g/kg and Ca 1.2 g/kg; The enzyme complex was added at the same dosage (200 mL/ 1,000 kg) on NC1 (T3) and NC2 (T5) diets.

Results

Comparing with the ducks fed on T1, T3 and T5 diets, the birds fed on NC2 diet showed the lowest (P < 0.05) body weight ( d 14 and 35), feed intake (d 35), tibia ash, Ca and P contents (d 14 and 35), and the utilization of nutrients (P < 0.05). The supplementation with the enzyme complex to the NC diets restored growth rate, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization to the level of the PC diet, and increased AME by 60 kcal/kg and 117 kcal/kg, respectively for the NC1 and NC2 diets.

Conclusion

These results suggest that down-spec AME by 100 kcal/kg, DAA by 2.5%, avP by 1.5 g/kg and Ca by 1.2 g/kg caused detrimental effects on duck performance compared with those fed on the PC diet, and these performance losses can be compensated by the addition of the multiple-enzyme complex.     

低氮日粮条件下生长猪标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸需要量研究

本试验旨在研究低氮日粮条件下20~75 kg生长猪(20~50、50~75 kg 2个阶段)标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸(SID Ile)与标准回肠可消化赖氨酸(SID Lys)的适宜比例。试验一选取108头体重为(21.48±0.50)kg的杜×长×大生长猪,随机分为3个处理组,即对照组(高氮日粮组)、低氮日粮高SID Lys组和低氮日粮低SID Lys组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,研究SID Lys的限制性水平。试验二以试验一的限制性SID Lys水平设计日粮,选取180头体重为(21.46±0.48)kg的杜×长×大生长猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪。2个体重阶段日粮SID Ile:SID Lys设为5个不同水平,以研究其适宜比例。结果表明:试验一中低氮日粮低SID Lys组猪的耗料增重比(F:G)显著高于对照组和低氮日粮高SID Lys组(P0.05);在试验二中,当日粮SID Ile∶SID Lys分别为0.48和0.56时,20~50、50~75 kg生长猪获得最大的日增重(ADG)和最佳的F:G。综上所述,20~50、50~75 kg生长猪日粮粗蛋白(CP)水平分别为14%和12.4%时,其适宜的日粮SID Ile:SID Lys别为0.48和0.56。     

低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能及减排效果的影响

选择30头24.4kg左右的健康杜×长×大杂交猪,将其随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头猪,分别饲喂两种日粮：对照组日粮（18.4%CP＋0.37%有效磷,高蛋白高磷组日粮）和试验组日粮（16.0%CP＋0.28%有效磷＋100g/t植酸酶,低蛋白低磷加酶组日粮）,研究低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能及减排效果的影响。结果表明,低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能没有显著影响,但是可显著提高氮、磷的利用率,从而减少氮、磷排放。     

牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用健康、体重25kg左右的荣×大×杜杂交猪60头,随机分到2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,每圈为1个重复,研究添加牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响。试验组在对照组的基础上添加100g/t的牛至油,测定猪的生产性能和养分表观消化率。试验结果表明,在生长猪日粮中添加100g/t的牛至油具有改善猪只生产性能、提高养分表观消化率的趋势,可降低单位增重饲料成本。     

The effects of pharmacological levels of zinc,diet acidification,and dietary crude protein on growth performance in nursery pigs

This experiment was conducted to evaluate potential replacements for pharmacological levels of Zn (provided by Zn oxide), such as diet acidification (sodium diformate) and low dietary crude protein (CP: 21 vs 18%) on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). A total of 360 weaned pigs (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 5.90 ± 0.014 kg) were used in a 42-d growth study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly assigned to pens (five pigs per pen). Pens were then allotted to one of eight dietary treatments with nine pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from weaning to day 7 and phase 2 from days 7 to 21, with all pigs fed the same common diet from days 21 to 42. The eight treatment diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Zn (110 mg/kg from days 0 to 21 or 3,000 mg/kg from days 0 to 7, and 2,000 mg/kg from days 7 to 21), diet acidification, (without or with 1.2% sodium diformate), and dietary CP (21% or 18%, 1.40% and 1.35% in phases 1 and 2 vs. 1.20% standardized ileal digestible Lys, respectively). Fecal samples were collected weekly from the same three pigs per pen to determine DM content. No 2- or 3-way interactions (P > 0.05) were observed throughout the 42-d study for growth performance; however, there was a Zn × acidifier × CP interaction (P < 0.05) for fecal DM on day 7 and for the overall average of the six collection periods. Reducing CP without acidification or pharmacological levels of Zn increased fecal DM, but CP had little effect when ZnO was present in the diet. From days 0 to 21, significant (P < 0.05) main effects were observed where average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) increased for pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn, sodium diformate, or 21% CP (P < 0.065). In the subsequent period (days 21 to 42) after the experimental diets were fed, there was no evidence of difference in growth performance among treatments. Overall (days 0 to 42), main effect tendencies were observed (P < 0.066) for pigs fed added Zn or sodium diformate from days 0 to 21, whereas pigs fed 21% CP had greater G:F than those fed 18% CP. Pig weight on day 42 was increased by adding Zn (P < 0.05) or acidifier (P < 0.06) but not CP. In summary, none of the feed additives had a major influence on fecal DM, but dietary addition of pharmacological levels of Zn or sodium diformate independently improved nursery pig performance.     

The effects of dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 × 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease (P =0.10) as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased (P <0.01) when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased (P <0.01). The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased (P <0.01) as the total dietary fiber increased.     

The effects of dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease （P =0.] O） as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased （P 〈0.0]） when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased （P 〈0.01）. The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased （P 〈0.01） as the total dietary fiber increased.     

Effects of stocking density on growth performance,blood parameters and immunity of growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs. A total of 288 male pigs (44.35 ± 0.50 kg) were randomly assigned to groups with stocking densities of 2.46, 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig for a month. The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance among groups. Pigs in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig had the lowest backfat thickness and spleen weight index among groups (P < 0.05). With increasing stocking density, the serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), transglutaminase (TGG), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) were increased, and albumin (ALB), albumin-to-globulin ratio (ALB:GLO), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and immunoglobulin (IgM) were decreased (P < 0.05), and cortisol tended to increase and glucose tended to decrease (0.05 < P < 0.1). Compared with the stocking density of 2.46 m²/pig, the ileal villus height and jejunal villus width decreased in stocking densities of 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig (P < 0.05). The duodenal villus height and ileal villus width in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig were the lowest among 3 groups (P < 0.05). The content of immunoglobulin A in duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa increased along with increasing density (P < 0.05). The contents of interleukin (IL)-2 in the spleen or liver and IL-10 in the spleen were higher in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig than in other 2 groups. These results showed that stocking density could affect the metabolism, intestinal morphology, and immunity of growing pigs and 1.23 m²/pig may be the suitable stocking density for the growing pigs in the present study.     

Effects of space allocations and energy levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of different space allocations and different dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 84 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.10 ± 1.60 kg were used in a 5‐week trial. Pigs were blocked based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.60 or 0.80 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,400 or 3,550 kcal/kg ME of diets. In experiment 2, a total of 84 finishing pigs with an initial BW of 67.43 ± 1.97 kg were used in a 10‐week trial. Pigs were allotted based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.81 or 1.08 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,300 or 3,450 kcal/kg ME of diet. In experiment 1, high ME diet improved gain‐to‐feed ratio (G:F) in pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs in high space allocation (p < .05). Additionally, high ME diet increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen in low space allocation but decreased ATTD of nitrogen in high space allocation (p < .05). In experiment 2, high ME diet improved average daily gain (ADG) and G:F in early‐finishing pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs with high space allocation (p < .05). In conclusion, the provision of high ME diets was not enough to overcome the reduction in growth performance due to low space allocation but can improve feed efficiency in growing pigs and daily gain and feed efficiency early‐finishing pigs.     

在不同有效磷日粮中添加植酸酶对仔猪生产性能的影响

将体重相近的60头15kg左右的杜长大仔猪分为5个处理（对照组、AP降低0．1％、AP降低0．12％、AP降低0．1％＋酶、AP降低0．12％＋酶），每个处理3个重复，每重复4头仔猪。研究结果表明：曰粮有效磷水平和植酸酶对仔猪生长、料重比都有显著的影响（P〈0．05），与对照组相比，当日粮有效磷水平降低0．1％，仔猪体重、日增重会显著降低，而料重比显著上升；当有效磷降低0．1％添加植酸酶时，仔猪体重、日增重会显著增加，而料重比显著下降；当日粮有效磷降低0．12％时，不论加酶与否，其体重、日增重都会显著下降，而料重比会显著增加。