迁安市夏官营镇农村居民健康教育效果评价

目的评价农村居民健康教育的效果,为开展农村社区健康教育提供依据。方法在建立完善的工作网络的基础上,对迁安市夏官营镇农村居民进行多渠道、多形式的健康教育活动。干预前后,按照多级随机抽样方法,分别抽取408人和200人进行问卷调查,比较健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率。结果干预后,居民健康知识知晓率由54.2%上升至91.5%;健康行为形成率由54.7%提高到93.0%。结论多渠道、多形式的健康教育活动是提高农村居民健康知识水平、促进健康行为形成的有效途径。     

四川自贡市农村社区居民健康知识调查

目的 了解四川省自贡农村社区居民健康生活方式的相关知识、行为状况.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,对自贡市自流井区的舒平镇1560岁的300名村民进行问卷调查.结果 健康知识知晓率为66.8%,其中个人卫生知识知晓率为80.6%;相关行为形成率为60.6%,其中个人卫生的相关行为形成率为78.0%;在获取相关知识途径上前3位的是:电视广播(83.3%),咨询医生(36.3%),报纸或书籍(28.7%).结论 自贡市农村地区居民健康知识知晓率和相关行为形成率均高于2001年全省农村居民平均在接受健康知识的途径上,农村居民更喜欢电视广播这类生动形象的传播方式.怂     

卫生村创建前后农村居民健康知识知晓率情况调查

目的了解卫生村创建前后农村居民对相关健康知识的掌握程度及健康行为形成情况,为今后开展创建工作提供科学依据。方法根据卫生村创建标准中的相关内容设计调查问卷,内容包括:调查人群一般情况、了解健康知识的途径、相关健康知识知晓率、健康行为形成情况等。由经过专业培训的调查员于创建前后入户询问调查。计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果农村居民通过多种途径获得健康知识的人数由创建前的24.22%上升至创建后的36.46%(P0.05),农村居民健康知识平均知晓率由创建前的73.59%上升至创建后的92.07%(P0.05),农村居民健康行为的总形成率由创建前的72.84%上升至创建后的85.65%(P0.05)。结论农村社区健康教育是一项长期工作。创建卫生村对提高农村居民卫生健康意识、促进农村居民健康行为形成效果显著,是推动农村健康教育工作深入开展及提高全民健康知识水平的有效手段。     

泰州市农村居民健康知识与行为调查

目的:了解农村居民健康知识知晓率及健康行为形成率,为开展农村健康教育提供依据.方法:利用统一的调查表,随机对"行动"试点镇24岁以上的农村居民进行健康知识及健康行为调查.结果:健康知识知晓率为70.1%,随着文化程度的升高而增高,男性高于女性;健康行为形成率为87.1%,女性高于男性.结论:在泰州市农村应大力开展健康教育.     

合肥市农村居民健康知识行为现况调查

目的了解合肥市农村居民健康状况和健康需求,为进一步更好开展合肥市“全国亿万农民健康促进行动”工作提供科学的参考数据。方法采用多阶段抽样法,按照经济状况,共抽取3600人,进行调查问卷。结果合肥市农村居民健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率分别为62.86%和59.32%;“全国亿万农民健康促进行动”相关信息总体知晓率为10.78%;农村居民最愿意接受的三种传播卫生知识的方式是：电视、广播和书报杂志。结论农村居民健康知识知晓率和健康相关行为形成率处于较低的水平。亟待加强对其进行相关知识的宣传和教育。     

福州市健康教育区域绩效考核工作探讨

目的评价福州市健康教育和健康促进区域绩效考核的基本情况,探讨考核指标的可操作性。方法考核福州市12家基层疾病预防控制中心的健康教育和健康促进工作,从居民知识知晓率和行为形成率两个方面评价健康教育和健康促进的工作能力状况。结果福州12家基层疾病预防控制中心中,城市居民基本卫生防病平均知识知晓率为78.75%,农村居民基本卫生防病平均知识知晓率为71.21%;城市居民行为形成率平均为80.66%,农村居民行为形成率平均为73.60%;健康教育和健康促进区域绩效总体完成度平均为96.01%,各指标均接近或达到区域绩效考核标准。结论福州市基层疾病预防控制中心健康教育和健康促进区域绩效考核总体开展良好。     

2007年西藏中央补助地方健康教育试点健康知识及健康相关行为调查

目的探索西藏中央补助地方健康教育试点居民健康知识及健康相关行为状况。方法采用多阶段、随机抽样的方法,对西藏自治区中央补助地方健康教育试点15岁以上400名居民进行了健康知识问卷调查。结果高血压相关知识：“高血压临界值”知识知晓率为10.5%,“每年应测量一次血压”的知晓率为22%,“每日盐摄入不应超过6克”的知晓率为31.5%,城市试点对“每周至少3次30分钟以上运动”的知识知晓率为36%,“半年内测量过高血压”的行为形成率为65%,农村试点为20%,“半年内盐摄入减少”的行为形成率为26.5%,农村试点为13.5%,“城市试点对每周至少3次30分钟以上运动”的行为形成率为33.5%;其他知识：“吸烟可能导致肺癌”农村居民知识知晓率为31.5%,文化程度与知晓率和行为形成率成正相关,城市居民的知晓率、行为形成率高于农村居民,男性知晓率高于女性。各种知识的主要来源依次为宣传栏、宣传材料、知识讲座、健康咨询。结论农村居民和女性是接受健康知识的重点人群,应将健康教育工作重点放在农牧区,并针对不同人群、因地制宜地采取不同的传播方式和形式开展健康教育工作。     

亳州市谯城区农村居民健康知识和行为现状调查

目的：了解亳州市谯城区农村居民健康知识和相关行为现况,为在农村开展健康教育和健康促进提供依据。方法：采取多阶段随机抽样方法,确定2200名15-65岁的调查者。结果：被调查者健康知识知晓率为61.6%。80.3%的农村居民希望通过电视、广播、书报、杂志等媒体获得健康知识。结论：调查获得亳州市谯城区的农村居民健康知识基线数据,有些健康相关问题知晓率还很低,需要对农村居民进行广泛健康知识宣传,并尽量利用农村居民希望获得知识的途径进行健康知识传播。     

泰安市农村居民健康教育与行为干预效果评价

目的 评价对农村居民进行健康教育与行为干预的效果。方法 根据社区诊断，选择17条健康知识和15项健康行为作为健康教育与行为干预的内容。随机抽取研究对象进行问卷调查，分析比较健康教育前后健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率的变化。结果 在健康教育与行为干预后，目标人群健康知识知晓率平均由健康教育与行为干预前的44．24％升至82．56％；健康行为形成率平均由健康教育与行为干预前的68．49％提高到89．33％。结论 健康教育与行为干预是提高农村居民健康知识水平、促进健康行为形成的有效途径。     

农村居民艾滋病知识、态度、行为现状及影响因素研究

目的了解农村居民艾滋病知识、态度、行为现状和影响因素,探索适合农村社区居民艾滋病防治的健康教育模式和途径,为下一阶段有针对性地开展艾滋病预防控制工作提供依据。方法采用两阶段整群抽样方式,对湘潭市2个农村县市1 458名农村居民进行艾滋病KAP问卷调查。结果农村居民艾滋病知识知晓率为69.3%,平均得分8.2分,影响得分高低的主要因素为最近1年接受过艾滋病干预服务（OR=5.71）、外出务工时间在6个月及以上（OR=4.88）、高中及以上文化程度（OR=3.89）、男性（OR=2.63）和年龄（45~60岁,OR=0.57）（P均〈0.05）。获得艾滋病知识的主要来源为电视,占79.5%。有关艾滋病态度,平均得分4.9分。最近1年有婚外性行为的占5.2%,最近一次性行为安全套使用率为27.9%,仅有5.8%最近1年内做过VCT。结论农村居民艾滋病相关知识知晓率不高,关于艾滋病知识的健康教育要扩大覆盖面、系统性和针对性相结合,要消除歧视和恐惧心理,较大年龄、文化程度低、女性、未婚和外出务工人员应该是健康教育干预的重点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.