一种四自由度冗余串并混联拟人机械臂的动载协调分配优化

基于串联机构与并联机构的特点,提出了一种新型四自由度冗余串并混联拟人机械臂机构,弥补当前拟人机械臂的不足之处。针对该机构主动关节之间驱动力分配存在多解的特点,提出一种机构按照预定轨迹运动的动载协调分配优化方法。基于牛顿-欧拉法建立冗余混联机械臂机构的动力学模型,其中机械臂肩关节机构动力学方程为超静定方程,利用小变形叠加原理建立机构的变形协调补充方程;建立以平均功率、力矩波动和平均功率偏差为目标的多目标优化模型,利用主成分分析法对该模型进行优化求解;通过数值算例验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。研究结果表明,选取最优的分配输入组合可实现机械臂能耗低且平稳地工作。     

基于动力学的拟人肩关节动载协调分配优化研究

针对并联机构动载分配优化存在的问题,对一种拟人肩关节机构的运动学、动力学、机构性能等方面进行了研究,提出了一种动载协调分配优化方法。首先结合拉格朗日方程和虚功原理建立了动力学模型,并利用动力学仿真软件验证了动力学模型的正确性;然后基于动力学模型,建立了肩关节机构的动力学性能指标和力映射性能指标,并应用加权求和法将其转换成综合性能指标;最后采用Dijkstra算法得到了性能最优的轨迹,并综合考虑时间、能耗和力矩波动,采用遗传算法优化了该机构的广义时间,从而确定了各个关节的力矩、角位移和角速度。研究结果表明:该优化方法能够实现拟人肩关节在时间最短、能耗最小、性能最优的条件下完成运动,且该优化方法也适用于其他并联机构。     

双足机器人并联踝关节优化设计

通过对人的踝关节运动机理分析,设计一种新型的双足机器人踝关节并联机构。建立并联机构的参数化模型,并对该模型进行运动学和动力学分析,得出该并联机构的一阶影响矩阵、伸缩运动的驱动力与零力矩点(Zero moment point, ZMP)轨迹关系。由于实际双足机器人行走时踝关节驱动力矩与角速度差异较大,为解决双足机器人步态行走中踝关节的动力学不平衡特性,结合并联机构的运动特点,迭代计算优化并联机构的结构参数,使踝关节两个驱动元件的驱动功率峰值和速度趋于一致。进行双足机器人步行试验研究,结果表明,优化后的并联结构踝关节的驱动功率峰值是串联结构下功率峰值的50 %左右,降低驱动元件的功率设计要求。在满足双足行走时踝关节的运动性能要求下选择小功率的驱动元件,有利于减小关节的体积和质量,减小能耗。     

球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人控制仿真及实验

以球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人为研究对象,进行力/位混合控制仿真及实验研究。首先在工作空间内对该机器人末端轨迹进行了运动规划,其次,基于Sim Mechanics与Simlink搭建了机器人系统力/位混合控制仿真模型,并通过数值算例,验证了该方法的正确性与可行性。最后基于仿真结果对样机进行力/位混合控制实验,验证了冗余驱动分支输入通过驱动力优化得到的驱动力矩时,能最大限度减小非冗余分支的驱动力矩,使三个分支驱动力矩更加均衡。     

3-RSR型并联车载天线机构动力学优化与仿真

动态特性是高速高精密天线功能实现的关键。采用3-RSR(R为转动副,S为球面副)型并联机构作为车载天线构型,基于拉格朗日方程建立基体运动下天线机构动力学模型。以固有频率为目标,利用遗传算法对3-RSR天线机构参数进行优化,性能对比验证了优化结果的有效性。考虑风雪载荷及车体随机激励工况,建立车载天线机构仿真模型,分析得到相应工况下驱动力矩变化曲线。研究工作对车载天线机构动力学设计及样机研制具有参考意义。     

轮-腿复合式移动机器人球面并联腿机构的动力学模型

为适应现代工程领域对移动机器人的新要求,拓展移动机器人的作业场合,该文提出了一种轮-腿复合式移动机器人球面并联腿机构。首先,基于球面并联腿机构的闭环约束方程和旋转变换矩阵构建了其位置逆解数学模型;接着,采用代数消元法推导出了球面并联腿机构的位置正解的解析解;然后,运用影响系数法推导出了球面并联腿机构的速度和加速度影响系数矩阵;在此基础上,运用拉格朗日方法建立了球面并联腿机构的动力学模型。运用数值仿真对运动学和动力学模型进行了验证,仿真得到了给定位姿数据与计算位姿数据之间的最大误差为0.012 7rad,误差不超过实际值的2.43%,发现了球面并联腿机构驱动力的理论曲线和虚拟样机仿真曲线吻合,两者之间的误差稳定在0～1N的合理范围内,验证了运动学和动力学模型的正确性。研究结果为轮-腿复合式移动机器人的步态规划和运动控制提供了理论参考。     

一种用于无人驾驶汽车运动模拟的3自由度并联机构动力学建模

针对无人驾驶汽车半物理仿真试验对运动模拟系统精度要求高的特点,给出一种以3-RPS并联机构为基础的改进型3自由度并联机构.与3-RPS并联机构相比,由于该改进型并联机构中的被动约束承受了3-RPS并联机构中驱动器所承受的沿其转轴方向的力,因而改善了驱动器的力学特性.根据该并联机构的结构,建立运动学方程.基于Newton-Euler方法建立动平台的动力学方程.根据力矩平衡原理分别计算出同时垂直于驱动器及其转轴的分力以及同时垂直于被动约束上部及其转轴的分力.依照功率守恒原理计算出沿被动约束上部的力.驱动器的驱动力以及被动约束沿转轴的力即可求出.此计算方法对少自由度并联机构的动力学求解有借鉴意义.     

RR&P5R型全球面工作空间解耦并联机构研究与优化

具有大球面及完整球面工作空间的球面并联机构是大角域工作空间应用领域研究的重要方向之一。针对当前球面并联机构存在工作空间不足的问题,基于双摇杆机构输入与输出差异化的特性,提出了一种新型2自由度全球面解耦并联机构构型思想,设计了一种RR&P5R型2自由度全球面工作空间解耦并联机构;通过运动学分析,建立了该机构的运动学方程,给出了机构的位置、速度和加速度的表达式;以支链最小输入量q2为优化目标,对机构进行了结构尺寸优化;对RR&P5R型和RR&PRR型球面解耦并联机构进行了性能对比。结果表明,RR&P5R型具有更好的工作性能。研究结果将为大角域球面工作空间需求领域提供重要的理论依据。     

一种三自由度串并联结构旋转台的动力学分析

对三自由度旋转台进行了动力学分析。该旋转台只有3个方向的转动自由度,由二自由度球面并联机构和串联在其上的旋转电机构成。根据旋转台的几何和运动特性建立了系统的输入输出速度方程,得出了速度Jacobian矩阵和动能方程。利用拉格朗日法和虚功原理,建立了系统的动力学模型,解决了特定外载荷和速度、加速度条件下如何求解驱动力矩的问题。给出了动力学的仿真运算实例,讨论了在匀速和匀加速情况下,二自由度球面并联机构驱动力矩的变化。最后根据动力学方程,得出了串联在二自由度球面并联机构上的第三个自由度的力矩与输出转角的运动学方程。     

3-CPaRR解耦并联机构弹性动力学建模与分析

为研究支链柔性化对并联机构输出运动特性的影响,本文以3-CPaRR并联机构为对象,研究了支链柔性化对并联机构输出运动特性的影响。根据该并联机构的空间位置关系,研究了其运动学规律,证明了该机构的完全解耦特性;基于空间梁单元模型、有限元理论和Lagrange方程,充分考虑各支链的运动协调关系和动力学约束,分别建立了单支链柔性化条件下和三支链均柔性化条件下的3-CPaRR并联机构弹性动力学模型;为验证理论建模的正确性,基于Adams与Ansys软件对该并联机构展开了弹性动力学的联合仿真。最后,将数值计算结果与虚拟样机仿真结果进行了分析比较,结果表明,各支链在柔性化条件下产生的弹性变形对并联机构的输出运动特性产生了重要影响,同时也验证了该并联机构弹性动力学模型的正确性。     

Dynamic load-carrying capacity of mobile-base flexible joint manipulators

A computational technique for obtaining the maximum load-carrying capacity of robotic manipulators with joint elasticity is described while different base positions are considered. The maximum load-carrying capacity which can be achieved by a robotic manipulator during a given trajectory is limited by a number of factors. Probably the most important factors are the actuator limitations, joint elasticity (transmissions, reducers and servo drive system) and relative configuration of the robot with respect to its base. Therefore, both actuator torque capacity constraint considering typical torque-speed characteristics of DC motors and trajectory accuracy constraints considering a series of spherical bounds centred at each desired trajectory are applied as the main constraints. For the desired trajectory of load, different base locations are considered. It is seen that the load-carrying capacity at different base positions is different due to distinct dynamic effects of links and load motions on joint actuators. Then, a general computational algorithm for a multi-link case on a given trajectory and different base location is laid out in detail. Finally, two numerical examples involving a two-link manipulator and a PUMA robot using the method are presented. The obtained results illustrate the effect of base location, dual actuator torque and end effector precision constraints on load-carrying capacity on a given trajectory .     

电液主动悬架灵敏度分析与自适应跟踪控制

应急救援车辆载重量大、行驶路面复杂,电液主动悬架输出力的响应和控制精度对衰减振动至关重要。建立了电液主动悬架单元数学模型,给出了系统的轨迹灵敏度方程,并得到力阶跃响应对应各主要参数的灵敏度,为悬架性能优化提供理论依据;针对电液主动悬架负载质量大的特点,结合灵敏度分析结果,设计模型参考自适应控制器。最后,通过实验对自适应控制效果进行验证,结果表明所提出的控制方法可有效提高电液主动悬架单元的跟踪性能和对输出力的控制精度,助力整车主动悬架系统实现各种先进控制算法。     

Optimization of manipulator point to point motion considering actuator output capability constraints

An optimization algorithm for planning minimum time cubic polynomial joint trajectory splines, is presented. In this optimization, constraints on manipulator joint kinematics and actuator output capabilities are enforced. The contribution of this paper to the algorithm is the incorporation of the actuator capability constraints in the optimization.

Manipulator tasks are specified as a sequence of required end effector locations and orientations, (task spaces). Continuous motion through the task spaces is achieved through use of cubic polynomial trajectory splines at the joint level. Movement times between task spaces are optimized off-line, using a direct search technique. Enforcement of the joint constraints is achieved by scaling infeasible manipulation kinematics and dynamics through expansion of the total motion time.

Example optimizations are included. It was found that trajectory optimization considering kinematic and dynamic constraints, will produce results superior to simple time scaling of a dynamically infeasible, kinematic optimum trajectory.     

4自由度并联机构刚体动力学模型

以一种具有空间SCARA运动(三维平动和一维转动)的四自由度并联机构为研究对象,系统研究其简化刚体动力学模型的创建方法,提高了力矩求解精度。在运动学分析的基础上,利用虚功原理,建立机构的完备刚体动力学模型,并利用ADAMS校验该模型的正确性。考虑机构各活动构件的结构和运动状态,建立机构的单变量简化刚体动力学模型,奠定了变量优化的模型基础。以机构沿标准轨迹运动时,将完备模型和简化模型计算所得的单轴驱动力矩差值的最大值的绝对值的平均值作为优化目标,分析各尺度参数对优化目标的影响规律,为简化模型的最优变量确定提供指导。以一组给定参数为例,利用单目标优化方法,求解出变量最优值,通过与现有简化方法对比,验证了所述方法的有效性。     

基于SMA的混合驱动器设计

设计一种SMA一电机并联混合直线驱动器,兼具SMA输出力大与电机位移控制精度高的综合优良性能,实现力与位置双重要求。依据驱动原理,采用3D软件设计该驱动器的结构,并建立其动力学模型,提出一种位置控制策略。通过Adams动力学仿真和Matlab／Simulink动力学与控制系统仿真,验证了该驱动器适用于大负载情况,并能实现位置的精确控制。     

Analytical design of optimal trajectory with dynamic load-carrying capacity for cable-suspended manipulator

This paper describes the development of an approach for trajectory planning of cable-suspended parallel robots using optimal control approach. A prototype has been built, and tests have been carried out to verify the theoretical results. This paper briefly illustrates this device and presents some initial tests. The final dynamic equations are organized in a closed form similar to serial manipulator equations. Dynamic load-carrying capacity problem is converted into a trajectory optimization problem which is fundamentally a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. The problem is formulated using optimal control theory, and the ideas are analyzed using Pontryagin’s minimum principle. The optimal solutions are found by solving the corresponding nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. The main objective is to find the manipulator load-carrying capacity in point-to-point task by considering actuator torque while cable forces are positive.     

冗余驱动Tricept并联机构的驱动优化

对冗余驱动3自由度Tricept并联机构的逆运动学和逆动力学进行分析,基于牛顿—欧拉法建立机构的逆动力学方程。针对冗余驱动方式下机构主动关节之间驱动力分配不唯一的特点,研究机构按预期轨迹运动时的驱动优化问题,提出最小化驱动器最大瞬时驱动功率和最大瞬时驱动力的优化方法。结合实例分析机构驱动力2范数优化、最小化最大驱动力优化和最小化最大驱动功率优化的效果,并与非冗余驱动方式进行对比。分析显示,冗余驱动能够较显著地降低驱动器的瞬时负载和瞬时输出功率,并可结合驱动力2范数优化、最小化最大驱动力以及最小化最大驱动功率的优化效果分析,选取适当的驱动方式以实现驱动器瞬时负载与瞬时输出功率的均衡与优化。     

The effect of base replacement on the dynamic load carrying capacity of robotic manipulators

The problem of establishing the load carrying capacity of mobile base manipulators operated by limited force or torque actuators is presented. It is shown the maximum allowable load on a given load trajectory, is a function of base position. The load workspace is defined as the union of places where the base can be located on them and it carries a load by the manipulator on a desired trajectory. The load workspace is discretised into some grid points, and the base is positioned on each grid point. The recursive Newton-Euler method is used to compute the dynamic effects of the load and manipulator on each joint actuator, then the load carrying capacity of the mobile manipulator at each base location is computed by considering the manipulator joints and actuator torque constraints. By applying a simple procedure, a smaller subspace of the load workspace is selected, so that the load carrying capacity is near to a maximum. This procedure is repeated until the optimum base location is found so that the load carrying of the manipulator is a global maximum in the load workspace for the desired dynamic trajectory. Finally, the effect of base mobility on optimising the dynamic load carrying capacity for different robotic arms is investigated in separate case studies.     

一种并联机器人误差综合补偿方法

针对并联机器人轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪过程中,同时存在机构误差引起的期望轨迹与理想轨迹之间的偏差和非线性摩擦、负载变化等扰动因素引起的动态误差,提出一种并联机器人误差综合补偿方法:在轨迹规划过程中,基于并联机器人位姿误差模型将位姿误差补偿转化为驱动杆参数组合优化问题,进而利用粒子群算法寻优驱动杆参数,修正并联机器人期望轨迹;在轨迹跟踪过程中,设计基于自适应迭代学习控制算法的动态误差补偿策略,实现对期望轨迹的有效跟踪。在Stewart平台下基于ADAMS和Matlab进行仿真试验,在轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪过程中,分别修正期望轨迹偏差并补偿轨迹跟踪动态误差,实现并联机器人误差综合补偿。进一步,基于混联机床进行工件加工试验,验证方法对于提高并联机器人工作精度的有效性。     

Optimal Design and Force Control of a Nine-Cable-Driven Parallel Mechanism for Lunar Takeoff Simulation

Traditional simulation methods are unable to meet the requirements of lunar takeo simulations, such as high force output precision, low cost, and repeated use. Considering that cable-driven parallel mechanisms have the advantages of high payload to weight ratio, potentially large workspace, and high-speed motion, these mechanisms have the potential to be used for lunar takeo simulations. Thus, this paper presents a parallel mechanism driven by nine cables. The purpose of this study is to optimize the dimensions of the cable-driven parallel mechanism to meet dynamic workspace requirements under cable tension constraints. The dynamic workspace requirements are derived from the kinematical function requests of the lunar takeo simulation equipment. Experimental design and response surface methods are adopted for building the surrogate mathematical model linking the optimal variables and the optimization indices. A set of dimensional parameters are determined by analyzing the surrogate mathematical model. The volume of the dynamic workspace increased by 46% after optimization. Besides, a force control method is proposed for calculating output vector and sinusoidal forces. A force control loop is introduced into the traditional position control loop to adjust the cable force precisely, while controlling the cable length. The e ectiveness of the proposed control method is verified through experiments. A 5% vector output accuracy and 12 Hz undulation force output can be realized. This paper proposes a cable-driven parallel mechanism which can be used for lunar takeo simulation.