广州市花都区地下水应急水源地研究

广州市花都区地下水资源较丰富,根据地下水的赋存条件,地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水、红层孔隙裂隙水、层状岩类裂隙水及块状岩类裂隙水。其中供水意义较大的地下水类型为松散岩类孔隙水和碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水。依据应急水源地圈定依据,圈定四处地下水应急水源地,对潜在供水能力、水质及地下水开采风险进行评价。结果显示:各应急水源地地下水水质总体良好,经相应处理后可满足应急供水水质需求,地地下水开采风险主要有地质灾害风险、地下水污染风险及开采技术风险。应急状态下,各水源地地下水总允许开采资源为72 119.13 m^3/d,可满足花都区63.86%常住人口的应急供水。     

赣南地区地下水氟含量区域分布特征及成因分析

以江西赣南地区某地区为研究对象,对地下水中的氟分布含量特征及成因进行了调查分析。结果表明:不同岩类孔隙水中的地下水氟含量主要以低氟水为主,这与研究区地下水呈酸性、低矿化度、低钙离子和碳酸氢根离子等特征有关;松散岩类孔隙水中的低氟水、中氟水以及高氟水占比分别为94.3%、4.6和1.1%;碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水中各含量分级占比分比为97.7%、0%和2.3%;花岗岩类裂隙水中各含量分级占比分比为93.2%、4.1%和2.7%;变质岩类裂隙水中各含量分级占比分比为96.4%、3.6%和0%。不同地层地下水氟含量大小依次为花岗岩类孔隙水松散岩类孔隙水碎屑岩类孔隙水变质岩类孔隙水。研究区的水氟主要来源于氟矿物的溶解,同时受水动力、水化学以及地层岩性等的影响,不同地区的水氟含量有所差异。     

山东莒县地区地下水动态特征及找水模型

山东莒县地区地下水类型分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水和基岩裂隙水4类含水岩组;根据区内长期水质监测孔资料,介绍了地下水水化学特征。采集12件水样进行2H、18O稳定同位素及3H同位素测龄,结果表明浅层地下水受现代大气降水的补给,更新替代速度快。随着区内峤山水库停止放水,引发了水位下降和泉水枯竭的环境地质问题。为合理开发利用本区地下水资源,提出四种找水模型,为找水打井,提供帮助。     

新疆哈密盆地区域地下水质量评价

在对哈密盆地气象、水文、地形以及地貌等条件分析的基础上,对研究区的区域主要含水层和区域地下水质量进行了评价和分析。研究结果表明:哈密盆地为典型的内陆干旱盆地,地下水类型包括松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和冻结层水;研究区内地下水水质分布具有明显的分带规律;在无机常规指标超标(大于Ⅲ类)样品共16组,超标率为32%。进而为后期该地区地下地下水资源的开发利用提供理论基础和科学依据。     

蚌埠市地下水资源开发利用方略探析

安徽蚌埠市位于淮河中游下段。对蚌埠市浅层地下水资源量及地下水可开采量进行分析可知,蚌埠市淮河以北地区浅层地下水含水层发育,补给条件较好,开发潜力较大,适宜分散开采,但总体水质较差。而淮河以北地区中深层孔隙水单井涌水量较大,水质良好。结合当地社会经济发展实际,应对蚌埠市浅层地下水资源开发利用科学规划,严格控制中深层地下水开采量,逐步恢复地下水位,加强地下水管理保护工作,为区域水资源均衡发展提供支撑。     

吉林省永吉县水质现状评价

永吉县位于吉林省中东部,地处松嫩平原向长白山过渡地带,是吉林市五个下辖县之一,具有丰富的土地资源及矿产资源。当地的水质状况总体处于中等偏上水平,对当地农业及生态发展起着一定的制约作用。通过对当地地表水及地下水的采样测试,根据国家相关水质质量标准,综合评价了当地的水质现状。结果表明,县内地表水上游水质多数符合Ⅱ类水标准,下游水质不容乐观;地下水中潜水水质以Ⅳ类水为主,其次为Ⅱ类水,承压水以较差的Ⅳ类水为主,且分布面积较大。     

川南红层地区地下水赋存环境及水化学特征分析—以宜宾市屏山县为例

在对宜宾市屏山县地区地下水水文地质调查的基础上,对屏山地区地层分布、构造及含水特征等地下水赋存环境进行了研究,将地下水分为松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙层间水和碳酸盐类裂隙溶洞水;通过分析研究区122组水质样品的水化学特征,结合Piper三线图,建立了地下水类型空间分布图;在此基础上,利用相关性分析、主成分分析和离子比例系数分析,解释了地下水的控制性影响因素,揭示了屏山地区地下水化学空间分布特征及成因规律。结果表明：屏山地下水类型主要以HCO3--Ca2+、HCO3-·SO42--Ca2+、HCO3--Ca2+·Mg2+和HCO3-·SO42--Ca2+·Mg2+型为主,主要受到地层岩性的溶滤作用和大气降雨的影响,对指导川南地区地下水开发利用规划具有重要的现实意义。     

山东省地下水氟富集规律及其驱动机制

本文以生命必需元素氟为研究对象,选择地方性氟病分布典型、地下水类型分布全面的山东省全境为研究区,依托2006～2016年间采集的4321件地下水无机分析数据,综合运用数理统计分析、离子比值分析、水化学平衡体系分析,详细研究了山东省高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制.结果表明:山东省浅层高氟地下水集中连片分布于胶莱盆地和鲁西南平原地区地势低洼地带,地下水氟含量超过1 mg/L的分布面积13227 km2,最大值22 mg/L;深层承压孔隙水高氟区集中分布于平原盆地中心的德州、滨州、菏泽等地深层承压孔隙水水位降落漏斗区,氟含量超过2 mg/L的分布面积15086 km2,最大值7.5 mg/L,地下水开采是驱动深层承压孔隙水氟富集的主要因素;不同类型地下水氟平均含量从大到小依次是深层承压孔隙水、浅层松散岩类孔隙水、侵入岩变质岩基岩裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水;深层承压孔隙水F-含量与Ca2+含量呈明显的负相关,其他类型地下水F-含量与Ca2+含量相关关系不明显.综合得出:山东省高氟地下水形成受地貌与地质构造部位、含水介质地球化学特性、人类地下水开采等三方面因素共同驱动,含氟矿物的溶解是地下水中氟的物质来源,淋滤、蒸发浓缩、水岩相互作用使得地下水氟含量进一步升高,氟-钙拮抗作用机制最终决定地下水中氟含量.此研究揭示了控制不同类型地下水氟富集的关键因素,深化了氟在地下水中化学行为的认识.     

湖南省湘潭市地下水质量现状与保护措施

通过对湘潭市区地下水13年监测资料的系统分析与综合研究，将工作区中地下水划分为白垩系岩溶水与第四系孔隙水两类。并对两类地下水水质进行了评价，其中某些元素已有超标现象，总体可达到饮用水标准，最后提出了相应的保护措施。     

鲁西南邵庄-双庙水源地地下水环境质量现状评价

按照单项组分、综合评价法,对邵庄-双庙水源地第四系孔隙水和寒武-奥陶系岩溶水环境质量现状进行了评价。第四系孔隙水,总体上,以京杭运河为界,运河以西水质较差,运河以东地区、邵庄、双庙水源地所在地段水质较好;蜀山背斜岩溶水系统内大多地段岩溶水水质较好,邵庄水源地岩溶水水质良好,其它地段及双庙地垒岩溶水系统岩溶地下水质量普遍较差。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.