高糖抑制牛主动脉内皮细胞诱导型和结构型一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的:研究高糖对新生小牛主动脉内皮细胞(BAEC)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响。方法:BAEC培养并传代于含正常葡萄糖(5.5mmol·L~(-1),NGBAEC),高糖(25 mmol·L~(-1),HG-BAEC)或高渗(葡萄糖5.5 甘露醇19.5 mmol·L~(-1),Mann-BAEC)的无酚红M1640培养基.Griess反应检测脂多糖(LPS)诱导的一氧化氮(NO)产生.Westem blot法检测结构型NOS(ecNOS)及诱导型NOS(iNOS)表达。结果:LPS(0.25-2 mg·L~(-1))剂量依赖性刺激BAEC产生NO,并在LPS 1 mg·L~(-1)达峰值。高糖显著抑制LPS诱导的NO产生(亚硝酸μmol·L~(-1):HG-BAEC 43±8,vs NG-BAEC 71±11,Mann-BAEC 70±9,n=4,P<0.01)。同样,与NG-和Mann-BAEC相比,HG-BAEC iNOS表达下降39.9％和39.3％,ecNOS表达下降28％和24％,而NG-与Mann-BAEC之间,LPS诱导的NO产量和iNOS和ecNOS的表达无差别。结论:高糖抑制BAEC NO的释放,与NOS的低表达有关。     

罗格列酮对血管平滑肌细胞血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体2表达的影响

目的:观察罗格列酮对血管紧张肽Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体2(AT_2R)mRNA和蛋白表达的影响及其机制。方法:1μmol·L~(-1) AngⅡ孵育体外培养大鼠VSMCs 6h,然后随机分成7组,另设空白对照组。其中3组分别加入终浓度为20、30、50μmol·L~(-1)罗格列酮干预12h;另3组加入30μmol·L~(-1)的罗格列酮分别再干预6、12、24h;余1组为AngⅡ模型组。采用RT- PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测VSMCs AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果:空白对照组AT_2R mRNA和蛋白表达量为[(57±s5)％,1.094±0.012],AngⅡ可下调AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达[(41±4)％,0.91±0.05](P<0.01,P<0.05);与AngⅡ组相比,罗格列酮20、30、50μmol·L~(-1)干预12h或30μmol·L~(-1)罗格列酮再干预6、12、24h均能使AT_2R mRNA和蛋白的表达明显上调[(63±6)％,1.18±0.04;(94±10)％, 1.35±0.03;(110±12)％,1.58±0.03;(40±4)％,1.23±0.03;(57±6)％,1.372±0.023;(90±10)％,1.64±0.03](P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:基础状态下,体外培养的大鼠VSMCs AT_2R少量表达, AngⅡ下调AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达;一定浓度范围内,罗格列酮可剂量、时间依赖性地上调AngⅡ诱导的大鼠VSMCs AT_2R mRNA和蛋白的表达。     

DDPH抑制豚鼠单个心室肌细胞L-钙电流和钠电流(英文)

目的:研究1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和钠电流的作用。方法:全细胞膜片箝技术。结果:(1)DDPH(3-300μmol·L~(-1))浓度依赖性地抑制L-型钙电流,IC_(50)为28.5μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:14.3-42.7μmol·L~(-1))。维拉帕米0.3-30μmol/L浓度依赖性地抑制钙电流,IC_(50)为1.8μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:1.3-2.3μmol·L~(-1))。美西律100μmol·L~(-1)对钙电流无影响。DDPH30μmol·L~(-1)使用依赖性阻滞钙电流,1Hz时抑制率为58％±13％(n=5,P<0.01),3Hz时为76％±11％(n=5,P<0.01)。(2)DDPH(20-320μmol·L~(-1))浓度依赖性抑制钠电流,IC_(50)为89.0μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:68.7-109.3μmol·L~(-1))。美西律抑制钠电流的IC_(50)为32.2μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:11.7-52.7μmol·L~(-1))。维拉帕米10μmol·L~(-1)对钠电流无影响(P>0.05).DDPH80μmol·L~(-1)对钠电流无使用依赖性阻滞。结论:DDPH抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和钠电流,但抑制钙电流的作用弱于维拉帕米,抑制钠电流的作用弱于美西律。     

心律平对新生犬及成年犬心肌浦肯野纤维电生理学特性的影响

<正> 心律平(propafenone)是一种新的抗心律失常药.在成年动物心肌细胞上所得的结果认为该药属于Ic类抗心律失常药.本文采用细胞内微电极技术,观察5.8μmol·L~(-1)心律平对新生犬及成年犬心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的影响.结果表明:1.5.8μmol·L~(-1)心律平灌流30 min后,新生犬动作电位上升幅度(APA)由给药前的124±4 mV降低到115±6 mV(n=6,P<0.01),为给药前的93％;零相最大上升速率(V_(max))由249±100v·s~(-1)下降到269±92 v·s~(-1)(n=7,P<0.01),为给药前的77％,成年犬APA则由125±2 mV降低到109±3 mV(n=6,P<0.01),为给药前的87％;V_(max)由334±127 v·s~(-1)下降到224±94 v·s~(-1)(n=7,P<0.01),     

痛啡肽抑制豚鼠气道兴奋性非肾上腺素能非胆碱能反应

目的:研究痛啡肽(Nociceptin,NC)及U-50488H对豚鼠离体支气管环的非肾上腺素能非胆碱能兴奋(eNANC)所致收缩的抑制作用。方法:记录电场刺激及辣椒素引起标本eNANC反应的收缩张力,了解NC及U-50488H的作用。结果:NC 0.001-0.1μmol·L~(-1)可抑制标本的eNANC收缩。与对照组相比,NC 0.01μmol·L~(-1)抑制收缩达(43±31)％;预用纳洛酮0.1μmol·L~(-1)后,NC仍抑制收缩达(46±28)％。IC_(50)(95％可信限)是6.12(3.8-9.9)nmol·L~(-1)。U-50488H 0.01 -1μmol·L~(-1)可抑制eNANC收缩,其IC_(50)(95％可信限)为1.08(0.5-2.2)μmol·L~(-1),但是U-50488H 0.1μmol·L~(-1)的抑制作用可被纳洛酮0.1μmol·L~(-1)完全取消。辣椒素0.01-1μmol·L~(-1)可引起eNANC收缩,NC 0.01μmol·L~(-1)和U-50488H 0.1μmol·L~(-1)均不能明显影响辣椒素的作用。外源性神经激肽A 0.01μmol·L~(-1)引起的收缩不受NC和U-50488H 0.1μmol·L~(-1)的影响。结论:NC非纳洛酮敏感地抑制电场刺激引起的豚鼠气道eNANC反应;U-50488H通过激动阿片受体而抑制电场刺激引起的豚鼠气道eNANC反应。     

中枢去甲肾上腺素系统参与脑室注射P物质的心血管反应(英文)

目的:研究脑内P物质(substance P,SP)的心血管反应与去甲肾上腺素能系统的关系。方法:家兔脑室注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)10天后注射SP,记录平均动脉血压和心率的变化;放射受体测定法测定下丘脑及腹侧延髓中SP受体的密度和亲和力。结果:6-OHDA预处理后,下丘脑及腹侧延髓内NA的含量分别降低86.7％和77.0％,侧脑室注射SP的升压反应显著减弱。6-OHDA组下丘脑和腹侧延髓突触小体膜上SP受体总数B_(max)分别为(42±18)和(20±5)pmol·g~(-1)protein,显著低于对照组(108±5)和(35.9±2.2)pmol·g~(-1)protein,而6-OHDA组[~(125)I]SP对SP受体的平衡解离常数K_d[(0.029±0.001),(0.015±0.003)nmol·L~(-1)]显著高于对照组[(0.015±0.004),(0.014±0.006)nmol·L~(-1)]。结论:中枢去甲肾上腺素神经通路参与侧脑室注射SP的心血管反应。     

短暂脑缺血发作对溶血磷脂酸的影响及养血清脑颗粒的作用

目的:研究短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)对溶血磷脂酸(LPA)的影响以及中成药养血清脑颗粒的作用。方法:小鼠尾静脉注射过氧化物并窒息建立TIA模型,灌胃给予不同剂量养血清脑颗粒,诱发4次后隔日断头取脑测定血浆和脑组织中LPA等的含量。结果:模型组的神经系统评分为0.969±0.790,养血清脑颗粒2g·kg~(-1)组的评分为0.500±0.408,较模型组显著降低(P<0.05)。模型组小鼠血浆LPA比正常对照组明显升高,分别为(6.12±0.35)和(2.11±1.27)μmol·L~(-1),养血清脑颗粒4g·kg~(-1)组较模型组明显降低[(4.88±1.55)μmol·L~(-1),P<0.05]。模型组小鼠脑组织磷脂与对照相比明显降低,分别为(2.27±1.13)及(6.58±2.77)μmol·g~(-1),给药组小鼠可上升至(4.26±1.99)μmol·g~(-1)。结论:实验性TIA发作可导致小鼠血浆和脑组织中LPA等磷脂水平异常,养血清脑有逆转作用。     

p38 MAP激酶在山冈橐吾碱肝细胞毒性中的作用

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38 (p38MAP激酶)在山冈橐吾碱肝细胞毒性中的作用。方法采用western杂交方法观察山冈橐吾碱(100μmol·L~(-1),分别作用1,5,15,30及60 min)对p38MAP激酶激活的影响;10μmol·L~(-1) p38MAP激酶抑制剂SKF86002预处理15 min后,分别观察其对山冈橐吾碱(100μmol·L~(-1))诱导p38MAP激酶磷酸化(30 min,western杂交法)及细胞毒性(MTT法,36及48 h;台盼蓝染色法,36 h)的影响。结果western blot结果显示,100μmol·L~(-1)山冈橐吾碱明显诱导p38 MAP激酶的磷酸化激活,5～30 min时处于较高水平;SKF86002预处理可以明显抑制山冈橐吾碱诱导的p38 MAP激酶磷酸化;MTT染色法和台盼蓝染色实验均发现SKF86002预处理能部分降低山冈橐吾碱诱导的肝细胞毒性[MTT,36 h:(0.210±0.008) vs (0.170±0.003),48 h:(0.33±0.03) vs (0.200±0.003);台盼蓝染色(80±2)% vs (72±7)%;n=8,P<0.05]。结论p38MAP激酶可能参与了山冈橐吾碱诱导的肝细胞毒性作用。     

褪黑素对吗啡戒断大鼠脑脊液和血浆中cAMP水平抑制的影响

目的·· :探讨褪黑素(melatonin,MT)抑制吗啡戒断反应的作用及其与脑脊液(CSF)和血浆中cAMP含量的关系。方法··:建立吗啡依赖大鼠自然戒断模型 ,脑室插管及放免测定吗啡依赖大鼠CSF和血浆中cAMP含量。结果·· :(1)MT对大鼠吗啡戒断反应有明显的抑制作用;(2)吗啡依赖大鼠CSF中(20.07pmol·ml-1±s4.62pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(76.40pmol·ml-1±s8.71pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量均低于正常大鼠,P<0.01 ;吗啡戒断大鼠CSF中(38.19pmol·ml-1±s6.62pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(96.65pmol·ml-1±s5.32pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量则明显高于吗啡依赖大鼠,P<0.001;(3)MT可使吗啡戒断大鼠CSF中(23.28pmol·ml-1±s4.10pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(61.72pmol·ml-1±s3.49pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量明显降低,P<0.01和P<0.001。结论·· :MT可抑制大鼠吗啡戒断反应 ,并与MT降低CSF和血浆中cAMP的含量有关。     

脂质过氧化在再灌流性肝损伤中的作用

采用低流率-再灌流模型研究脂质过氧化在再灌流性肝损伤中的作用,肝脏经过90min低速率灌流未见明显损伤,当灌流速率恢复到正常后中心静脉周围区(PC区)细胞发生迅速不可逆损害,并伴有丙二醛生成率大幅度上升,低速率灌流期间,灌流液中黄嘌呤与次黄嘌吟浓度由原来的1.5和3.6μmol·L~(-1)逐步升高至5.5和11.5μmol·L~(-1),自由基清除剂儿茶酸能使再灌流期丙二醛生成率由295 nm01·g~(-1)·h~(-1)下降至109 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),并使LDH释放率减少约50％,PC区细胞死亡率减少89％,再灌流初期用氮饱和灌流液冲洗3 min,使再灌流所致的LDH释放下降约50％,PC区细胞死亡率减少84％,别嘌吟醇(2～6mmol·L~(-1))对防止再灌流性肝损伤表现出明显的剂量效应关系。 与预计结果相反低浓度别嘌呤醇(0.5～1mmol·~(-1))能增加再灌流性肝损伤,400μmol·L~(-1)黄嘌呤则使再灌流性肝损伤明显减轻,其代谢产物尿酸对降低再灌流时丙二醛生成率以及细胞损害均表现出明显的剂量反应关系。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.