纳米TiN改性Al2O3-TiC复合陶瓷的力学性能

通过添加粒径为50～80nm的TiN,改善了Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷的力学性能。以15％(质量分数,下同)的TiN取代15％TiC,制备了纳来TiN改性Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷。结果表明：70％Al_2O_3-15％TiC-15％TiN复合陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为618 MPa和7.12 MPa·m~(1／2),比70％Al_2O_3-30％TiC的性能(567 MPa和4.96 MPa·m_(1／2))明显提高,特别是断裂韧性提高了64％。纳米TiN改性Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷韧性的提高主要是由于材料致密度的提高和晶粒的细化所致,它的增韧方式为微裂纹、裂纹桥接和偏转。     

Al_2O_3晶须强化细晶氧化铝陶瓷的放电等离子烧结研究

通过放电等离子烧结(SPS)对Al_2O_3晶须增强氧化铝陶瓷致密化方法的研究,以获得细晶微观结构为目的,研究了晶须的加入对其常温力学性能的影响。从中发现添加晶须阻碍颗粒重排,显著地阻止了Al_2O_3的烧结行为。此外由于晶须网状结构较强的刚性边界,使得氧化铝基质颗粒的内应力降低。然而,在适宜的SPS环境下,当Al_2O_3晶须含量在3%~10%时能够获得几乎完全致密的细晶氧化铝陶瓷。加入3%Al_2O_3晶须的氧化铝陶瓷硬度与纯氧化铝陶瓷(约26GPa)相当,它的断裂韧性(5.6MPa·m~(1/2))高于纯氧化铝陶瓷(4.2MPa·m~(1/2))。研究结果表明,均匀分散的晶须和拔出晶须后的裂纹桥联被确认是主要的增韧机理。     

基于烧结助剂和烧结温度协同优化的高强韧Si3N4陶瓷研究

以Al_2O_3-Y_2O_3和Mg O-Y_2O_3为烧结助剂,通过热压烧结分别在1600℃和1800℃下制备Si_3N_4陶瓷。结果表明:以Al_2O_3-Y_2O_3助剂时,在1800℃热压烧结制备的Si_3N_4陶瓷具有显著的双峰结构和优异的综合力学性能,其硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为15.60±0.27 GPa、1105.99±68.39 MPa和7.13±0.37 MPa·m~(1/2);以Mg O-Y_2O_3为助剂时,在1600℃热压烧结制备的Si_3N_4陶瓷具有较高的致密度,显微结构含有长径比较高的晶须状Si_3N_4晶粒,并且具有优异的综合力学性能,其硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为16.53±0.21 GPa、1166.90±61.73 MPa和6.74±0.17 MPa·m~(1/2)。因此,在研究烧结助剂对Si_3N_4陶瓷性能的影响时,需结合其特定合适的烧结温度,才能有望获得综合性能优异的Si_3N_4陶瓷。     

烧结助剂(Y_2O_3、Al_2O_3、La_2O_3)对β-Si_3N_4自增韧陶瓷的性能研究

利用氮化硅陶瓷的自增韧技术,使用复合烧结助剂和在氮化硅基体中添加长柱状β-Si_3N_4晶种,制备高断裂韧性的氮化硅陶瓷。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、阿基米德法、三点抗弯曲强度、单边切口梁法等测试方法对陶瓷的组成、显微结构、显气孔率以及抗弯强度和断裂韧性等进行了分析与表征。首先研究了无压烧结制备氮化硅陶瓷过程中,烧结助剂(Y_2O_3、Al_2O_3)对其烧结性能和力学性能的影响,当Y_2O_3含量为8wt%,Al_2O_3含量为4wt%时,氮化硅陶瓷的相对密度达95%以上,抗弯强度为674MPa,断裂韧性为6.34MPa·m~(1/2)。再通过引入La_2O_3提高氮化硅晶粒的长径比,使氮化硅陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达到686MPa和7.42MPa·m~(1/2)。通过无压烧结工艺,在1750℃制备了长柱状的β-Si_3N_4晶种,晶种的平均长度为2.82μm,平均粒径为0.6μm,平均长径比为4.7。笔者着重研究了晶种对氮化硅陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响。在氮化硅陶瓷中加入晶种后,其烧结性能和抗弯强度略有降低,但断裂韧性却得到了很大的提高;且随着晶种添加量的增加,断裂韧性先升高再降低,掺入量为2wt%时断裂韧性达到最大(7.68MPa·m~(1/2)),提高了20%以上。     

Al2O3/Fe3Al复合材料的制备及性能

利用热压烧结制备了致密的Al_2O_3/Fe_3Al复合材料。测试表明,该复合材料具有良好的力学性能,其抗弯强度和断裂韧性的最大值分别为832 MPa和7.96 MPa·m~1/2。对试样进行压痕实验,采用SEM对裂纹扩展方式进行观察,结果表明,在复合材料中存在着多种增韧机制,裂纹表现出复杂的扩展方式,这将在较大程度上吸收裂纹扩展能,从而使复合材料的断裂韧性得以提高。     

自增韧氮化硅陶瓷的制备与性能研究

氮化硅陶瓷具有优异的物理机械性能和化学性能,被广泛应用于高温、化工、冶金、航空航天等领域。在结构陶瓷中氮化硅陶瓷虽具有相对较高的断裂韧性,但为了进一步拓宽氮化硅陶瓷的运用领域和提高其使用可靠性,改善其断裂韧性一直是该材料研究的重要课题。笔者通过利用氮化硅陶瓷的自增韧技术,使用复合烧结助剂和在氮化硅基体中添加长柱状β-Si_3N_4晶种,制备高断裂韧性的氮化硅陶瓷。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、阿基米德法、三点抗弯曲强度、单边切口梁法等测试方法对陶瓷的组成、显微结构、显气孔率以及抗弯强度和断裂韧性等进行了分析与表征。首先研究了无压烧结制备氮化硅陶瓷过程中,烧结助剂(Y_2O_3和Al_2O_3)对其烧结性能和力学性能的影响,当Y_2O_3含量为8wt%,Al_2O_3含量为4wt%时,氮化硅陶瓷的相对密度达95%以上,抗弯强度为674 MPa,断裂韧性为6.34 MPa·m~(1/2)。再通过引入La_2O_3提高氮化硅晶粒的长径比,使氮化硅陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性达到686 MPa和7.42 MPa·m~(1/2)。笔者通过无压烧结工艺,在1 750℃制备了长柱状的β-Si_3N_4晶种,晶种的平均长度为2.82μm,平均粒径为0.6μm,平均长径比为4.7,着重研究了晶种对氮化硅陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响。氮化硅陶瓷中加入晶种后,其烧结性能和抗弯强度略有降低,但断裂韧性得到了很大的提高;且随着晶种添加量的增加,断裂韧性先升高再降低,掺杂量为2wt%时,断裂韧性达到最大(7.68 MPa·m~(1/2)),提高了20%以上。     

YAG对TiCN陶瓷刀具材料力学性能及烧结工艺的影响

以钇铝石榴石(YAG)为添加相,采用热压烧结法制备YAG–TiCN复合陶瓷。研究了不同YAG添加量对复合陶瓷的物相、显微结构、力学性能的影响。结果表明:热压烧结过程中TiCN和YAG不发生反应;YAG第二相明显改善了TiCN的烧结性能,并有助于提高YAG–TiCN复合陶瓷的硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性;YAG含量在10%(质量分数)时复合陶瓷的致密度达到99.3%,并且Vickers硬度、断裂韧性、抗弯强度均达到最高,分别为:20.48 GPa、7.27 MPa·m~(1/2)、570.36 MPa,远远超过TiCN单相陶瓷的致密度以及力学性能:88.04%、9.33 GPa、5 MPa·m~(1/2)、204.45 MPa。YAG作为添加相可显著提高TiCN等难烧结陶瓷的致密度和力学性能。     

BNNTs/SiC陶瓷复合材料的制备与性能研究

以SiC为基体,Y_2O_3和Al_2O_3为烧结助剂,氮化硼纳米管(BNNTs)为增韧补强剂,采用喷雾造粒和干压成型方法,通过真空无压烧结工艺制备了BNNTs/SiC陶瓷复合材料。讨论BNNTs添加量和烧结工艺对BNNTs/SiC陶瓷复合材料的致密度、微观结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明:采用单因素法得到BNNTs的最佳添加量为1.5 wt.%和压制压力为100 MPa,确定了最佳烧成制度为:最高温度2050℃,保温时间2.5 h。采用阿基米德排水法测试样品密度,其相对密度达到99.0%,通过三点弯曲法和压痕法分别测试了样品的抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度。BNNTs/SiC的抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度分别达到了546.3 MPa、6.53 MPa·m~(1/2)和26.8 GPa。     

不同气氛制备的MoSi_2/Al_2O_3复合材料显微结构与介电性能

采用固相烧结法制备MoSi_2/Al_2O_3复合材料,研究了空气、真空、Ar气氛对显微结构及介电性能的影响。结果表明:Ar气氛下试样烧结性能好于真空及空气气氛,MoSi_2颗粒被Al_2O_3包覆且分散均匀;3种气氛下烧成的试样均含MoSi_2、Al_2O_3和Mo_5Si_3相,而空气下发现有SiO_2,真空及Ar保护气氛有少量Mo;空气气氛下烧成的复合材料气孔率最大,断裂韧性与抗弯强度最低;Ar保护气氛烧成后试样的断裂韧性与抗弯强度分别达到9.70 MPa·m~(1/2)与179.5 MPa。随频率的增加,不同烧结气氛制备的MoSi_2/Al_2O_3复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗均降低;随着烧结气氛从空气、真空、Ar气的变化,复合材料介电常数的实部和虚部均增加。     

添加TiCN相对热压烧结Si3_N_4陶瓷力学性能的影响

本文以α-Si_3N_4为主要原料,3wt%Al_2O_3和5wt%Y2O_3为烧结助剂,TiCN为添加剂,通过热压烧结,详细研究了低烧结温度条件下TiCN的粒度和含量对Si_3N_4陶瓷的力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:在烧结温度为1600℃的条件下,TiCN的平均粒度约为1μm时,其增韧效果较为明显,且即随着TiCN添加量的增加,Si_3N_4陶瓷的韧性逐渐增加,从TiCN添加量为5%时的5.7±0.2 MPa·m~(1/2)增加到20%时6.5±0.2MPa·m~(1/2),且Si_3N_4陶瓷的硬度保持较高(约为17.7±0.2 GPa),从而在低温条件下制备出了高硬度、高韧性的Si_3N_4陶瓷。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.