草莓TCP转录因子家族生物信息学鉴定及基因表达分析

TCP转录因子家族是植物特异的一类调控逆境胁迫的重要转录因子。该研究利用生物信息学方法对草莓TCP转录因子家族成员进行鉴定,采用qRT PCR方法检测转录因子家族在非生物胁迫中的表达,并对相应转录因子家族基因的结构和功能进行了预测,为探究TCP转录因子在森林草莓非生物胁迫中的作用奠定基础。结果显示：(1)从森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)基因组和凤梨草莓(Fragaria ananassa)基因组中分别筛选了18个和58个TCP基因,并根据基因在染色体上的位置分别命名为FvTCP1~FvTCP18和FaTCP1~FaTCP58,亚细胞定位显示TCP家族基因主要位于细胞核上。(2)qRT PCR分析表明,森林草莓家族基因对逆境胁迫具有响应作用,但不同成员在不同胁迫处理下的响应程度存在差异,FvTCP14在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl、10% PEG、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA、4 ℃低温、40 ℃高温和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂处理下相对表达量极显著高于对照,分别是对照的43.78倍、166.73倍、38.39倍、265.87倍、626.24倍和451.85倍,表明^FvTCP14响应干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂、低温和高温胁迫;另外发现,FvTCP12在4 ℃低温、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂胁迫下与对照相比呈下调趋势,推测FvTCP12基因对低温、ABA和H₂O₂胁迫具有负调控作用。研究表明,森林草莓TCP转录因子在不同逆境胁迫中的表达存在一定的差异。     

胞外ATP对AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡过程中胞内H2O2和Ca2+水平的影响及其生理机制分析

该实验以烟草悬浮细胞 BY 2 为材料,在烟草悬浮细胞中分别加入0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol·L^-1AlCl₃,以等体积去离子水处理的悬浮细胞液为对照,并依据前述实验结果选择0.15 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃,分别添加5 mmol·L^-1 DMTU(H₂O₂ 抑制剂)、20 μmol·L^-1CaCl₂、15 μmol·L^-1 LaCl₃(Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)和50 μmol·L^-1 ATP设计多项处理,分析胞外ATP(eATP)对铝离子(Al³⁺)胁迫引起的植物细胞死亡及其胞内H₂O₂、Ca²⁺的影响,以揭示Al³⁺胁迫下植物调节细胞死亡的可能机制,进一步扩展对eATP功能的认知。结果显示：(1)随着 AlCl₃ 胁迫浓度的提高,细胞死亡水平和胞内H₂O₂水平上升,而胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平则逐渐降低。(2)外援施加H₂O₂抑制剂 DMTU(二甲基硫脲)和Ca²⁺能够有效缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡水平的上升;而Ca²⁺通道抑制剂LaCl₃(三氯化镧)则加剧了AlCl₃胁迫下的细胞死亡。(3)在AlCl₃胁迫下对细胞添加外源ATP,能够缓解AlCl₃胁迫下胞内H₂O₂水平上升和Ca²⁺水平下降的同时,并显著降低AlCl₃胁迫导致的细胞死亡。研究表明, Al³⁺以剂量依赖的模式提升细胞死亡和细胞内H₂O₂的水平并降低胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平,AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡受到H₂O₂和Ca²⁺水平变化的调节,eATP可以通过调节H₂O₂与Ca²⁺水平缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡。推测Al³⁺胁迫可能通过抑制钙离子通道而破坏了细胞内H₂O₂和Ca²⁺之间的协同关系,外源ATP对Al³⁺诱导H₂O₂上升的缓解作用可能是由于其提升了细胞的抗氧化能力。     

NO和H2O2诱导大豆根尖和边缘细胞耐铝反应的作用

 NO和H₂O₂是参与植物抗非生物胁迫反应的重要信号分子, 为了确定NO和H₂O₂在大豆(Glycine max)根尖和根边缘细胞(root border cells, RBCs)耐铝反应中的作用及其相互关系, 以‘浙春3号’大豆为材料, 研究了铝毒胁迫下大豆根尖内源NO和H₂O₂的变化, 以及外源NO和H₂O₂诱导大豆根尖和RBCs的耐铝反应。结果表明, 50 μmol·L^–1 Al处理48 h显著抑制大豆根的伸长, 提高Al在根尖的积累, 同时显著增加根尖内源NO和H₂O₂含量。施加0.25 mmol·L^–1外源NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O, sodium nitroprusside, SNP)和0.1 mmol·L^–1H₂O₂, 能有效地缓解Al对大豆根伸长的抑制、根尖Al积累和RBCs 的死亡, 该缓解作用可以被0.05 mmol·L^–1 NO清除剂2-(4- 羧基苯)-4,4,5,5- 四甲基咪唑-1- 氧-3- 氧化物, 钾盐(C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₄·K, carboxy-PTIO, cPTIO)和150 U·mL^–1 H₂O₂清除酶(catalase, CAT)逆转。并且外源NO能够显著促进根尖H₂O₂的积累, 而外源H₂O₂对根尖NO的含量无显著影响。这表明NO和H₂O₂是诱导大豆根尖及RBCs耐铝反应的两种信号分子, NO可能通过调控H₂O₂的形成, 进而诱导大豆根尖及RBCs的耐铝反应。     

植物叶片中过氧化氢含量测定方法的改进

Ti（Ⅳ）-H₂O₂比色法因背景物质干扰而测得的植物叶片内H₂O₂含量偏高，5％三氯乙酸抽提，活性炭脱色，Ti（Ⅳ）-4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)比色法测得的H₂O₂含量偏低.萃取法有效地脱去丙酮提液中的色素，且H₂O₂的回收率在95％以上.用过氧化氢酶(CAT）处理作空白对照，利用H₂O₂与Ti（Ⅳ）-PAR的显色反应，建立了一种简便、快速、准确的植物叶片内的H₂O₂含量测定方法，H₂O₂的最低检测浓度为0.25 μmol·L^－1.用该方法测得多种植物叶片中H₂O₂的含量在0.1～0.8 μmol·g^－1.     

水稻OsMBF1c基因的克隆及表达分析

多蛋白桥联因子1(multi protein bridging factor 1, MBF1)在植物应对逆境胁迫中起着重要的作用,而对于水稻中MBF1是否参与重金属胁迫响应机制目前尚未见相关报道。为了揭示水稻MBF1家族与重金属胁迫的相关性及其潜在作用机制,该研究利用PCR技术克隆水稻OsMBF1c基因的全长编码序列,通过生物信息学对基因功能进行分析和预测,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析其在镉(Cd)胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明:(1)OsMBF1c的全长编码序列为468 bp,共编码155个氨基酸,相对分子量为16.154 kDa。(2)OsMBF1c与大麦TdMBF1a.1亲缘关系最近,具有光、厌氧等环境因子诱导相关的顺式调节元件。(3)重金属Cd可诱导OsMBF1c表达且在时间上和组织中的表达水平具有特异性,100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 处理1 h 后,地上部分OsMBF1c表达量明显上调,为对照组的7倍; 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 胁迫处理6 h后,根部OsMBF1c表达量上调为对照组的3倍。该研究结果进一步完善了非生物胁迫下MBF1家族的生物学功能研究。     

白菜型油菜RbohC和RbohF基因克隆与表达分析

该研究以白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa L.）‘陇油6号’为实验材料,采用RT PCR方法克隆油菜RbohC和RbohF基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对RbohC、RbohF基因在不同组织及非生物胁迫下的表达进行分析,为深入研究油菜RbohC、RbohF基因的生物学功能提供依据。结果显示：(1) 成功克隆得到2个全长分别为3 050 bp和2 995 bp的油菜RbohC (GenBank登录号：XM_009134386) 和RbohF (GenBank登录号：XM_009114548) 基因序列。(2) 生物信息学分析显示,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因开放阅读框（ORF）分别为2 733 bp和2 847 bp,编码910和948个氨基酸,推测二者的蛋白质分子量分别为103 kDa和108 kDa,理论等电点分别为9.47和9.21; 油菜RbohC、RbohF编码的氨基酸序列与萝卜等多种植物相应蛋白氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,且这些序列高度保守并含有NADPH氧化酶的典型保守结构域,包括2个可以与Ca²⁺结合的EF手性模体结构、6个跨膜结构域、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸结合结构域、NAD焦磷酸结合结构域和C末端区域中的NADP核糖保守结合位点。(3) 油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在根、茎、叶和下胚轴中均表达,无组织特异性,但RbohC基因在根中表达量最高, RbohF基因在下胚轴中表达量最高。(4) 低温、干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂处理都能够诱导油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达,但抗寒性强的 ‘陇油6号’的RbohC和RbohF基因对胁迫的响应更敏感,且RbohC基因的表达量均高于RbohF基因。(5) 用H₂O₂清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD、MAPKK抑制剂U0126处理后,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达均较对照下降,说明U0126和DMTU对油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达有抑制作用。研究认为,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在油菜适应逆境胁迫中具有重要作用,两基因的表达均受MAPK激酶信号途径的调节,并受到H₂O₂的反馈调节,而且抗寒性强的‘陇油6号’品种中RbohC和RbohF基因对H2O2和MAPK激酶信号途径的响应更敏感。     

华丽龙胆GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以华丽龙胆(Gentiana sino ornata)5个不同开放阶段(H₁~H₅)的蓝色花冠为试材,利用RT PCR技术克隆GsF3′5′H和GsFNS全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析,比较GsF3′5′H和GsFNS在不同组织和不同开放阶段的基因表达模式。结果显示：(1)所克隆的GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因分别包含1 560 bp和1 590 bp开放阅读框(OFR),并分别编码520和529个氨基酸。(2)结构分析显示,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS均具有典型的F3′5′H和FNSⅡ蛋白保守结构域。(3)系统进化树分析表明,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS亲缘关系最近的物种是三花龙胆(Gentiana triflora)。(4)qRT PCR结果显示,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因在根、茎、叶和花冠中均表达,其中GsF3′5′H基因在花冠H₃阶段表达量最高。GsFNS在根中表达量最高,其次在花冠H₄阶段两基因的表达均较高。研究推测,GsF3′5′H基因表达产生的飞燕草素苷和GsFNS表达产生的黄酮共着色作用可能使华丽龙胆的花冠呈更稳定艳丽的蓝色,为蓝色花分子育种提供重要的基因资源。     

外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

以小白菜"甜脆青"为试材,研究不同浓度（5、10、25、50和100 mmol/L）过氧化氢（H₂O₂）浸种处理对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫明显抑制小白菜种子的萌发状况和幼苗生长,发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗根和芽长度和鲜重均明显降低,根和芽中CAT的活性及K⁺含量明显受到抑制,渗透调节物质、活性氧和MDA含量显著增加。不同浓度H₂O₂浸种处理提高了NaCl胁迫下小白菜种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进小白菜根和芽的生长,增强了NaCl胁迫下根和芽中SOD、CAT和APX的活性及K⁺含量,降低O₂^-·产生速率及H₂O₂和MDA含量,进一步促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的增加,降低体内Na⁺含量。其中以10 mmol/L H₂O₂处理缓解盐胁迫效果最好,明显缓解NaCl胁迫对小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制。     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

皇竹草活性氧代谢对阿特拉津胁迫的响应特征

采用水培实验研究了4个浓度（5、10、20、40 mg·L^-1）除草剂阿特拉津胁迫下,皇竹草（Pennisetum hydridum）叶片内超氧阴离子生成速率、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、原生质膜透性的变化,探讨皇竹草对阿特拉津的抗性及其生理机制。结果显示:（1）低浓度（5、10 mg·L^-1）的阿特拉津胁迫使皇竹草叶片内超氧阴离子生成速率和CAT活性升高,却使H₂O₂含量及SOD和POD活性降低,但随着培养时间的延长,培养液中阿特拉津浓度的降低导致上述指标又有恢复到正常水平的趋势;而高浓度（40 mg·L^-1）的阿特拉津胁迫则使皇竹草叶片内H₂O₂含量、SOD、POD和CAT活性持续降低。（2）在各胁迫浓度下持续胁迫10 d后,皇竹草叶片内MDA含量开始逐渐升高,并且升高幅度随着胁迫浓度的提高而明显增加,但各胁迫浓度下叶片原生质膜相对透性未见明显的变化。研究表明,皇竹草可能通过活性氧等信号分子调控自身保护酶系统的活性来缓解阿特拉津造成的伤害,从而对低浓度（5、10 mg·L^-1）的阿特拉津胁迫表现出较强抗性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

“HAIRY CANOLA” – Arabidopsis GL3 Induces a Dense Covering of Trichomes on Brassica napus Seedlings

Transformation with the Arabidopsis bHLH gene 35S:GLABRA3 (GL3) produced novel B. napus plants with an extremely dense coverage of trichomes on seedling tissues (stems and young leaves). In contrast, trichomes were strongly induced in seedling stems and moderately induced in leaves of a hairy, purple phenotype transformed with a 2.2 kb allele of the maize anthocyanin regulator LEAF COLOUR (Lc), but only weakly induced by BOOSTER (B-Peru), the maize Lc 2.4 kb allele, or the Arabidopsis trichome MYB gene GLABRA1 (GL1). B. napus plants containing only the GL3 transgene had a greater proportion of trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface, whereas all other plant types had a greater proportion on the abaxial surface. Progeny of crosses between GL3⁺ and GL1⁺ plants resulted in trichome densities intermediate between a single-insertion GL3⁺ plant and a double-insertion GL3⁺ plant. None of the transformations stimulated trichomes on Brassica cotyledons or on non-seedling tissues. A small portion of bHLH gene-induced trichomes had a swollen terminal structure. The results suggest that trichome development in B. napus may be regulated differently from Arabidopsis. They also imply that insertion of GL3 into Brassica species under a tissue-specific promoter has strong potential for developing insect-resistant crop plants. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Validation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">VRN-H2</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">VRN-H1</Emphasis> epistatic model in barley reveals that intron length variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">VRN-H1</Emphasis> may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity

The epistatic interaction of alleles at the VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 loci determines vernalization sensitivity in barley. To validate the current molecular model for the two-locus epistasis, we crossed homozygous vernalization-insensitive plants harboring a predicted “winter type” allele at either VRN-H1 (Dicktoo) or VRN-H2 (Oregon Wolfe Barley Dominant), or at both VRN-H (Calicuchima-sib) loci and measured the flowering time of unvernalized F₂ progeny under long-day photoperiod. We assessed whether the spring growth habit of Calicuchima-sib is an exception to the two-locus epistatic model or contains novel “spring” alleles at VRN-H1 (HvBM5A) and/or VRN-H2 (ZCCT-H) by determining allele sequence variants at these loci and their effects relative to growth habit. We found that (a) progeny with predicted “winter type” alleles at both VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 alleles exhibited an extremely delayed flowering (i.e. vernalization-sensitive) phenotype in two out of the three F₂ populations, (b) sequence flanking the vernalization critical region of HvBM5A intron 1 likely influences degree of vernalization sensitivity, (c) a winter habit is retained when ZCCT-Ha has been deleted, and (d) the ZCCT-H genes have higher levels of allelic polymorphism than other winterhardiness regulatory genes. Our results validate the model explaining the epistatic interaction of VRN-H2 and VRN-H1 under long-day conditions, demonstrate recovery of vernalization-sensitive progeny from crosses of vernalization-insensitive genotypes, show that intron length variation in VRN-H1 may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity, and provide molecular markers that are accurate predictors of “winter vs spring type” alleles at the VRN-H loci.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.