高频率产生芸苔属非整倍体和纯合植株及基因组原位杂交分析

进行了芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. &; Coss.)和埃塞俄比亚芥(B. carinata A. Braun)与新油料植物资源诸葛菜(Orychophrogmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz)之间的属间杂交, 并对产生的后代植株进行了基因组原位杂交分析. 结果表明, 芥菜型油菜与诸葛菜的杂交后代由3类混倍体组成, 第一类的体细胞和花粉母细胞(PMC)主要含有芥菜型油菜的36条染色体和附加的诸葛菜染色体(2n = 36 ~ 44); 第二类(2n = 30 ~ 36)主要产生具有芥菜型油菜染色体的PMC(2n = 36)和1 ~ 4对芥菜型油菜染色体被诸葛菜染色体所代换的代换型PMC(2n = 36); 第三类(2n = 30 ~ 36)植株的PMC则只具有芥菜型油菜染色体(2n = 36). 而埃塞俄比亚芥与诸葛菜的杂交后代由两类混倍体(2n= 29 ~ 34)组成, 第一类的绝大多数PMC的染色体数目(2n= 34)及行为与母本埃塞俄比亚芥植株的一样, 只是部分PMC包含1 ~ 3对诸葛菜染色体, 而第二类的PMC只具有埃塞俄比亚芥的34条染色体. 从以上杂种的后代中获得了芸苔属亲本种的附加系、代换系、 亚倍体和纯合植株. 这些结果为在芸苔属与诸葛菜属间杂交中可能发生的亲本种染色体组分开现象提供了分子细胞遗传学证据.     

芥菜型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥杂种基因组原位杂交分析

原产于非洲的埃塞俄比亚芥(Brassica carinata,2n=34,BBCC)具有适应于炎热干旱地区种植等特点,是改良我国芥菜型油菜(B.juncea,2n=36,AABB)的重要种质资源。本研究用基因组原位杂交方法(GISH,Genomic in situ hybridization)分析了芥菜型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥种间杂种花粉母细胞的染色体分离,发现在后期I染色体主要以17∶18类型分离,其次是16∶19,染色体落后现象偶然发生,其中B染色体组以8∶8的分离比率较高,表明不同来源的B染色体可正常配对分离。本研究表明,芥菜型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥远缘杂交,通过染色体同源重组(B染色体间),以及部分同源染色体配对交换的方式(A、B、C基因组间),有可能将埃塞俄比亚芥优良遗传成分转移到芥菜型油菜中。     

甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交创制有限花序新种质

远缘杂交是作物遗传改良和种质创新的重要途径。本研究通过甘蓝型油菜(2n=38,AACC)与埃塞俄比亚芥(2n=34,BBCC)的种间杂交获得了形态属于两亲本中间型的杂种F_1,且表现埃塞俄比亚芥的有限花序特性。该杂种具有预期的体细胞染色体数目(2n=36,ABCC),GISH分析显示含有8条B染色体组的染色体;在减数分裂终变期的花粉母细胞中出现多种染色体配对构型,在后期Ⅰ染色体分离多以17∶19分离为主,但在后期Ⅰ及后Ⅱ期均出现大量的落后染色体、染色体桥,导致花粉败育。将该杂种与亲本甘蓝型油菜品种中双11连续回交,获得有限花序的后代材料BC_5F_1,其他形态特征与中双11类似,其体细胞染色体数目恢复至2n=38,减数分裂染色体行为也正常;GISH分析虽检测到少数B染色体组信号,但没有整条的染色体。利用46对B基因组特异引物对有限花序杂种及后代材料进行SSR扩增,发现在杂种F_1及部分BC_5F_1植株中都能检测到B基因组特异带,表明有埃塞俄比亚芥B基因组遗传成分的导入。所创建的有限花序新品系为油菜的遗传改良和选育适于机械化作业的新品种提供新材料。     

埃塞俄比亚芥与芥蓝杂交获得异源三倍体及其细胞学研究

以埃塞俄比亚芥(2n=4x=BBCC=34)和芥蓝(2n=2x=CC=18)为材料,通过相互杂交获得了异源三倍体(2n=3x=BCC=26)。该异源三倍体生长势较强;叶色等介于双亲之间;株型、花型和花大小偏向于埃塞俄比亚芥;花色与芥蓝的相同,为白花。减数分裂观察表明:在终变期,一般形成9个二价体和8个单价体(9Ⅱ+8Ⅰ),且B、C两组染色体表现出一定程度的分群现象;中期Ⅰ,CC基因组的9个二价体排列在赤道板上,而B组的8个单价体游离在赤道板周围;后期Ⅰ分到两极的染色体以13/13和12/14占多数,偶见落后的染色体。该BCC异源三倍体的获得为创建CC+B染色体的异附加系和研究B、C基因组间的亲缘关系奠定了基础。     

四川南芥属一新种

本文描述四川南芥属一新种,命名为康定南芥Arabis kangdingensis Y.H.Zhang,并首次报告该材料的根尖细胞染色体数目(2n=28),附染色体照片。     

河北3产地日本三角涡虫的染色体变异与核型多样性分析

利用空气干燥法,对采自河北省邯郸市漳河、朝阳湖和邢台市秦王湖3产地日本三角涡虫(Dugesiajaponica)染色体核型进行了研究,结果表明,日本三角涡虫漳河种群与秦王湖种群体细胞中染色体数目以16条为主(2n=2x=16=16m),分别占81.07%和68.47%,少数为24条(2n=3x=24=24m),分别占8.28%和11.71%,为二倍体和三倍体的混合倍体;日本三角涡虫朝阳湖种群体细胞中染色体数目以24条为主(2n=3x=24=24m),占64.60%,少数为16条(2n=2x=16=16m),占7.45%,为三倍体和二倍体的混合倍体。值得注意的是朝阳湖种群部分体细胞中染色体在结构上发生变异,使其核型呈现多型性。文中根据核型分析结果对上述3产地日本三角涡虫染色体及核型的多样性作了初步讨论。     

中国淡水三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的染色体研究(Ⅰ)

利用空气干燥法对不同产地淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行了研究。核型分析表明：河南淇县鱼泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)和浙江杭州龙井三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)体细胞中有16条染色体,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m,均为具中部着丝粒染色体;河南济源不老泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)有24条染色体,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m,亦全部由中部着丝粒染色体组成。上述3个产地淡水三角涡虫染色体的形态较为接近。北京樱桃沟三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的体细胞染色体数目为24,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=22m 2sm,由中部和亚中部着丝粒染色体组成,其中第2、4号各有一条染色体属于亚中部着丝粒染色体。研究结果表明：4个产地三角涡虫的体细胞染色体数目存在较大差异,包括二倍体(2n=2x=16)和三倍体(2n=3x=24),染色体基数属于x=8类型。     

河南省桐柏县两产地日本三角涡虫核型分析

利用空气干燥法对采自河南省桐柏县下虎山和盘古溪两产地日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)的染色体及核型进行了研究。结果表明,日本三角涡虫下虎山种群体细胞中染色体数目以16条为主,染色体基数x=8,为2倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m;日本三角涡虫盘古溪种群体细胞中染色体数目以24条为主,染色体基数x=8,为3倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m。     

中国云南三产地淡水三角涡虫核型分析

利用空气干燥法,对采自云南省丽江市束河古镇、保山市龙王塘和香格里拉市小中甸3产地淡水三角涡虫(Dugesia sp.)的染色体和核型进行分析,结果表明:丽江市束河古镇淡水三角涡虫体细胞的染色体数目以16条为主,为二倍体(2n=2x=16=16m);保山市龙王塘淡水三角涡虫体细胞的染色体数目以24条为主(2n=3x=24=24m),少数为16条(2n=2x=16=16m),为三倍体和为二倍体的混合倍体;值得注意的是:香格里拉市小中甸淡水三角涡虫体细胞的染色体数目以极少见的26条为主(2n=3x+2=24+2=21m+3st+2m),少数为25条(2n=3x+1=24+1=21m+3st+1m)和24条(2n=3x=24=21m+3st),为三倍性混合倍体。研究根据核型结果对上述三产地淡水三角涡虫的分类和染色体非整倍性进行了分析。     

大麻染色体行为分析

以大麻不同性别的植株为材料,常规压片法观察细胞染色体行为规律。核型分析结果表明:大麻雌雄株的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=20,核型公式分别为雌株2n=2x=20=18m 2sm,雄株2n=2x=20=18m 2sm(1SAT)。雌株体细胞中有2条X染色体,而雄株只有一条X染色体和一条具有大随体的Y染色体。雌雄株核型均为2A型,为较对称核型。这一结果可为进一步研究大麻性别的分化机制提供细胞遗传学理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.